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Abstract Background Treatment cost and high prevalence of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a very challenging issue globally. Due to this reason; current study was conducted to determine pharmaco-economy of conventional and non-conventional treatments for the management of PCOS. Methods Prospective Cross-Sectional study was conducted in the metropolitan city of Karachi from January – December 2019. Primary data of 200 PCOS patients were collected from different hospitals and clinics. An instrument was used to collect data pertaining to the direct and indirect cost associated with the disease management. Collected data was analyzed by the tools for cost analysis and software called Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) – 22. Results In Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA); Allopathic treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:4479.32 ± 350.95 (USD:27.46 ± 2.15)], Herbal treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:1527.78 ± 78.15 (USD:9.37 ± 0.48)], Combination treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:2803.09 ± 654.22 (USD:17.18 ± 4.01)], and Homoeopathic treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:976.95 ± 46.19 (USD:5.99 ± 0.28)]. Incremental cost/month for Allopathic treatment is 358%, Herbal treatment is 56%, Combination treatment is 187%. In Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA); Allopathic treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 1334.24), Herbal treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 936.41), Combination treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 1017.09). Due to lowest cost of Homeopathic treatment, cost of Homeopathic treatment was considered as a threshold value. In-direct cost/month of Allopathic treatment is PKR:593.33 ± 24.00 (USD:3.64 ± 0.15), Herbal treatment is PKR:307.84 ± 26.69 (USD:1.89 ± 0.16), Combination treatment is PKR:409.09 ± 45.63 (USD:2.51 ± 0.28) and Homoeopathic treatment is PKR:300.00 ± 26.39 (USD:1.84 ± 0.16). Conclusion The most cost-effective is treatment is Homeopathic; Herbal treatment is second most cost-effective option for the treatment of PCOS. Lowest direct and indirect costs and short treatment duration collaboratively lessen the %incremental cost per year and incremental cost effectiveness ratio per year.

Georgie M Massen,1 Olivia Blamires,2,* Megan Grainger,2,* Max Matta,2,* Rachel Monica Gyemfuah Twumasi,2,* Tanvi Joshi,2,* Alex Laity,2,* Elena Nakariakova,2,* Thilaksana Thavaranjan,2,* Aziz Sheikh,3 Jennifer K Quint1 1School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; 2Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; 3Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Georgie M Massen, Imperial College, Level 9, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, White City, W12 0BZ, London, UK, Tel +44 7447104872, Email g.massen21@imperial.ac.ukBackground: Routinely collected electronic healthcare records (EHRs) document many details of a person’s health, including demographics, preventive services, symptoms, tests, disease diagnoses and prescriptions. Although not collected for research purposes, these data provide a wealth of information which can be incorporated into epidemiological investigations, and records can be analysed to understand a range of important health questions. We aimed to understand the use of routinely collected health data in epidemiological studies relating to three of the most common chronic respiratory conditions, namely: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD). We also characterised studies using EHR data to investigate respiratory diseases more generally, relative to cardiovascular disease and COVID-19, to understand trends in the use of these data.Methods: We conducted a search of the Scopus database, to identify original research articles (irrespective of date) which used data from one of the following most frequently used UK EHR databases: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (including General Practice Research Database (CPRD’s predecessor)), The Health Improvement Network and QResearch, defined through the presence of keywords. These databases were selected as they had been previously included in the works of Vezyridis and Timmons.Findings: A total of 716 manuscripts were included in the analysis of the three chronic respiratory conditions. The majority investigated either asthma or COPD, whilst only 28 manuscripts investigated ILD. The number of publications has increased for respiratory conditions over the past 10 years (888% increase from 2000 to 2022) but not as much as for cardiovascular diseases (1105%). These data have been used to investigate comorbidities, off-target effects of medication, as well as assessing disease incidence and prevalence. Most papers published across all three domains were in journals with an impact factor less than 10.Plain Language Summary: When people go to healthcare services such as the GP or hospital, details of the encounter are recorded in electronic systems known as electronic healthcare records. Information which is recorded can include symptoms, diagnoses, tests performed and ordered and prescriptions. We looked to understand how these records were being used to conduct epidemiological research, specifically in three respiratory conditions (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung diseases). We analysed information from 716 research papers which investigated one of these three conditions, we also looked more broadly at papers using electronic healthcare records for respiratory, cardiovascular and COVID-19 research. We found that research (published within articles) into these conditions has significantly increased in the past decade, however more research has been published with respect to cardiovascular diseases. We have shown that throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, electronic healthcare records were used extensively to conduct research into this new virus. Research is regularly conducted using electronic healthcare records, to understand diseases as well as treatments, more research is published in cardiovascular diseases than respiratory diseases.Keywords: electronic health records, COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, interstitial lung disease, ILD

Abstract This research investigates the Circle of Willis, a critical vascular structure vital for cerebral blood supply. A modified novel dual‐pathway multi‐scale hierarchical upsampling network (HUNet) is presented, tailored explicitly for accurate segmentation of Circle of Willis anatomical components from medical imaging data. Evaluating both the multi‐label magnetic resonance angiography region of interest and the multi‐label magnetic resonance angiography whole brain‐case datasets, HUNet consistently outperforms the convolutional U‐net model, demonstrating superior capabilities and achieving higher accuracy across various classes. Additionally, the HUNet model achieves an exceptional dice similarity coefficient of 98.61 and 97.95, along with intersection over union scores of 73.32 and 85.76 in both the multi‐label magnetic resonance angiography region of interest and the multi‐label magnetic resonance angiography whole brain‐case datasets, respectively. These metrics highlight HUNet's exceptional performance in achieving precise and accurate segmentation of anatomical structures within the Circle of Willis, underscoring its robustness in medical image segmentation tasks. Visual representations substantiate HUNet's efficacy in delineating Circle of Willis structures, offering comprehensive insights into its superior performance.

