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Additional file 1: Table S1. Hematology parameters of acute (day-14) and long-term (day-90) toxicity studies. RBC: Red blood cell; WBC: White blood cell; PLT: Platelet; HCT: Hematocrit test (proportion of RBC in blood); HGB: Hemoglobin; Neu: Neutrophil; Lym: Lymphocyte; Mon: Monocyte; and Eos: Eosinophil. Mean ± SD, n = 5. Table S2. Blood clinical chemistry tests for liver and kidney function for acute and long-term toxicity studies. Figure S1. The calibration curve of Pb-Arsenazo (Pb-AAIII) spectrophotometric assay for determining the TCMC chelator number per antibody. The standard curve of UV (upper panel) is constructed by plotting the absorbance at 656 nm against Pb2+ concentration at various dilutions from a stock solution of Pb(II)-AA(III). The stock solution was prepared in a 0.15 M NH4OAc buffer at pH 7.0, containing 10 mM AAIII and 4.83 mM Pb(II).. The titration curve (bottom panel) is constructed by plotting the change of UV absorbance at 656 nm (%) against the mass of TCMC added to 100 µl of the Pb(II)-AA(III) complex solution. The solution had a Pb2+ concentration of 192 µM. Figure S2. Therapeutic effects of a single dose 212Pb-TCMC-YS5 in the PC3 subcutaneous CDX model. Tumor growth of individual mice within 55 days post treatment of 212Pb-TCMC-YS5 (normalized against tumor volume at day 0). Red: Study group receiving 212Pb-TCMC-YS5. Blue: Control group receiving unlabeled YS5 antibody only. Figure S3. BLI images of the PC3-Luc orthotropic CDX model treated by a single dose 212Pb-TCMC-YS5 (top), and the cold YS5 control (bottom). Two animals died in the control group on day-19 post treatment and were not imaged. Figure S4: Change (days post injection) of actual tumor volume of individual PDX mouse treated with a single dose of 0.37MBq (10 μCi) and 0.74 MBq (20 μCi) of 212Pb-TCMC-YS5.

Objective:Aimed to evaluate the effect and response from the adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Retrospectively collected 46 patients with local late oral squamous cell carcinoma admitted from 2017 to 2021. The patients were treated with TPF induction chemotherapy. All patients completed at least 2 cycle of TPF (PF) regimen (75 mg / m2 of docetaxel on day 1 + 75 mg / M2 of cisplatin on day 1 + 750 mg / m2 of 5-fluorouracil on days 1 ~ 5, one cycle every 21 days), The primary end-points were overall response rate, safety of therapy and overall survival were evaluated. Results: After two cycles of TPF treatment, patients continued receiving surgery followed by radiotherapy or chemotherapy, include 5 patients were received PF. The complete remission rate was 6.25% (2/32), and the objective remission rate was 71.88% (23/32). Most of the adverse factors of chemotherapy response are alleviated. The median follow-up time was 26 months, and the median OS was 25.51 ± 3.81 months. Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, such as TPF or PF, plays an important role in the comprehensive treatment of advanced OSCC and postoperative assessments of white blood cell can provide high-quality prognostic information.

The SURFACES project is integrating action on good health and wellbeing [Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3] and conservation of life on land (SDG 15) in the threatened rainforests of Papua New Guinea (PNG), and mapping evidence of similar projects worldwide. Our approach is framed by Planetary Health, aiming to safeguard both human health and the natural systems that underpin it. Our rationale is demonstrated through a summary of health needs and forest conservation issues across PNG, and how these play out locally. We outline differing types of integrated conservation and health interventions worldwide, providing examples from Borneo, Uganda, India and elsewhere. We then describe what we are doing on-the-ground in PNG, which includes expansion of a rainforest conservation area alongside the establishment of a nurse-staffed aid post, and an educational intervention conceptually linking forest conservation and health. Importantly, we explore some ethical considerations on the conditionality of medical provision and identify key challenges to the successful implementation of such projects. The latter include: avoiding cross-sectoral blindness and achieving genuine interdisciplinary working; the weak evidence base justifying projects; and temporal-spatial issues. We conclude by suggesting how projects integrating actions on health and conservation SDGs can benefit from (and contribute to) the energy of the emerging Planetary Health movement.

