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Objective: Data from the HIV/AIDS surveillance sentinel sites was used to identify the recent HIV-1 infections and to estimate the HIV-1 incidence and epidemic trends among intravenous drug users (IDU), MSM, female sex workers and men attending the sexually transmitted disease clinics in Sichuan province. Methods: Specimens collected from IDUs, MSM, female sex workers and men attending the sexually transmitted disease clinics sentinel sites were confirmed as HIV-1 positive and tested with BED-CEIA. Annual HIV-1 prevalence and incidence rates were calculated and the incidence was adjusted by McNermar method. Results: A total number of 194 223 serum specimens were collected and HIV antibody tested, with 5 297 HIV-1 positive. 4 640 of the positives underwent BED-CEIA, with 749 identified as recent infections. During 2011-2015, HIV-1 incidence rates of the four types of population appeared as 5.16% (95% CI : 4.65-5.66), 0.22% (95% CI :0.16-0.28), 0.57%(95% CI : 0.45-0.69), 7.53% (95% CI : 6.06-9.01) and 0.44% (95% CI : 0.36-0.53) respectively. Significant differences were seen in the HIV-1 incidence rates. Conclusions: The HIV-1 incidence rates of IDUs from other sentinel sites in Sichuan province, female sex workers and men attending the sexually transmitted disease clinics appeared low, showing that the AIDS prevention and control activities worked effectively. However, the HIV-1 incidence of MSM was still at high level and even rising, suggesting that HIV-1 transmission between MSM and IDUs was possible.

In-depth understanding the variation of vegetation spring phenology is important and nece-ssary for estimation and prediction of ecosystem response to climate change. Satellite-based estimation is one of the important methods for detecting the vegetation spring phenology in Northern Hemisphere. However, there are still many uncertainties among different remote sensing models. In this study, we employed NDVI satellite product from 1982 to 2009 to estimate vegetation green-up onset dates in spring across Northern Hemisphere, and further analyzed the phenology spatio-temporal variation and the relationship with climate. Results showed that spatial mean spring phenology significantly advanced by (4.0±0.8) days during this period in the Northern Hemisphere, while spring phenology advanced much faster in Eurasia (0.22±0.04 d·a -1 ) than in North America (0.03±0.02 d·a -1 ). Moreover, phenology of different vegetation types changed inconstantly during the period. All five methods consistently indicated that grassland significantly advanced, while forests didn't advance robustly among methods. In addition, the interannual change of spring phenology was mainly driven by spring temperature. The spring phenology advanced (3.2±0.5) days with 1 ℃ increase in temperature. On the contrary, we did not find significant relationship between vegetation spring phenology and spring accumulative precipitation across the Northern Hemisphere (P>0.05) in this study.

The new phase-separation and immobilization technique known as fluorous biphase system (FBS) has become an active topic among researchers in both industry and academia. A series of fluorous biphasic reactions catalyzed by Lewis acid-type metal perfluorooctanesulfonates and metal bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)amides are reviewed in this paper. The recent development of fluorous phase transfer catalyst (PTC) is also discussed.

Objective: To explore the effectiveness and prognosis on surgical treatment of posterior hip dislocations complicated with fractures of femoral head and acetabulum., Methods: Seventeen patients with posterior hip dislocations complicated with fractures of femoral head and acetabulum were reviewed in the study. All the patients were treated with manual reduction within 12 hours after injury. CT location was used before operation. Absorbable screw fixation was performed for the femoral head fractures, while plate fixation or resection was performed for acetabular fractures., Results: All the patients got bony union within 6 months after operation without femoral head necrosis. Evaluate joint function according to Modifie Daobigne and Postal clinical classification criteria, 8 patients got an excellent result, 7 good and 2 fair. The excellent and good rate was 88.2%., Conclusion: Surgical treatment can have a satisfactory prognosis for patient with posterior femoral head and acetabulum.