Incidences of dengue-virus infection are increasing globally. Around 3.90 billion population is at high risk of infection. There is no cure/ prevention available. Hence aim of the current review was the evaluation of current development and prospects for the production of safe anti-dengue drugs. The data of review was synthesized by PRISMA. Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria were employed to establish the quality of the literature. Many drugs/compounds have shown promising prospects. Target site of these drugs on dengue virus were inhibition of replication (N-sulfonyl peptide-hybrids, milk-exosomes, sunitinib, schisandrin-A, cavinafungin, minocycline, 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide, Goniothalamus umbrosus, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Morus alba, statins), protease-enzyme (Thiazolidinone-peptide, nelfinavir, carnosine, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)- one and 1,3,4-oxadiazole), capsid-protein (Juglanin and silymarin), NS4B-gene (Desatinib), entry-in-host-cell (Duramycin, glycodendrimers, curdlan sulfate), RNA-capping (Lanatoside-C), fusion (Chloroquine) and NS3-helicase (Suramina). Many compounds/drugs are found effective by targeting the structural proteins of the dengue virus to use as a therapy in the future.

Background and Aim: Reconstruction of the eyelid is a surgical challenge, keeping in view both the cosmetic and functional importance of the eyelid. Here, we are describing our experience with the McGregor flap technique for the closure of full-thickness eyelid defects. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted prospectively from August 2015 to July 2018 in one of the tertiary care hospitals in North India. This study consisted of a total of 15 patients treated for eyelid defects following the excision of neoplastic disease of the lids. The final result of the reconstructive procedure was recorded at 6 months postoperatively. Results: Most of our patients were above the age of 50 (11 patients) and comprised predominantly females (9 patients). All the defects were reconstructed by the McGregor flap technique. We had excellent functional results in 13 (86.66%) patients, a good result in 1 (6.66%) patient, and an acceptable result in another (6.66%) patient. In terms of cosmesis, excellent results were found in 13 (86.66%) patients and acceptable in the remaining 2 (15.38%) patients. Conclusion: The McGregor flap for eyelid defect reconstruction is a reliable, good, and easy technique for reconstructing full-thickness eyelid defects involving up to 2/3rd of the horizontal length of eyelids. The technique can be successfully used for upper eyelid reconstruction with excellent functional and cosmetic results.

Background and objectives: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a global pandemic with severe health, economic, and social impacts. Vaccination has emerged as a crucial mitigation strategy. Despite the pivotal role of COVID-19 vaccines in controlling the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy remains a significant concern globally, particularly among young adults. This study aimed to explore the side effects and perceptions of the young adults in Bangladesh following COVID-19 vaccination. Materials and methods: The study, conducted in April 2021 among 325 young Bangladeshi adults who received two doses of Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) vaccine against SAR-CoV-2. Participants completed a self-administered online questionnaire covering demographics, health history, post-vaccination adverse events, and perceptions about COVID-19 vaccine. A symptom scoring system, based on the interquartile range (IQR), was used to categorize the severity of the side effects. Data analysis utilized SPSS version 26.0, with appropriate tests for significance. Result: Total 325 participants (male - 64.6%, female - 68.9%) were enrolled. The mean age was 22 ± 1.6 years. Social media (43·1%) was the primary source of information about COVID-19. Vaccine related side effects were experienced by 40.9% and 47.1% participants following 1st and 2nd dose of vaccination respectively. Side effects were more prevalent after the second dose of vaccine, particularly in females (31·3% vs. 8·2%, p

Microfinance plays a crucial role in fostering economic development, especially in underserved and impoverished communities. Using stimulus-organism response (SOR) theory, the study investigates how microfinance, cost of loan, and individual funding and support affect borrowers' business attitudes and sustainable business growth, as well as the impact of satisfaction with these sources. The study collected 845 data points from the Khulan division of Bangladesh using a convenient sampling technique and analyzed them with Smrt Pls 4 and fsQCA 3 software. The results indicated that microfinance, cost of loan individual finding, and support significantly affect borrowers’ business attitudes which in turn has a positive effect on sustainable business growth. The findings further show that apart from the relationship between microbusiness and business attitudes, business satisfaction does not moderate the relationships between cost of loan and business satisfaction as well as individual finding and support and business satisfaction. The study suggests insightful recommendations for academics, MFIs, and policymakers for poverty reduction through ensuring sustainable business conducted by microfinance. This study introduces two new concepts i.e., individual funding and support and business satisfaction as well as a new theory i.e., SOR in microfinance research, extending the theory's applicability, and research scope, and providing new suggestions for further research.

