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Objective: Several factors can influence the quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The goal of this research was to measure quality of life in opium-addicted patients with CAD in order to assess the effect of CAD risk factors on their quality of life. Method: The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was completed through interviews with 275 patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass surgery in Tehran Heart Centre between May and September 2006. Results: No significant differences were found in the mean scores of the four domains of quality of life between the addicted and non-addicted patients. Furthermore, the evaluation of QOL in the groups with CAD risk factors showed that the mean QOL domains were statistically similar between opium addicted and non-opium addicted patients. In the addicted group, men had a higher psychological health score than women. A previous history of myocardial infarction reduced the psychological score in this group. Also, in the addicted patients with a history of diabetes mellitus, social functioning was better than that of the non-diabetics. Conclusions: The different domains of quality of life in our opium-addicted and non-addicted patients with CAD were similar; and among all the major risk factors for coronary artery disease, only female gender and a previous history of myocardial infarction could influence quality of life in the opium-addicted patients. Key words: coronary artery disease, opium, quality of life, risk factor, WHOQOL-BREF

Abstract Background Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer is one of the common causes of the mortality due to cancer in most developing countries such as Iran. The digestive tract is the major organ involved in the cancer. The northern part of the country, surrounded the Caspian Sea coast, is well known and the region with highest regional incidence of the GI tract cancer. In this paper our aim is to study the most common risk factors affecting the survival of the patients suffering from GI tract cancer using parametric models with frailty. Methods This research was a prospective study. Information of 484 cases with GI cancer was collected from Babol Cancer Registration Center during 1990-1991. The risk factors we studied are age, sex, family history of cancer, marital status, smoking status, occupation, race, medication status, education, residence (urban, rural), type of cancer, migration status (indigenous, non-native). The studied cases were followed up until 2006 for 15 years. Hazard ratio was used to interpret the death risk. The effect of the factors in the study on the patients survival are studied under a family of parametric models including Weibull, Exponential, Log-normal, and the Log-logistic model. The models are fitted using with and without frailty. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was considered to compare between competing models. Results Out of 484 patients in the study, 321 (66.3%) were males and 163 (33.7%) were females. The average age of the patient at the time of the diagnosis was 59 yr and 55 yr for the males and females respectively. Furthermore, 359 (74.2%) patients suffered from esophageal, 110 (22.7%) patients recognized with gastric, and 15 (3.1%) patients with colon cancer. Survival rates after 1, 3, and 5 years of the diagnosis were 24%, 16%, and 15%, respectively. We found that the family history of the cancer is a significant factor on the death risk under all statistical models in the study. The comparison of AIC using the Cox and parametric models showed that the overall fitting was improved under parametric models (with and without frailty). Among parametric models, we found better performance for the log-logistic model with gamma frailty than the others. Using this model, gender and the family history of the cancer were found as significant predictors. Conclusions Results suggested that the early preventative care for patients with family history of the cancer may decrease the risk of the death in the patients with GI cancer. The gender appeared to be an important factor as well so that men experiencing lower risk of death than the women in the study. Since the proportionality assumption of the Cox model was not held (p = 0.0014), the Cox regression model was not an appropriate choice for analysing our data.