The construction of shelters on plants by arthropods might influence other organisms via changes in colonization, community richness, species composition, and functionality. Arthropods, including beetles, caterpillars, sawflies, spiders, and wasps often interact with host plants via the construction of shelters, building a variety of structures such as leaf ties, tents, rolls, and bags; leaf and stem galls, and hollowed out stems. Such constructs might have both an adaptive value in terms of protection (i.e., serve as shelters) but may also exert a strong influence on terrestrial community diversity in the engineered and neighboring hosts via colonization by secondary occupants. Although different traits of the host plant (e.g., physical, chemical, and architectural features) may affect the potential for ecosystem engineering by insects, such effects have been, to a certain degree, overlooked. Further analyses of how plant traits affect the occurrence of shelters may therefore enrich our understanding of the organizing principles of plant-based communities. This data set includes more than 1000 unique records of ecosystem engineering by arthropods, in the form of structures built on plants. All records have been published in the literature, and span both natural structures (91% of the records) and structures artificially created by researchers (9% of the records). The data were gathered between 1932 and 2021, across more than 50 countries and several ecosystems, ranging from polar to tropical zones. In addition to data on host plants and engineers, we aggregated data on the type of constructs and the identity of inquilines using these structures. This data set highlights the importance of these subtle structures for the organization of terrestrial arthropod communities, enabling hypotheses testing in ecological studies addressing ecosystem engineering and facilitation mediated by constructs. There are no copyright restrictions and please cite this paper when using the data in publications.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequent tumour in head and neck malignant. The current treatment is mainly based on surgery therapy, radiation therapy and chemical therapy. Meanwhile, there are many a defect in the treatment. For example, there are many defects in radiotherapy. Radioactive salivatitis is the most common. In addition, there are a series of changes such as dry mouth, oral mucositis, rampant dental caries, and radioactive osteomyelitis of jaw, which cause swallowing, chewing problems, and taste dysfunction. Currently, the research on radioactive salivatitis is progressing rapidly, but its mechanism is more complication. This paper review aims to summarize the research progress in this field.颌面及颈部的恶性肿瘤是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，治疗以手术治疗、放疗、化疗相结合为主，同时治疗存在着很多不良反应，如放疗存在诸多并发症，其中便以放射性唾液腺炎最为常见。此外还有口腔干燥、口腔黏膜炎、猛性龋、放射性颌骨骨髓炎等，导致吞咽、咀嚼问题以及味觉功能障碍等一系列变化。目前，放射性唾液腺炎的研究进展迅速，但其机制较为复杂，本文就此领域的相关研究成果作一综述。.

Current climate change is disrupting biotic interactions and eroding biodiversity worldwide. However, species sensitive to drought, high temperatures and climate variability might persist in microclimatic refuges, such as leaf shelters built by arthropods. We conducted a distributed experiment across an 11,790 km latitudinal gradient to explore how the importance of leaf shelters for terrestrial arthropods changes with latitude, elevation and underlying climate. Our analyses revealed leaf shelters to be key facilitative elements for the diversity of arthropods. Predator diversity and overall biomass within shelters increased with local drought and temperature variability, regardless of latitude and elevation. In contrast, shelter usage by herbivores increased with abundance of predators on those same plants and in wetter climates. Projected increase in climatic variability and drought in certain geographic regions is therefore likely to enhance the importance of biotic refuges, especially for predators, in mitigating the impact of climate change on species persistence.

IntroductionOur project follows community requests for health service incorporation into conservation collaborations in the rainforests of Papua New Guinea (PNG). This protocol is for health needs assessments, our first step in coplanning medical provision in communities with no existing health data.Methods and analysisThe study includes clinical assessments and rapid anthropological assessment procedures (RAP) exploring the health needs and perspectives of partner communities in two areas, conducted over 6 weeks fieldwork. First, in Wanang village (population c.200), which is set in lowland rainforest. Second, in six communities (population c.3000) along an altitudinal transect up the highest mountain in PNG, Mount Wilhelm. Individual primary care assessments incorporate physical examinations and questioning (providing qualitative and quantitative data) while RAP includes focus groups, interviews and field observations (providing qualitative data). Given absence of in-community primary care, treatments are offered alongside research activity but will not form part of the study. Data are collected by a research fellow, primary care clinician and two PNG research technicians. After quantitative and qualitative analyses, we will report: ethnoclassifications of disease, causes, symptoms and perceived appropriate treatment; community rankings of disease importance and service needs; attitudes regarding health service provision; disease burdens and associations with altitudinal-related variables and cultural practices. To aid wider use study tools are in online supplemental file, and paper and ODK versions are available free from the corresponding author.Ethics and disseminationChallenges include supporting informed consent in communities with low literacy and diverse cultures, moral duties to provide treatment alongside research in medically underserved areas while minimising risks of therapeutic misconception and inappropriate inducement, and PNG research capacity building. Brighton and Sussex Medical School (UK), PNG Institute of Medical Research and PNG Medical Research Advisory Committee have approved the study. Dissemination will be via journals, village meetings and plain language summaries.