This study examined how consumption value theory, religious knowledge, website quality, and e-satisfaction influence consumers’ online organic food purchasing behavior. This study collected 989 data points from Bangladeshi online organic food consumers using convenience sampling and analyzed them using SPSS and PLS 4.0-SEM. The results indicate that apart from epistemic value all other consumption values, such as functional, emotional, social and conditional influence online organic food purchases through the mediating effect of religious knowledge, website quality and e-satisfaction. Consumption value is an emerging theory in organic food purchasing research, a new phenomenon in this context. The current study makes a groundbreaking contribution to theory development and contextualization. Consumption value theory has been studied in organic food purchase research predominantly in developed nations. By investigating the theory in the context of online organic food purchasing behavior in Bangladesh, this study validates its generalizability and adds to the existing body of knowledge. In addition, the mediating role of religious knowledge in the relationship between organic food purchasing intention and purchasing decision online has been given little attention by the previous literature. The study proposes several strategies for organic food marketers that would stimulate consumers’ values and relevant context, encouraging them to buy more organic food online, and thus increase the development and profit of online organic food businesses, which is extremely important toward creating a healthy nation.

Fishing as a hobby is fairly popular among youth in hilly and mountainous areas of the world. Hence, injuries to extremities are also common by fishing equipment, especially in untrained people using indigenous equipment. The mechanism of injury is that of penetrating trauma. There is a paucity of literature regarding fishing equipment injury to extremities. In this article, we have presented a case series of fishing arrow injuries presented to us in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Most of these injuries were treated under the wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet technique which has revolutionized the management of extremity injuries. Also, special precautions regarding the prevention of further tissue injury by arrow hooks while retrieving the arrows have been highlighted.

Abstract Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected tropical disease (NTD), is a major public health problem in Yemen with widespread distribution in rural areas. Evaluating the knowledge and understanding of people’s beliefs towards the disease is essential to the implementation of effective control measures. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) and treatment-seeking behaviour concerning CL among rural populations in the western highlands of Yemen. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 289 household heads in four rural areas of the Utmah District. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. All the participants had heard about the disease; however, only 9.3% attributed it to sandflies. Nearly half (48.1%) of the participants could not mention any preventive measures for CL, and nearly two-thirds (65.4%) could not do so for sandflies. The overall ‘good’ knowledge about CL was found to be 51.2%, and it was 33.9% for sandflies. The participants’ attitude and prevention practices towards CL were not satisfactory, as only 38.1% and 16.3% had a positive attitude and good CL-related prevention practices, respectively. Moreover, 45.7% believed CL to be a stigmatising disease, and 50% had used traditional remedies to treat suspected CL lesions. Multivariate analyses showed that age, sex, presence of CL-confirmed cases in the same household, residency, occupation and monthly household income were the significant predictors associated with KAP concerning CL among the participants. The findings support an urgent need for integrated health education and community mobilisation interventions to improve awareness of these vulnerable populations about this devastating disease.

This study investigated the effect of supplementation of Malva sylvestris leaf powder (MSLP) on the production performance of broiler chicken. Ven Cobb broiler chicks (240 day-old male chicks) were distributed randomly into four treatments, each replicated four times, with 15 birds per replicate. The diets formulated were T1 (control) given basal diet only, T2 (basal diet +1.0% MSLP), T3 (basal diet +1.5% MSLP), and T4 (basal diet +2.0% MSLP). The highest improvement of 3.83% in the average daily gain (ADG) was recorded in the T3 group fed 1.5% Malva powder in the diet compared to the control (P = 0.009). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) tended to decrease with an increase in the dose of MSLP in the diet, with the lowest feed intake in the T4 group fed 2% MSLP. During the overall period (7–42 days), the feed/gain (F/G) ratio reduced significantly (P = 0.048) in the T3 and T4 groups compared to the control. The dressed and breast meat yield was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the T3 group, with no significant change (P > 0.05) in the thigh yield. The changes in the pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) of breast meat were found to be non-significant (p > 0.05) between the control and various other treatments. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the T3 and T4 groups. There was no negative effect of including MSLP in the diet on the color coordinates of breast meat among different treatments. Compared to the control, the serum immunoglobulin values increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the T3 and T4 groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed no difference between various treatments; however, malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) according to dietary treatments. Serum cortisol increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the T4 group compared to other treatments. The inclusion of Malva powder in the diet at the 2% level significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the coliform count compared to the control birds. Supplementation with Malva powder resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the villus height-to-crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio of broiler birds in the T3 and T4 groups. In conclusion, MSLP supplementation at 1.5% and 2% resulted in improved production performance of broiler chicken.

