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Cirrus clouds play a vital role in regulating the global radiative balance and climate, with their net radiative forcing determined by microphysical properties, which are strongly related to the ice-nucleating mechanisms, i.e., heterogeneous or homogeneous nucleation. However, there are lack of direct observational cases regarding the influence of long-range transport of Asian dust on primary ice formation in cirrus over the Pacific. Here we report on two such dust-cirrus interaction cases over the central Pacific with the combined observations of space-borne Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR). Both cases show good agreement (within an order of magnitude) of in-cloud ICNC and nearby dust-related INP concentration (INPC) values, indicating that dust-induced heterogeneous nucleation is dominated in ice formation. This study shows that the natural supply of effective INPs to the upper troposphere can modulate the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds by acting as INPs and further influence on global climate. This information is useful for parameterizing ice formation in climate models.

The year 2021 is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China. With the rapid development of red tourism in China, the importance of red publicity translation has become increasingly prominent. How to evaluate the readability of red publicity translation has gradually become a hot issue. Taking the English versions of Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Jinggangshan Revolution Museum, Chongqing Hongyan Revolution History Museum and Nanhu Revolution Memorial Museum as examples, this article collects 16 target language readers' feedbacks on the red tourism publicity translations through questionnaire and interview. The results show that the readability of the translation is influenced by many factors such as the quality of the text, the length of the text and the background of the readers. Due to the lack of understanding of the target language and text functions, there are various problems in the translation of words, sentences and discourses. Studies show that the emphasis of the importance of target language readers in quality assessment of red tourism publicity texts may effectively prevent researchers from substituting their own subjective judgments for readers' feedback, thus; it is important to provide a more readable publicity text. This article attempts to improve the readability of red publicity translation, so as to better promote Chinese red tourism and spread Chinese red culture.

This article, taking the translation courses for English majors in Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Dongfang College as an example, starts from the current teaching problems of translation courses in application-oriented colleges and universities. In order to clarify the teaching system, highlight the local characteristics, and find a way to adapt to the teaching objective of high-quality applied talents, this article establishes the teaching idea of "solid foundation, application-oriented and strong ability" and discusses the teaching reform of translation course by optimizing the teaching syllabus, teaching content, teaching mode, teaching method and evaluation system. The innovation of translation teaching reform mainly lies in the consistency, integration and effectiveness of the "Four-in-One" teaching mode which taking practical ability as the core, integrate the teaching objective, teaching content, teaching methods and teaching evaluation as a whole, so as to solve the existing problems of the translation course and follow the changes of social and economic development.