Background: EuroSCORE is a simple and rigorous risk stratification model and is, thus, commonly used in predicting the early and late outcomes of cardiac surgery across the world. We aimed to assess the discriminative power of the EuroSCORE model to predict postoperative morbidity and total prolonged length of stay in hospital (LOS) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay in an Iranian group of cardiac surgical population. Methods: In a prospective study, the additive EuroSCORE model was applied to 5 70patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at Tehran Heart Center. The discrimination power of the EuroSCORE model was tested by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the calibration by comparing the observed and predicted outcomes across the risk spectrum assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results: Mean age was 59.03±0.73 years and 429 out of 570 (75.3%) patients were men. The overall morbidity rate was 47.5%. The observed morbidity in the high-risk patients (EuroSCORE > 6) was significantly greater than that in the low-risk patients (EuroSCORE ≤ 6). Furthermore, 51.2% of the patients had LOS beyond 14 days. Both prolonged LOS (> 14 days) and prolonged ICU stay (> 72 hours) were more prevalent in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. The discriminative power of EuroSCORE in predicting morbidity, prolonged LOS, and ICU stay was poor with an area under the ROC curve of 0.617, 0.598, and 0.581, respectively. However, this risk score showed good calibrations for morbidity (p value = 0.119), prolonged LOS (p value = 0.958), and prolonged ICU stay (p value = 0.620). Conclusion: EuroSCORE provided inappropriate discrimination in predicting early morbidity and prolonged LOS and ICU stay in our study population. Creating a revised model may enable us to accurately predict outcomes in Iranian CABG patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine whether estrogen receptor-a(ESR1) PvuII and XbaI gene polymorphisms affect carotid artery atherosclerosis in an Iranian population.Methods: There were 445 consecutive patients referred for isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at our center registered in the study. The subjects were classified into 2 major categories with (⩾50%) and without (<50%) carotid stenosis. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), the presence of PvuII and XbaI polymorphism within the ESR gene were analyzed.Results: Even after controlling for age, male sex, cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension in a multivariable analysis, PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms were not found to be associated with the occurrence of carotid stenosis ⩾50% (P=0.626 and P=0.992, respectively).Conclusion: Our data suggests that ESR1 PvuII and XbaI gene polymorphisms did not have an effect on carotid artery stenosis in an Iranian population undergoing CABG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical trials of revascularization have routinely under-enrolled elderly subjects. Thus, symptom relief and improved survival might not apply to elderly patients, in whom the risk of mortality and disability from revascularization procedures seems to be high and co-morbidity is more prevalent. The present case control study was performed to draw a comparison in terms of the procedural success, procedural and in-hospital complications, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in a one-year follow-up of octogenarians (age ≥ 80 years) with a selected matched younger control group in the Tehran Heart Center Angioplasty Registry. Methods: According to the Tehran Heart Center Interventional Registry of 9, 250 patients with a minimum follow-up period of one year between April 1993 and February 2010, 157 percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures were performed in 112 octogenarians. Additionally, 336 younger patients (459 PCI procedures) were selected from the database as the propensity-score matched controls. Results: There were 147 (93.6%) and 441 (96.1%) successful PCI procedures in the elderly group and control group, respectively (p value = 0.204). Procedural complications were seen in 5 (3.2%) of the elderly group and 16 (3.5%) of the control group (p value = 0.858). Totally, 7 (6.3%) in-hospital complications occurred in the elderly group and 22 (6.8%) in the control group (p value = 0.866). One-year MACE was seen in 9 (9.1%) of the elderly and 18 (5.8%) of the control group (p value = 0.26). Conclusion: Procedural success and complications, in-hospital complications, and one-year MACE were not significantly different between our two study groups. Therefore, age alone should not be used as the sole criterion when considering revascularization procedures. Furthermore, PCI should not be refused in octogenarians if indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the common concomitance of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with significant mitral stenosis, we aimed at exploring the relation between TR severity and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) in patients who underwent mitral balloon valvotomy (MBV). Methods: We analyzed the echocardiography data of 133 consecutive patients (82.0% female, mean age 44.68 ± 12.56 