Aluminum Alloy 5052 is one of the excellent corrosion resistant alloys among the Aluminum 5000 series alloys. Despite the favourable corrosion resistance, it exhibits low resistance to wear and perform poorly in various tribological applications. This study attempts to investigate the impact of TiB2 reinforcement on the mechanical and tribological properties of Aluminum Alloy 5052 matrix alloy, fabricated using the stir casting technique. Composites with varying weight percentages (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt %) of TiB2 were prepared. Vicker's hardness testing was conducted to assess the effect of TiB2 content on composite hardness. Hardness of composites increased from 65.5 to 85.16 HV in tandem with the TiB2 content depicting a rise of about 30 %. Tribological properties were studied through dry sliding wear tests using a pin-on-disc tribometer, with varying loads (10 N and 50 N) and sliding speeds (1 m/s and 3 m/s). The results demonstrate that the addition of TiB2 significantly improves the wear resistance of the composites, being optimum in composite with 5 wt % of TiB2. A maximum increase of about 36 % in wear resistance was observed at high load and high-speed conditions corresponding to 5 wt % TiB2 concentration. FESEM analysis revealed distinct wear modes and the role of TiB2 in changing the wear mechanism from abrasion to delamination. This study underscores the pivotal role of TiB2 in enhancing the mechanical and tribological properties of Aluminum Alloy 5052, expanding its application scope, particularly in lightweight engineering applicationsin general and marine in particular.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate the potential of free and nanoprotected rosemary essential oil (REO) as an antibiotic alternative in blood biochemistry, hematology, immune-antioxidant status, intestinal microbiology, and histomorphology of broilers. A total of 420 1-wk-old broiler chicks (Cobb) were randomly allotted into 7 treatments, each having 4 replicates of 15 chicks. The first group served as control received basal diet, while the second group was fed a basal diet plus 100 mg/kg enramycin and third group basal diet plus 150 mg/kg chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs). The fourth and fifth groups received diets supplemented with 100 mg and 200 mg free REO (F-REO)/kg diet. The sixth and seventh groups were supplemented with 100 mg and 200 mg nanoprotected REO (N-REO)/kg diet. Results revealed that supplementing nanoprotected REO significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the levels of blood cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) compared to control and enramycin groups. The kidney and liver function parameters were not altered by adding free or nanoprotected REO to the diet. Both levels of nanoprotected REO significantly (P < 0.05) reduced heterophil: lymphocyte (H: L) ratio compared to all other groups. Birds receiving nanoprotected REO at 200 mg/kg diet had significantly (P ˂ 0.05) raised serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) compared to control and other birds. Anti-SRBC titre and cell-mediated immunity improved significantly (P < 0.05) in nanoprotected REO groups. Supplementation of nanoprotected REO resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher values for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant status (TAS). The caecal microbiota was improved in broiler birds fed diets supplemented with nanoprotected REO. The 200 mg nanoprotected REO/kg diet supplementation resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) better villus height (VH) and villus height: crypt depth (VH: CD) ratio in all the segments of the small intestine. In conclusion, feeding REO in nanoprotected form in a 200 mg/kg diet could be used as an antibiotic substitute to improve broiler chicken's lipid profile, immune-antioxidant status, and intestinal health.

The examination of the convergence between digital rights and women's empowerment is conducted within the socio-legal framework in Pakistan, with particular emphasis on the influence of contemporary Islamic legal perspectives amidst increased social media engagement. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the evolving dynamics of women's participation in the digital space and the attendant impact on empowerment in Pakistan. The analysis discussed the origins and expansion of digital landscape and the influence of social media on people's lives. The qualitative study focused on Islamic teachings and the implications for rules in the digital world. In addition, data was collected through interviews with several women of different ages and backgrounds. Social media and digital platforms offered access to information, education, and opportunities for skills development. The results showed that women used digital platforms for entrepreneurship and economic empowerment. This supported economic independence and ethical business practices, in line with Islamic principles to seize opportunities. In the face of challenges and opportunities, the ethical dimensions were considered from an Islamic perspective. Emphasizing values such as justice, privacy, dignity, and the pursuit of knowledge could guide efforts to promote digital rights for women's empowerment in line with Islamic principles.

Sara Hatam,1,&ast; Sean Timothy Scully,2,&ast; Sarah Cook,3,&ast; Hywel T Evans,2,&ast; Alastair Hume,4 Constantinos Kallis,3 Ian Farr,2 Chris Orton,2 Aziz Sheikh,1 Jennifer K Quint3 1Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; 2Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; 3School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; 4EPCC, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jennifer K Quint, Email j.quint@imperial.ac.ukBackground: Electronic healthcare records (EHRs) are an important resource for health research that can be used to improve patient outcomes in chronic respiratory diseases. However, consistent approaches in the analysis of these datasets are needed for coherent messaging, and when undertaking comparative studies across different populations.Methods and Results: We developed a harmonised curation approach to generate comparable patient cohorts for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) using datasets from within Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD; for England), Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL; for Wales) and DataLoch (for Scotland) by defining commonly derived variables consistently between the datasets. By working in parallel on the curation methodology used for CPRD, SAIL and DataLoch for asthma, COPD and ILD, we were able to highlight key differences in coding and recording between the databases and identify solutions to enable valid comparisons.Conclusion: Codelists and metadata generated have been made available to help re-create the asthma, COPD and ILD cohorts in CPRD, SAIL and DataLoch for different time periods, and provide a starting point for the curation of respiratory datasets in other EHR databases, expediting further comparable respiratory research.Keywords: COPD, asthma, ILD, HER, harmonisation, data curation