Context Swidden agriculture (a type of small-scale agriculture) is crucial to the livelihood and food security of millions of people in tropical regions. Social-ecological changes, including population growth and anti-swidden policies, are putting pressure on the existing swidden system to increase agricultural productivity in a sustainable way. Enhancing soil fertility is a promising option for increasing crop yields and extending lifetimes of agricultural fields, thereby reducing the demand to clear new land. However, there is limited information on how swidden farmers can best maintain soil fertility. Objective Our aim was to investigate whether using locally available fertilisers can increase soil quality, crop yields and lifetimes of swidden fields. Methods We established experimental gardens on the land of swidden farmers in the Lowlands of Papua New Guinea, where the majority of the population depends on swidden agriculture. Gardens were set up on two types of sites; five were established on new sites that had just been prepared for gardening by cutting and burning vegetation after a fallow period, whereas another five were prepared on garden sites that were just being fallowed. We applied three treatments; i) compost consisting of decaying banana peels, ii) chicken manure, and iii) NPK fertiliser to different plots within each garden; and tracked soil quality and yields of sweet potato over 12 months (three post-intervention cropping periods). We also conducted in-depth interviews with local farmers to understand their perspective on soil management. Results and conclusions Few farmers typically used compost, chicken manure or NPK fertiliser. Many were keen to try these fertilisers, provided they had more information. The performance of treatments depended on the type of garden with chicken manure increasing tuber yields in fallowed gardens but not new gardens, and banana peel compost also increasing tuber yields in fallowed gardens although not significantly. NPK fertiliser was the best option because it was the only fertiliser that increased yields in both new and fallowed gardens, produced tubers of similar quality and taste to control plots and was financially profitable. Treatments affected yield through increasing available nitrogen and reducing soil moisture. We also found that farmers fallow their gardens despite adequate sweet potato yields, so whether using fertilisers can enhance the lifetime of fields will depend on additional factors such as labour input needed. Significance Our work shows how swidden agriculture can potentially be adapted so that it continues to be a sustainable way of farming and living.

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) mainland consists of 33 million hectares of forests. The third largest intact rainforest in the world, it contains about 7% of the world’s species, 2/3 of which are unique to PNG. PNG’s ecosystems face multiple and interdependent threats associated with economic development, population growth and a changing climate. Academic and policy analysis on environmental change in PNG is extensive, particularly associated with the minerals and energy extraction sector. To counterbalance the negative impacts of this sector on affected communities, much of the focus has been on devising compensation packages and formal regulatory mechanisms to increase ‘landowner’ participation. Less attention has been afforded to the development activities undertaken by communities (e.g. development of new roads, expansion of settlements, land clearance from fires and logging), which also impact on ecosystem services. PNG’s rural communities are eager for more support to identify existing threats to supplement their own processes for determining trade-offs of development particularly under a changing climate. This paper describes the use, in facilitated workshops, of participatory techniques to engage communities in managing ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation to inform the development of community-led adaptive strategies.

Additional file 1. Appendix Table S1 Characteristics of the included cross-sectional studies. Appendix Table S2 Characteristics of the included cohort studies. Appendix Table S3 AHRQ scores of the cross-sectional studies. Appendix Table S4 NOS scores of the included cohort studies. Appendix Table S5 Summary of the trim and fill method

Objective Chronic stress hormone norepinephrine (NE) has been previously reported to play a role in the development of cancer, but the correlation between NE and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression is not well understood. Method To address this, the expression of adrenergic receptors (ARs) in human OSCC cell lines and clinic OSCC samples was detected, and the role of NEin vivo and in vitro was further investigated. Results It was found that β2-AR was the main AR of NE in OSCC. Stimulation of OSCC cells with NE significantly increased the OSCC proliferation and invasion, which was, however, blocked by β2-AR inhibitor. NE could induce the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Inhibition of ERK and CREB pathway abrogated NE-induced OSCC invasion and proliferation. NE could enhance cancer stem cells (CSCs)-like phenotype and up-regulate the expression of stemness marker. In tumor-bearing nude mice, it was found that consecutive administration of NE significantly promoted the tumor growth, while daily injection of β2-AR inhibitor blocked this phenomenon. Conclusions Those findings indicated a critical role of the chronic stress hormone NE in OSCC progression. Inhibition of β2-AR may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for protecting OSCC patients from chronic stress related deleterious effect.