years) with different degrees of TR severity that underwent MBV between April 2006 and March 2008. The pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PAPs) > 35 mmHg was considered as PAH. Results: Before MBV, 36.20% of the patients had moderate to severe TR, 92.5% PAH, and 18.0% right ventricular (RV) dilation (RV dimension ⩾ 33 mm). After MBV, TR severity improved in 41.4%, worsened in 8.3%, and did not change in 50.4%. Before and after MBV, PAPs was significantly correlated with TR severity, and the mean PAPs change in patients with improved TR was significantly more than that of patients without TR improvement (p value = 0.042). Tricuspid regurgitation severity and mean PAPs (from 52.83 ± 18.82 to 35.89 ± 9.39 mmHg) decreased significantly after MBV (both p values < 0.001); this reduction was significantly correlated to the amount of PAPs decrease. A cut-off point of ⩾ 19 mmHg reduction in PAPs had a specificity of 71.79% and sensitivity of 52.73% to show TR severity improvement (by Receiver-Operative- Characteristics analysis). The mean of RV dimension decreased from 28.94 ± 5.43 to 27.95 ± 4.67 mm (p value < 0.001). In contrast to patients with RV dilation, TR reduced significantly in patients without RV dilation (p value < 0.001). Conclusion: Improvement in TR severity was directly correlated with the amount of PAPs reduction after MBV. More studies are needed to better define a cut-off value for PAPs reduction related to TR severity improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect secundum (ASD-II) has become an alternative method for surgery. We sought to compare the two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) method for measuring atrial septal defect with balloon occlusive diameter (BOD) in transcatheter ASD-II closure. Methods: A total of 39 patients (71.1% female, mean age: 35.31 ± 15.37 years) who underwent successful transcatheter closure of ASD-II between November 2005 and July 2008 were enrolled in this study. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE were performed to select suitable cases for device closure and measure the defect size before the procedure, and BOD measurement was performed during catheterization via TEE. The final size of the selected device was usually either equal to or 1 - 2 mm larger than the BOD of the defect. Results: The mean defect size obtained by TEE and BOD was 18.50 ± 5.08 mm and 22.86 ± 4.76 mm, respectively. The mean difference between the values of ASD size obtained by TEE and BOD was 4.36 ± 2.93 mm. In comparison with BOD, TEE underestimated the defect size in 94.9%, but TEE value being equal to BOD was observed in 5.1%. There was a good linear correlation between the two measurements: BOD = 0.773 × ASD size by TEE+8.562; r2 = 67.9.1%. A negative correlation was found between TEE sizing and the difference between BOD and TEE values (r = -0.394, p value = 0.013). Conclusion: In this study, BOD was larger than ASD size obtained by two-dimensional TEE. However, TEE maximal defect sizing correlates with BOD and may provide credible information in device size selection for transcatheter ASD closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We presumed that the surgeon himself has an impact on the results after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as there is no unique protocol for the discharge of post-operative cardiac patients at our institution. Therefore, we examined whether the surgeon himself has an impact on the intensive care unit (ICU) stay of isolated CABG patients. Methods: We prospectively studied a total of 570 consecutive patients undergoing elective CABG. Length of stay in the ICU was defined as the number of days in the ICU unit post-operatively. Seven operating surgeons were classified in 3 categories on the basis of the mean hospital stay of their patients (1, 2 and 3 if the mean total patients' stay in hospital was <8 days, between 8 to 10 days, and longer than 10 days; respectively). Using a multivariable regression model, we determined the independent predictors of length of stay in the ICU (> 48 hours) and examined the role of surgeon in this regard. Results: Incidence of post-operative arrhythmia and length of ICU stay were higher in the patients of surgeon category 3 than those of surgeon categories 1 and 2. Surgeon category 3 also operated on patients with higher EuroSCOREs than did surgeon categories 1 and 2. With the aid of a multivariable stepwise analysis, three variables were identified as independent predictors significantly associated with ICU length of stay: age, history of cerebrovascular accident, and surgeon category. Conclusion: Surgeon category may independently predict a prolonged length of stay in the ICU. We suggest that a unique discharge protocol for post-CABG patients be considered to restrict the role of surgeon in the ICU stay of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moderate non-organic tricuspid regurgitation (TR) concomitant with coronary artery disease is not uncommon. Whether or not TR improves after pure coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), however, is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of isolated CABG on moderate non-organic TR. Methods: This study recruited 50 patients (40% female, mean age: 65.38±8.01 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): 45.74±13.05%) with moderate non-organic TR who underwent isolated CABG. TR severity before and after CABG was compared. Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PAPs)>30mmHg and LVEF<50% were considered elevated PAPs (EPAPs) and LV systolic dysfunction, respectively. Presence of Q-wave in leads II, III, and aVF was considered inferior myocardial infarction (inf. MI). Results: Pre-operatively, 81.5% of the patients had EPAPs, 16% right ventricle (RV) dilation, and 50% left ventricle (LV) and 16% RV systolic dysfunction. TR severity improved in 64% after CABG, whereas it remained unchanged or even worsened in others (P value<0.001). Patients with inf. MI showed no improvement in TR, while patients without inf. MI had significant TR regression after CABG (P value=0.050). Improvement of TR severity after CABG was not related to pre-operative RV size and function, LV systolic function, or PAPs reduction. Conclusion: Although TR severity decreased remarkably after isolated CABG, a considerable number of the patients had no TR regression. In addition, only absence of inf. MI was significantly correlated to TR improvement after CABG. Further prospective studies with long-term follow-up are needed to determine the other factors predicting TR regression after isolated CABG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies on the prognosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) versus non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) have shown different results. The present study was designed to compare the early outcome and left ventricular systolic function of patients with ST and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Methods: The patients' information was derived from 10,065 consecutive patients hospitalized in Tehran Heart Center with acute MI (2007 patients with STEMI and 8058 with non-STEMI). The baseline clinical characteristics, post-MI complications, left ventricular systolic functions, and 30-day mortality rates were compared. Results: A history of current cigarette smoking, opium addiction, and brain stroke was more frequent in the STEMI patients, whereas hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity were found more in the non-STEMI group. Ejection fraction was higher in the non-STEMI patients than that in the STEMI group, and anterior wall infarction was detected more frequently in the STEMI cases. A history of coronary artery bypass grafting and also percutaneous coronary intervention was observed more in the non-STEMI group. Amongst the in-hospital complications, ventricular arrhythmias (1.4 vs. 0.5, P<0.001) and pulmonary edema (0.4 vs. 0.1, P=0.002) were more prevalent in the STEMI cases. The 30-day mortality rate in the STEMI group was higher than that in the non-STEMI group (5.5 vs. 2.4, P<0.001). Early mortality in both groups was dependant on advanced age, diabetes mellitus, post-MI bradycardia, and atrioventricular block. Also, female gender and pulmonary edema in the STEMI group and family history of MI in the non-STEMI patients could predict 30-day mortality. Conclusion: There were several differences in the baseline characteristics and early outcome between the two types of STEMI and non-STEMI. The 30-day mortality rate was higher in the STEMI group than that in the non-STEMI group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The EuroSCORE is a simple and rigorous risk stratification model and is, thus, commonly used in predicting the early and late outcomes of cardiac surgery across the world. We aimed to assess the discriminative power of the EuroSCORE model to predict postoperative morbidity and total prolonged length of stay in hospital (LOS) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay in an Iranian group of cardiac surgical population., Methods: In a prospective study, the additive EuroSCORE model was applied to 570 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at Tehran Heart Center. The discrimination power of the EuroSCORE model was tested by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the calibration by comparing the observed and predicted outcomes across the risk spectrum assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test., Results: The mean age was 59.03 ± 0.73 years and 429 out of the 570 (75.3%) patients were men. The overall morbidity rate was 47.5%. The observed morbidity in the high-risk patients (EuroSCORE > 6) was significantly greater than that in the low-risk patients (EuroSCORE ≤ 6). Furthermore, 51.2% of the patients had LOS beyond 14 days. Both prolonged LOS (> 14 days) and prolonged ICU stay (> 72 hours) were more prevalent in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. The discriminative power of the EuroSCORE in predicting morbidity, prolonged LOS, and ICU stay was poor with an area under the ROC curve of 0.617, 0.598, and 0.581, respectively. However, this risk score showed good calibrations for morbidity (p value = 0.119), prolonged LOS (p value = 0.958), and prolonged ICU stay (p value = 0.620)., Conclusion: The EuroSCORE provided inappropriate discrimination in predicting early morbidity and prolonged LOS and ICU stay in our study population. Creating a revised model may enable us to accurately predict outcomes in Iranian CABG patients.