Background: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. Among these, rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus have been reported as the primary viral pathogens associated with the disease. Rapid diagnosis of viral pathogens is crucial when diarrhea outbreaks occur to ensure the timely administration of appropriate treatment and control measures. Methods: We evaluated three immunochromatographic test kits designed for the detection of norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus in 71 stool specimens collected from children with diarrhea who visited clinics in Japan. The first kit is a triplex immunochromatographic test kit designed for simultaneous detections of norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus on a single strip (this kit was referred to as IC-A). The other two immunochromatographic test kits are a dual detection kit for rotavirus and adenovirus, and a single detection kit for norovirus (IC-B). The RT-PCR/PCR was used as the gold standard method. Results: The results revealed that both IC-A and IC-B kits exhibited the same level of sensitivity of detection for rotavirus (72.7%) and adenovirus (22.7%), although the detection rate was lower than that of the RT-PCR/PCR method. However, there was a slight difference in the sensitivity of detection for norovirus between IC-A and IC-B, at 86.7% and 93.3%, respectively. The sensitivity of detection for adenovirus of both kits was relatively lower than those of RT-PCR method. This could be due to low viral load of adenovirus in clinical specimens below the detection limit of IC-A and IC-B kits. However, both immunochromatographic test kits (IC-A and IC-B) exhibited 100% specificity for norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus. Conclusions: The triplex immunochromatographic test kit (IC-A) designed for simultaneous detection of norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus has been proved to be more practical and convenient than the use of single or dual detection kits with more or less the same sensitivity and specificity of detections.

Peritonitis is an infection with a substantial source of morbidity and death. The mortality rate is 10% to 60%. Its etiology may be infection of bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The objective of the current systematic review is to identify the causes of peritonitis and discuss available treatment options. A systematic review was conducted from the literature from January 2012 to December 2022. More than 60 articles were downloaded; after abstracting relevant information from the studies and assessing quality, data was synthesized and presented by PRISMA flow diagram. The most common cause was bacterial infection; followed by fungal and viral infections. Reported organisms were E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., M. tuberculosis, C. trachomatis, Pseudomonas spss., C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, Cryptococcus spp., and Aspergillus spp., and Feline-infectious-corona-virus. Empiric antibiotics therapy covers broad-spectrum antibacterials; antifungal and surgical interventions are treatment options. The acutely ill patient requires combined medical and surgical methods; culture sensitivity is highly advisable to reduce the chances of failure.

This bibliometric analysis delves into the expansive landscape of research where Islam intersects with sustainable development, covering the period from 1991 to 2023. The dataset, comprising 586 documents from 354 sources, signifies a dynamic and rapidly growing field, with an impressive annual growth rate of 11.44%. The relatively low average document age of 5.08 years highlights the contemporary nature of the research, while the high average citations per document (5.795) and substantial reference count (25,019) underscore the field's influence and interconnected character. Key contributors include Malaysia, with 369 articles, and Indonesia with 269 articles, emphasizing their leadership roles. The USA emerges as the most cited country, with 284 total citations, reflecting its significant impact. The global collaboration map highlights Malaysia as a central hub, collaborating notably with Indonesia, Bangladesh, and the USA, illustrating the collaborative nature of research in this area. Trending topics reveal a shift towards holistic themes like environmental protection, ethics, and public health. The enduring presence of keywords such as "sustainable development" and "Islam" underscores central themes, providing valuable insights into the evolving discourse. These discoveries have important ramifications for scientific education, strengthening tactics and curriculum via a deeper comprehension of sustainable development in Islamic contexts. This research fosters a more comprehensive approach to sustainability education by addressing global concerns with cultural and religious components and bridging multidisciplinary barriers by clearly highlighting these links. This increases the study's applicability to a wide variety of multidisciplinary audiences, such as academics, educators, and decision-makers who want to improve scientific education within Islamic contexts.

Blast and bacterial blight (BB) are the two major rice diseases in the world including Bangladesh. In this study, BB resistance genes (Xa21 and xa13) and blast resistance (Pi9 and Pb1) genes were pyramided into a mega variety, BRRI dhan29 through marker-assisted backcross breeding. IRBB58 was used as a BB-resistant donor and Pi9-US2, and Pb1-US2 were used as blast-resistant donors. Backcross was done between BRRI dhan29 and donor parents to develop BC3F1 population and then selfing was done to develop BC3F6 population. BC3F2 population was genotyped and phenotyped for segregation analysis and BC3F6 was evaluated for genotyping, phenotyping and morphological traits and yields. Chi-square analysis of BC3F2 data revealed that blast and BB resistance followed the single gene mendelian fashion (1:2:1 and 3:1). Two to four gene combinations were found in the advanced lines of the BC3F6 population. The yield of the advanced lines ranged from 6.42 (t ha−1) to 9.5 (t ha−1) and they showed resistant against blast and BB with mean disease scores ranging from 0.67 to 2.33 and 0.33–2.33, respectively. Finally, eight lines having four genes (xa13, Xa21, Pi9 and Pb1) were selected for multilocational (five locations) trials for yield performance and disease reaction. Mean yield data of eight advanced lines of all locations were varied from 6.48±0.15–8.38±0.11 t ha−1 and all the lines showed resistant reactions against blast (score 0.53–1) and BB (score 0.6–0.87) disease. The highest yield was found in BR (Path) 13800-BC3–224–12 (G28, 8.38±0.11 t ha−1) followed by BR (Path) 13800-BC3–134–252 (G26, 8.28±0.08 t ha−1) and BR (Path) 13800-BC3–136–115 (G12, 8.24±0.07 t ha−1). Pyramided advanced lines of this study could be released as BB and blast-resistant varieties or could be utilized as donor parents in resistant breeding.