Cirrus clouds are of great importance to the global climate, with their net radiative forcing strongly dependent on the microphysical properties that are related to the ice‐nucleating regime. However, the influence of long‐range transport of dust on primary ice formation in cirrus clouds is limitedly understood, specifically over the clean remote ocean regions. Here, two case studies show that transpacific Asian dust can impact the ice formation of cirrus clouds over the central Pacific based on Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR, CloudSat) observations. One case shows a well‐developed horizontally extended cirrus embedded in a pure dust layer, with an average dust‐related ice‐nucleating particle concentration (INPC) of 7 L−1 and 96 L−1 for an ice saturation ratio Si of 1.15 and 1.25, respectively; ice crystal number concentration (ICNC) with diameters >25 and 100 μm (denoted as nice,25 μm and nice,100 μm) are 64 L−1 and 7 L−1, respectively. Another case shows that cirrus clouds with a much smaller horizontal extent appeared in the vicinity of polluted dust, with an average INPC of 42–310 L−1 for the typical higher Si of 1.25–1.35 by considering a tenfold reduction of the ice nucleation efficiency of ice crystals; nice,25 μm and nice,100 μm are 168 L−1 and 20 L−1, respectively. The estimated INPC and ICNC values suggest the dominance of ice formation by dust‐induced heterogeneous nucleation, proving that the long‐range transport of dust toward the upper troposphere and the potential influence on cirrus formation over the central Pacific should be well considered in atmospheric models. Plain Language Summary: Cirrus clouds are vital to the global radiative balance. Their net radiation effect is very uncertain, depending on the microphysical properties that are mainly determined by the ice nucleation mechanism, that is, heterogeneous and homogeneous ice nucleation. In this work, two dust‐cirrus interaction cases are studied with the combinational observations of space‐borne lidar and radar. Over the remote central Pacific, where is generally very clean, we show that the long‐range transported Asian dust can significantly influence the ice nucleation at cirrus height by acting as efficient ice‐nucleating particles (INPs). The estimated number concentrations of INPs and ice crystals reveal that dust‐induced heterogeneous nucleation is dominant in ice formation, which should thus be better considered in atmospheric and climate models. Key Points: Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)‐CloudSat observations corroborate that dust in the outflow regime of Asia can influence cirrus formation over the central PacificCALIOP observations indicate the strongest dust occurrence in the upper troposphere over the Pacific during the spring seasonDust transport toward the upper troposphere and the potential impact on cirrus formation should be well considered in atmospheric models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cirrus clouds play an essential role in regulating the global radiative balance and climate by both reflecting the incoming shortwave solar radiation and reserving the outgoing longwave radiation in the atmosphere. The cirrus-induced net radiative forcing is mainly determined by their microphysical properties, which are strongly associated with the competition between two ice-nucleating mechanisms, i.e., heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation. However, it is still not well understood whether the long-range transoceanic dust can potentially urge heterogeneous nucleation to the initial ice formation in cirrus clouds even farther over vast remote ocean regions and the response of dominant ice-nucleating mechanism to the concentrations of available ice nucleating particles (INPs). Here we report on the influence of transpacific dust plumes on the ice formation in cirrus clouds via heterogeneous nucleation based on the combined observations of space-borne instruments, i.e., the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR). Two cases near Midway Island (28.21° N, 177.38° W), located in the central Pacific, are studied, in which the long-range transported dust plumes originate from intense Asian dust events. For both cases, partial cloud parcels show the typical in-cloud ice crystal number concentrations (ICNC) of <100 L-1 for heterogeneous nucleation with a good agreement (within an order of magnitude) of in-cloud ICNC and nearby dust-related INP concentration (INPC) values, indicating that dust-related heterogeneous nucleation is dominated in ice formation. In addition, for the other parts of clouds without sufficient INP supply, homogeneous nucleation can still be dominated with ICNC values exceeding 300 L-1. Therefore, dust events with sufficient intensity are capable of conducting long-range transport and influencing cirrus formation over remote ocean regions. This study shows that the natural supply of effective INPs to the upper troposphere, such as long-range transported dust aerosols can increase the cloud cover to reflect more solar radiation over oceanic regions and modulate the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds through different ice-nucleating regimes, both of which may further result in a cooling effect on global climate and should be well considered in climate evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs) are the largest contributor to the uncertainty in the global radiation budget. To improve the current consideration of ACIs in global circulation models, it is necessary to characterize the 3-D distribution of dust-related cloud condensation nuclei concentration (CCNC) and ice-nucleating particle concentration (INPC) globally. This can potentially be realized using the POlarization LIdar PHOtometer Networking (POLIPHON) method together with spaceborne lidar observations. However, dust-related conversion factors that convert bulk aerosol optical properties from lidar measurements to aerosol microphysical properties are still less constrained in many regions, which limits the applications of the POLIPHON method. Here we retrieve the essential dust-related conversion factors at remote oceanic and coastal sites using the historical AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) database. Depolarization-ratio-based dust ratios Rd at 1020 nm are applied to identify the dust-occurring cases, thus enabling us to contain fine-mode dust-dominated cases (after the preferential removal of large-sized dust particles during transport), study the evolution of dust microphysical properties along the transoceanic pathway, and mitigate occasional interference of large-sized marine aerosols. The newly proposed scheme is proven to be valid and feasible by intercomparisons with previous studies at nine sites in/near deserts. The dust-related conversion factors are calculated at 20 oceanic and coastal sites using both pure dust (PD) and PD plus dust-dominated mixture (PD+DDM) datasets. At nearly half of the sites, the conversion factors are solely calculated using the PD datasets, while at the remaining sites, the participation of DDM datasets is required to ensure a sufficient number of data for the calculation. Evident variation trends in conversion factors are found for cv,d (extinction-to-volume concentration, gradually decreasing), c250,d (extinction-to-particle (with a radius > 250 nm) number concentration, gradually increasing), and cs,d (extinction-to-surface-area concentration, gradually decreasing) along both the transpacific and transatlantic dust transport pathways. The retrieved dust-related conversion factors are anticipated to inverse 3-D dust-related CCNC and INPC distributions globally, thereby improving the understanding of ACIs in atmospheric circulation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]