Background: Clinical trials of revascularization have routinely under-enrolled elderly subjects. Thus, symptom relief and improved survival might not apply to elderly patients, in whom the risk of mortality and disability from revascularization procedures seems to be high and co-morbidity is more prevalent. The present case control study was performed to draw a comparison in terms of the procedural success, procedural and in-hospital complications, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in a one-year follow-up of octogenarians (age ≥ 80 years) with a selected matched younger control group in the Tehran Heart Center Angioplasty Registry., Methods: According to the Tehran Heart Center Interventional Registry of 9, 250 patients with a minimum follow-up period of one year between April 1993 and February 2010, 157 percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures were performed in 112 octogenarians. Additionally, 336 younger patients (459 PCI procedures) were selected from the database as the propensity-score matched controls., Results: There were 147 (93.6%) and 441 (96.1%) successful PCI procedures in the elderly group and control group, respectively (p value = 0.204). Procedural complications were seen in 5 (3.2%) of the elderly group and 16 (3.5%) of the control group (p value = 0.858). Totally, 7 (6.3%) in-hospital complications occurred in the elderly group and 22 (6.8%) in the control group (p value = 0.866). One-year MACE was seen in 9 (9.1%) of the elderly and 18 (5.8%) of the control group (p value = 0.26)., Conclusion: Procedural success and complications, in-hospital complications, and one-year MACE were not significantly different between our two study groups. Therefore, age alone should not be used as the sole criterion when considering revascularization procedures. Furthermore, PCI should not be refused in octogenarians if indicated.

Background: We presumed that the surgeon himself has an impact on the results after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as there is no unique protocol for the discharge of post-operative cardiac patients at our institution. Therefore, we examined whether the surgeon himself has an impact on the intensive care unit (ICU) stay of isolated CABG patients., Methods: We prospectively studied a total of 570 consecutive patients undergoing elective CABG. Length of stay in the ICU was defined as the number of days in the ICU unit post-operatively. Seven operating surgeons were classified in 3 categories on the basis of the mean hospital stay of their patients (1, 2 and 3 if the mean total patients' stay in hospital was <8 days, between 8 to 10 days, and longer than 10 days; respectively). Using a multivariable regression model, we determined the independent predictors of length of stay in the ICU (> 48 hours) and examined the role of surgeon in this regard., Results: Incidence of post-operative arrhythmia and length of ICU stay were higher in the patients of surgeon category 3 than those of surgeon categories 1 and 2. Surgeon category 3 also operated on patients with higher EuroSCOREs than did surgeon categories 1 and 2. With the aid of a multivariable stepwise analysis, three variables were identified as independent predictors significantly associated with ICU length of stay: age, history of cerebrovascular accident, and surgeon category., Conclusion: Surgeon category may independently predict a prolonged length of stay in the ICU. We suggest that a unique discharge protocol for post-CABG patients be considered to restrict the role of surgeon in the ICU stay of these patients.

Background: Given the common concomitance of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with significant mitral stenosis, we aimed at exploring the relation between TR severity and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) in patients who underwent mitral balloon valvotomy (MBV)., Methods: We analyzed the echocardiography data of 133 consecutive patients (82.0% female, mean age 44.68 ± 12.56 years) with different degrees of TR severity that underwent MBV between April 2006 and March 2008. The pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PAPs) > 35 mmHg was considered as PAH., Results: Before MBV, 36.20% of the patients had moderate to severe TR, 92.5% PAH, and 18.0% right ventricular (RV) dilation (RV dimension ≥ 33 mm). After MBV, TR severity improved in 41.4%, worsened in 8.3%, and did not change in 50.4%. Before and after MBV, PAPs was significantly correlated with TR severity, and the mean PAPs change in patients with improved TR was significantly more than that of patients without TR improvement (p value = 0.042). Tricuspid regurgitation severity and mean PAPs (from 52.83 ± 18.82 to 35.89 ± 9.39 mmHg) decreased significantly after MBV (both p values < 0.001); this reduction was significantly correlated to the amount of PAPs decrease. A cut-off point of ≥ 19 mmHg reduction in PAPs had a specificity of 71.79% and sensitivity of 52.73% to show TR severity improvement (by Receiver-Operative-Characteristics analysis). The mean of RV dimension decreased from 28.94 ± 5.43 to 27.95 ± 4.67 mm (p value < 0.001). In contrast to patients with RV dilation, TR reduced significantly in patients without RV dilation (p value < 0.001)., Conclusion: Improvement in TR severity was directly correlated with the amount of PAPs reduction after MBV. More studies are needed to better define a cut-off value for PAPs reduction related to TR severity improvement.