Introduction The social determinants of health contribute to poorer health outcomes for children with cerebral palsy (CP) and are barriers to families accessing health services. At an individual level, social determinants of health are experienced as unmet social needs, for example, unsafe housing conditions. There is emerging evidence that clinical pathways for the systematic identification and referral to services for unmet social needs can support families to address these needs. These clinical pathways have not been implemented for children with CP. The objectives are to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of two co-designed social needs clinical pathways for parents/caregivers of children with CP—social prescribing (ie, Community Linker plus resource pack) compared with resource pack only.Methods and analysis This pilot randomised controlled trial will run at the three tertiary paediatric rehabilitation services in New South Wales, Australia. A total of 120 participants will be recruited, with randomisation stratified by study site. A survey tool will be used to identify families experiencing unmet social needs. Parents/caregivers who report one or more unmet social need/s and consent will be eligible. The active control group will receive a resource pack containing information on community services to support unmet social needs. The social prescribing intervention group will receive one-on-one Community Linker support, in addition to the resource pack. The survey tool, intervention, logic model, and resource pack were co-designed with patient families and their healthcare workers. Feasibility of the research design and the clinical pathways will be evaluated using the number/proportion of parents/caregivers who complete the survey tool, consent, engage with the intervention, and complete research measures. Acceptability will be evaluated using questionnaires and qualitative interviews.Ethics and dissemination Human research ethics approval was granted by the Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee (2022/ETH01688). Participants and stakeholders will receive updates and findings via regular communication channels including meetings, presentations, and publications.Trial registration number Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: 12622001459718.

Prostate cancer is a prevalent and life-threatening disease characterized by abnormal cell growth within the prostate gland. Early and accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer is crucial for effective treatment planning. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is valuable for diagnosing and assessing prostate cancer. Medical professionals use MRI to create segmentation for detecting prostate cancer. However, existing segmentation methods are limited in accurately delineating anatomical structures and tumor regions within the prostate. This research proposes an innovative methodology for advancing MRI-based prostate segmentation. The objective is to encompass anatomical and tumor zones within the prostate, facilitating precise diagnosis and treatment planning. The proposed dual-pathway multi-scale hierarchical upsampling network introduces significant modifications compared to the traditional UNet-based architecture. It outperforms previous studies, demonstrating superior performance in anatomical segmentation on both the ProstateX and Prostate158 datasets. It achieves an intersection over union of 0.8449 and a dice similarity coefficient of 0.9872 on ProstateX, as well as an intersection over union of 0.8065 and a dice similarity coefficient of 0.9831 on Prostate158, suppressing previous research by a significant margin. These results highlight the potential of this approach to advance the utility of MRI in diagnosing and planning the treatment of prostate-related pathologies, benefiting both patients and healthcare practitioners.

Najia Sherzay,1– 3 Ziauddin Azimi,1,2 Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir,1,4 Noor Shafina Mohd Nor1,4 1Institute for Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, 47000, Malaysia; 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kabul University, Karte Sakhi, Kabul, Afghanistan; 3Laboratory of Electrophiles and Genome Operation, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; 4Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, 47000, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Najia Sherzay; Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir, Email najia.sherzay@epfl.ch; sitih587@uitm.edu.myPurpose: This study was designed and conducted to validate the reference values of hematological parameters for healthy adult male and female residents of Kabul city, Afghanistan.Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, the samples were collected according to a non-random sampling method. Blood samples were collected from students and employees of Kabul University. The study included 166 males and 125 females, aged 18– 45 years. The selection and exclusion of participants were carried out according to a questionnaire and the assessment of serum ferritin and vitamin B12 levels. Candidates with lower serum ferritin and vitamin B12, a history of chronic disease, females with menstruation or pregnancy, and those with chronic abdominal pain were excluded.Results: Reference ranges for all blood parameters were determined by a non-parametric method. The determined reference values were compared between males and females by the Z-test. Reference intervals for hemoglobin (4.5– 6.3 g/dL for males and 3.66– 5.67 g/dL for females) and hematocrit (36.23– 55.93% for males and 30.20– 53.86% for females) were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in males. No significant (p< 0.05) differences were observed between the reference intervals for the red blood cell count.Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that the commonly used reference intervals should be revised for the Afghan population, as our findings indicated higher reference values for the hemoglobin and hematocrit indices.Keywords: reference range, blood parameters, Afghan population

