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The plant phytohormone ethylene regulates numerous physiological processes and contributes to plant–microbe interactions. Plants induce ethylene production to ward off pathogens after recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, plant immune responses against pathogens are essentially not different from those triggered by neutral and beneficial microbes. Recent studies indicate that ethylene is an important factor for beneficial plant–microbial association under abiotic stress such as salt and heat stress. The association of beneficial microbes with plants under abiotic stresses modulates ethylene levels which control the expression of ethylene-responsive genes (ERF), and ERFs further regulate the plant transcriptome, epi-transcriptome, Na+/K+ homeostasis and antioxidant defense mechanisms against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Understanding ethylene-dependent plant–microbe interactions is crucial for the development of new strategies aimed at enhancing plant tolerance to harsh environmental conditions. In this review, we underline the importance of ethylene in beneficial plant–microbe interaction under abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Motivation is an orientation towards learning. Motivation in the learning process fosters strong and flexible critical thinking skills. Therefore, it impacts how likely a student is either to give up or push forward and how thoughtful their reflection on their learning will be. Online learning and teaching is the new setting for many institutes and students lack motivation. This prospective institutional cohort study was conducted at NIS, Shymkent, Kazakhstan among 36 Grade 12 students during Dec 2020-Jan aimed to assess the impact of online teaching psychologically, daily life, and social communication during distance learning and how to motivate students. RESULTS: Applying different teaching methodology, planning lesson plan that focuses more student's engagement, providing better communication between classmates and teacher and creating an online platform like traditional lesson gave booster in term of student's motivation distance learning. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION: Best practices in the online lesson can motivate students toward online learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The unmet need for family planning in India is 20.5%, in Rajasthan 16.9% and in Bikaner it is 16.2%. All unintended pregnancies lead either to unwanted births or abortions. The percentage of induced abortion in India is 1.8 and in Rajasthan it is 0.5%. All unintended pregnancies can be prevented by using contraceptive methods effectively. Objectives: To find out factors affecting the use of family planning methods among women seeking post abortion care. Methodology: Study design-Cross-sectional. Study period-November 2013 to April 2014. Study Area-Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Sample Size-400 women seeking post abortion care. Study tool and Data Collection-Semi Structured pre tested questionnaire. Data Analysis-Epi info 6.1 (Mean, SD, Proportion, Chisquare). Results: Mean age was 25.86±5.06 years. Only 20% of study population had knowledge about emergency contraceptives and among them only 6% of women had ever used emergency contraceptives. Statistically significant association was present between acceptance of concurrent contraception and socio-economic status (X2=15.984, p=0.003); religion (X2=12.539, p<0.0001); trimester of abortion (X2=16.578, p<0.0001) and type of abortion(X2=15.706, p=<0.0001). Traditional methods of contraception were failed among 89.4% of women; condoms& OCP were failed among 9.1% and 1.5% respectively. Conclusion: Factors affecting the use of family methods were socioeconomic status, religion, trimester of abortion and type of abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction-World Health Organization estimates that almost 20 million unsafe abortions occur each year. Of the estimated 600,000 annual pregnancy-related deaths worldwide, about 13% (or 78,000) are related to complications of unsafe abortion. Objectives- (1) To study socio-demographic profile of women seeking post abortion care (2) To find out any difference in use of contraceptive methods before and after abortion. Study design-Cross-sectional. Study period-November 2013 to April 2014. Study Area-Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Sample Size-400 women seeking post abortion care. Study tool and Data Collection-Semi Structured pre tested questionnaire. Data Analysis-SPSS 16 (Mean, SD, Proportion, Chi-square). Results-Mean age was 25.86±5.06 years; majority belonged to Hindu community and from rural areas. The mean age at first pregnancy was 19.69±1.33 years. The mean parity was 1.58±0.90. In present study 31.8% of study population had previous history of abortion. Only 31.2% of study population had ever used any method of contraception. The contraceptive acceptance has increased from 16.5% pre abortion to 77.5% post abortion and among them 35.2% population accepted tubectomy as the method of concurrent contraception; 32.3% accepted OCP; 24.2% accepted Cu-T and only 8.3% accepted condoms. Conclusion-Contraception acceptance has increased after abortion amd the tubectomy was the most accepted method of family planning among the study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen is sometimes deliberately introduced in winemaking at various stages to enhance yeast biomass formation and prevent stuck fermentation. However, there is limited information on how such interventions affect the dynamics of yeast populations. Our previous study in synthetic grape juice showed that oxygen supply enhances the persistence of Lachancea thermotolerans, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima. The three non- Saccharomyces yeasts showed differences in growth as a function of oxygen. The present study focused on evaluating the influence of short oxygen pulses on population dynamics and the aroma profile of Chardonnay wine inoculated with L. thermotolerans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results confirmed a positive effect of oxygen on the relative performance of L. thermotolerans. The mixed culture fermentation with L. thermotolerans with S. cerevisiae developed a distinct aroma profile when compared to monoculture S. cerevisiae. Specifically, a high concentration of esters, medium chain fatty acids and higher alcohols was detected in the mixed culture fermentation. The data also showed that the longer persistence of L. thermotolerans due to addition of oxygen pulses influenced the formation of major volatile compounds such as ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate, ethyl phenylacetate, propanol, isobutanol, butanol, isoamyl alcohol, hexanol, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, and decanoic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]