Background: Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect secundum (ASD-II) has become an alternative method for surgery. We sought to compare the two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) method for measuring atrial septal defect with balloon occlusive diameter (BOD) in transcatheter ASD-II closure., Methods: A total of 39 patients (71.1% female, mean age: 35.31 ± 15.37 years) who underwent successful transcatheter closure of ASD-II between November 2005 and July 2008 were enrolled in this study. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE were performed to select suitable cases for device closure and measure the defect size before the procedure, and BOD measurement was performed during catheterization via TEE. The final size of the selected device was usually either equal to or 1 - 2 mm larger than the BOD of the defect., Results: The mean defect size obtained by TEE and BOD was 18.50 ± 5.08 mm and 22.86 ± 4.76 mm, respectively. The mean difference between the values of ASD size obtained by TEE and BOD was 4.36 ± 2.93 mm. In comparison with BOD, TEE underestimated the defect size in 94.9%, but TEE value being equal to BOD was observed in 5.1%. There was a good linear correlation between the two measurements: BOD = 0.773 × ASD size by TEE+8.562; r2 = 67.9.1%. A negative correlation was found between TEE sizing and the difference between BOD and TEE values (r = -0.394, p value = 0.013)., Conclusion: In this study, BOD was larger than ASD size obtained by two-dimensional TEE. However, TEE maximal defect sizing correlates with BOD and may provide credible information in device size selection for transcatheter ASD closure.

Background: Drug-eluting stents improved the outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), however, there may be significant differences in their safety and efficacy., Aim: To compare the in-hospital and mid-term clinical outcomes of stenting with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) versus paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) for the treatment of coronary artery lesions in our routine practice., Methods: This study was performed on 1311 consecutive patients treated exclusively either with SES or PES in our hospital between March 2003 and March 2007. Patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) within the preceding 48 hours were excluded. The data were recorded in our computerised database, and analysed with appropriate statistical methods., Results: The frequency of angulated segments and proximal segment tortuosity was higher in the PES group (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), while ostial and left anterior descending artery lesions were more frequently treated with SES (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022, respectively). The rate of in-hospital non-Q wave MI was higher in the SES vs. PES group (2.2 vs. 0.7%, p = 0.039). In multivariate analysis, the relationship between type of stent and in-hospital non-Q-wave MI became less significant (p = 0.083). During follow-up, 5 patients in the SES vs. 3 in the PES group died (0.7% in each group, p = 0.749). The frequency of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and target vessel revascularisation (TVR) in the SES vs. PES group was similar (5.5 vs. 3.3%, p = 0.138, and 2.9 vs. 1.6%, p = 0.213, respectively). In multivariate analysis, reference vessel diameter was an independent predictor of both TVR (HR = 0.170, 95% CL 0.034-0.837, p = 0.029) and MACE (HR = 0.333, 95% CL 0.120-0.925, p = 0.035)., Conclusion: During mid-term follow-up, sirolimus-eluting stents and paclitaxel-eluting stents demonstrate similar clinical outcomes.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to clarify whether type 2 diabetic patients with coronary disease are subject to similar benefits in heart rate recovery (HRR) as non-diabetic counterpatrs after cardiac rehabilitation, assessing men and women subjects separately., Material and Methods: The data used for this analysis were from an eight-week, phase-II cardiac rehabilitation including 284 patients with ischaemic heart disease who were managed at Tehran Heart Centre between July 2004 and January 2006. The heart rate parameters were compared between diabetic and non-diabetic patients before and after cardiac rehabilitation. Diabetic and non-diabetic patients had similar age and left ventricular ejection fraction., Results: Among men, the non-diabetic patients achieved a greater improvement in peak heart rate and heart rate recovery (HRR). Additionally, lower resting heart rate was found in nondiabetic men after rehabilitation. In the women >or= 50 years old, there was no significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic. The non-diabetic women < 50 years old showed significantly higher peak heart rate and HRR compared with diabetic women., Conclusions: These results indicate that the benefit of cardiac rehabilitation in HRR is significantly lower in type 2 diabetic men. Improvement of HRR is not associated with diabetic status in women >/= 50 years old. The response to cardiac rehabilitation in women may appear to be influenced more by age at menopause rather than diabetes mellitus.

Background: This experimental study was performed to determine the impact of opium use on serum lipid profile and glucose metabolism in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes., Material and Methods: To determine the effect of opium, 20 male rats were divided into control (n = 10) and opium-treated (n = 10) groups. After diabetes induction, the animals were investigated for daily glucose measurements for 35 days. Serum lipid profile and haemoglobin A1c (HbA(1c)) were assayed at the baseline (before induction of diabetes) and at 35-day follow-up., Results: The glycaemia levels in the rats treated with opium were similar to the levels measured in the control rats (544.8 +/- 62.2 mg/dl v. 524.6 +/- 50.0 mg/dl, P = 0.434). In addition, there was no difference between the opium-treated rats and control rats in HbA(1c) (6.5 +/- 0.5% v. 6.6 +/- 0.2%, P = 0.714). Compared to the control rats, the serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride and lipoprotein (a) in the test animals were similar., Conclusion: Opium use has no significant effect on glucose metabolism and serum lipid profile in rats with induced diabetes.

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes play an important role in the management of patients with coronary artery disease. However, a significant proportion of patients do not participate or do not complete CR., Aim: To asses the prevalence and predictors of discontinuation of a hospital-based CR programme and to investigate whether or not the completers and dropouts differed in relation to their baseline characteristics., Methods: Data used for analysis were from a hospital-based CR programme involving 1986 discharged patients at Tehran Heart Centre between July 2004 and January 2006. The patients who completed all 24 sessions of the CR programme were compared with the dropouts., Results: The CR completion rate was 18.1% (average of 11.4+/-8.1, ranging from 1 to 78 sessions) including patients who completed 24 (n=284) or more sessions (n=77) of the CR programme. Factors predicting dropout were male gender (OR 1.441, p=0.0094), younger age (OR 0.979, p=0.005), and lower levels of education (OR 0.412, p <0.0001)., Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a relatively high rate of CR programme dropout. Only less than a fifth of the patients completed this hospital-based programme. Patients who were male and younger and had lower education levels were better likely to drop out of the CR programme. Social support and educational programmes may be helpful in achieving better compliance.

In local anesthesia, various epinephrine concentrations are applied for its vasoconstrictive effect. This study was conducted to observe the effect of epinephrine on intraoperative bleeding and also to evaluate hemodynamic changes during skin surgery. Ninety-six patients scheduled for skin surgery under local anesthesia were divided into three groups administered three different concentrations of epinephrine (1:50,000, 1:100,000 and 1:200,000) with 1% lidocaine (an average of 5.7 mL). The rate of bleeding and hemodynamic changes were assessed during surgical procedure. The surgeon's rating of intraoperative bleeding was significantly lower in the group administered epinephrine concentration of 1:50,000 as compared with the group on epinephrine concentration of 1:200,000. However, there was no significant difference between the groups administered epinephrine concentrations of 1:200,000 and 1:100,000. Except for diastolic blood pressure at 1 min after injection of local anesthetics, transient changes of hemodynamic parameters were observed, with no statistically significant difference among the three anesthetic solutions used. It is concluded that, for local anesthesia, the rate of intraoperative bleeding is influenced by epinephrine concentration, and that 1:50,000 epinephrine provides optimal clinical efficacy for the local bleeding control during dermatologic surgery.