Abstract Droughts pose a severe environmental risk in countries that rely heavily on agriculture, resulting in heightened levels of concern regarding food security and livelihood enhancement. Bangladesh is highly susceptible to environmental hazards, with droughts further exacerbating the precarious situation for its 170 million inhabitants. Therefore, we are endeavouring to highlight the identification of the relative importance of climatic attributes and the estimation of the seasonal intensity and frequency of droughts in Bangladesh. With a period of forty years (1981–2020) of weather data, sophisticated machine learning (ML) methods were employed to classify 35 agroclimatic regions into dry or wet conditions using nine weather parameters, as determined by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Out of 24 ML algorithms, the four best ML methods, ranger, bagEarth, support vector machine, and random forest (RF) have been identified for the prediction of multi-scale drought indices. The RF classifier and the Boruta algorithms shows that water balance, precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature have a higher influence on drought intensity and occurrence across Bangladesh. The trend of spatio-temporal analysis indicates, drought intensity has decreased over time, but return time has increased. There was significant variation in changing the spatial nature of drought intensity. Spatially, the drought intensity shifted from the northern to central and southern zones of Bangladesh, which had an adverse impact on crop production and the livelihood of rural and urban households. So, this precise study has important implications for the understanding of drought prediction and how to best mitigate its impacts. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for better collaboration between relevant stakeholders, such as policymakers, researchers, communities, and local actors, to develop effective adaptation strategies and increase monitoring of weather conditions for the meticulous management of droughts in Bangladesh.

Background. Cervical cancer is a serious medical condition that affects hundreds of thousands of individuals worldwide annually. The selection and analysis of suitable gene targets in the early stages of drug design are crucial for combating this disease. However, overlooking the presence of various protein isoforms may result in unwanted therapeutic or harmful side effects. Objective. This study aimed to provide a computational analysis of the interactions between cervical cancer drugs and their targets, influenced by alternative splicing. Methods. Using open-access databases, we targeted 45 FDA-approved cervical cancer drugs that target various genes having more than two distinct protein-coding isoforms. To check the conservation of binding pocket in isoforms of the genes, multiple sequence analysis was performed. To better understand the associations between proteins and FDA-approved drugs at the isoform level, we conducted molecular docking analysis. Results. The study reveals that many drugs lack potential targets at the isoform level. Further examination of various isoforms of the same gene revealed distinct ligand-binding pocket configurations, including differences in size, shape, electrostatic characteristics, and structure. Conclusions. This study highlights the potential risks of focusing solely on the canonical isoform, and ignoring the impact of cervical cancer drugs on- and off-target effects at the isoform level. These findings emphasize the importance of considering interactions between drugs and their targets at the isoform level to promote effective treatment outcomes.

The study investigated the impact of utilizing Rumex nepalensis leaf powder (RNL) as a phytogenic feed additive on performance, blood markers, intestinal microbiology and histomorphology in broiler chicken. One hundred eighty day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups having three replicates with fifteen birds each. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets primarily based on maize–soybean were formulated, viz., CN (Control)—fed basal diet only; RNL2.5 (basal diet + 2.5 g/kg RNL); RNL5 (basal diet + 5 g/kg RNL); and RNL10 (basal diet + 10 g/kg RNL). The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in dietary treatments compared to CN with best values in RNL10 followed by RNL5. The blood markers like glucose, total protein, creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) showed no significance (p > 0.05) among all the treatments, however total cholesterol significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in RNL5 and RNL10 as against CN. Regarding immune parameters, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced in RNL5 and RNL10. Antioxidant enzyme status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in RNL10 compared to CN. Gut health in terms of cecal microbiology and histomorphology of duodenum and jejunum were altered by inclusion of RNL in the broiler diet. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in coliform count was recorded by incorporation of dietary treatments with highest reduction in RNL10. Lactobacillus count and total viable count did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments and CN. Duodenal and jejunal villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in RNL5 and RNL10 compared to RNL2.5 and CN. Thus, it could be concluded that inclusion of Rumex nepalensis leaf powder in the diet resulted in improved performance and better immuno-antioxidant status of broilers. Further, an improvement in the gut health was observed in terms of positive effects on cecal microbiota and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens.

The current study proceeded to reduce the environmental hazards spreading worldwide due to synthetic dyes. To overcome these problems, eco-friendly natural dyes are introduced as alternative sources of synthetic dyes. The present study was focused on exploring the bio-colorant of the aqueous and acidic extract of the bark of Melia azedarach L. for the dyeing of both silk and cotton samples. The results of the extraction medium specified that the aqueous extract gave maximum colorant solubility and upon fabric dyeing produced higher color strength in contrast to the acidic medium. The optimization experimentation data showed that excellent color strength of silk fabric was found at 45 min dyeing time duration, in 35:1 mL dye extract, and using 2% salt (NaCl) as an exhausting agent, whereas cotton fabric showed the maximum K/S value at 60 min dyeing time, in a 45:1 mL liquor ratio, and with the use of 2% salt. Bio-mordants produce different shades on both fabrics. Bio-mordanting experiments on silk revealed that pre-mordanting with 2% turmeric and 3% pomegranate, and post-mordanting using 3% turmeric and 2% pomegranate produced a darker shade. In the case of cotton, the pre-mordanted samples with 2% turmeric and 3% pomegranate and the post-mordanted samples with 4% turmeric and 4% pomegranate gave the highest color strengths. All the mordanted samples gave excellent fastness ratings. Overall, it has been found that Bakain bark proved to be an excellent source of tannin. The result of this study showed that it could be a cost-effective and eco-friendly dye source for textile progress.

Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is the most widespread cancer worldwide. Over 2 million new cases of BC were identified in 2020 alone. Despite previous studies, the lack of specific biomarkers and signaling pathways implicated in BC impedes the development of potential therapeutic strategies. We employed several RNAseq datasets to extract differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on the intersection of all datasets, followed by protein–protein interaction network construction. Using the shared DEGs, we also identified significant gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways to understand the signaling pathways involved in BC development. A molecular docking simulation was performed to explore potential interactions between proteins and drugs. The intersection of the four datasets resulted in 146 DEGs common, including AURKB, PLK1, TTK, UBE2C, CDCA8, KIF15, and CDC45 that are significant hub‐proteins associated with breastcancer development. These genes are crucial in complement activation, mitotic cytokinesis, aging, and cancer development. We identified key microRNAs (i.e., hsa‐miR‐16‐5p, hsa‐miR‐1‐3p, hsa‐miR‐147a, hsa‐miR‐195‐5p, and hsa‐miR‐155‐5p) that are associated with aggressive tumor behavior and poor clinical outcomes in BC. Notable transcription factors (TFs) were FOXC1, GATA2, FOXL1, ZNF24 and NR2F6. These biomarkers are involved in regulating cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Finally, molecular docking suggested Hesperidin, 2‐amino‐isoxazolopyridines, and NMS‐P715 as potential lead compounds against BC progression. We believe that these findings will provide important insight into the BC progression as well as potential biomarkers and drug candidates for therapeutic development.

As a primary healthcare first respondent during disasters, Bangladeshi registered nurses (RNs) play a critical role in disaster management. This study assessed their knowledge, skills, and preparedness (KSP) for disaster management and examined the factors influencing their disaster KSP. Employing a cross-sectional design with a self-administered structure questionnaire containing the Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool (DPET), data were collected from 573 registered nurses in four metropolitan cities in Bangladesh. Results showed that RNs had moderate levels of knowledge (M = 4.00, SD = 0.76), skills (M = 4.27, SD = 0.75), and preparedness (M = 4.56, SD = 0.69) for disaster management. Statistically significant correlations existed between disaster preparedness and skills (r = 0.718) and between disaster knowledge and skills (r = 0.653). RNs whose curriculum has disaster management courses had statistically significantly higher disaster KSP than those who did not. Besides, RNs with BSc in Nursing (Post Basic) degrees had significantly higher disaster knowledge and skills than the RNs who completed four years of BSc in nursing degree. In addition, RNs working in the emergency unit had significantly higher disaster knowledge and skills than those without work experience in the emergency unit. Moreover, respondents who participated in disaster management training had significantly higher disaster skills than their counterparts. However, the senior RNs (≤ 40 years) had statistically significantly higher disaster preparedness than the young RNs (21–25 years). No significant association was found regarding RNs' gender, marital status, hospital types, and disaster experience with their disaster KSP. Along with disaster education, adequate disaster management training and drills are highly recommended to enhance RNs' disaster management capacity in Bangladesh.

Every year different industries generate numerous toxic environmental polluting agents throughout the world. Among the polluting agents, chromium (Cr) toxicity is a great concern nowadays. It is continuously released in soil and water, causing environmental and health problems thereby raising several public health issues in developing countries like Bangladesh. The primary goal of this study was to provide a bioremediation option to reduce toxic hexavalent chromium to a less toxic trivalent form by isolating chromium resistant bacteria from Cr contaminated environments. Bacterial isolates were obtained from seven tannery waste samples collected from Hazaribag and Hemayetpur, Savar, Dhaka. Twenty morphologically distinct colonies were screened, of which six showed the highest resistance. These were designated as A1, A2, B1, F1, K1, and P1. Their maximum tolerance to Cr (VI) was determined through growth assays in varying chromium concentrations up to 8000 mg/L on LB agar media. Strains A2 and B1 exhibited the highest resistances to chromium at 7700 mg/L and 7200 mg/L respectively. Bacterial strains A2 and B1 were identified through several biochemical tests and after PCR analysis finally identified as Bacillus sp. and Micrococcus sp. respectively. Their Cr (VI) reduction capabilities were assessed quantitatively using the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric assay. Both strains exhibit approximately 100% reduction of chromium from 100 mg/L concentration to non-toxic form within 48 h using accurate analytical methods. This study demonstrates the isolation of highly chromium-resistant bacteria from tannery waste that can efficiently bioremediate Cr (VI) pollution, thus providing an eco-friendly and cost-effective bioremediation approach.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), an often overlooked but vital staple crop, suffers severe obstacles in growth and yield due to temperature fluctuations, especially low temperatures. Therefore, scientists nowadays pay impulsive attention to overcoming the deleterious consequences of cold stress (CS) in sorghum. Our current investigations revealed that the application of ethanol (0.2 %) to the root zone of sorghum plants enhanced biomass production, improved gas-exchange features and the levels of photosynthetic pigments, and enhanced leaf relative water content, which collectively contributed to a significant enhancement in the growth performance of sorghum seedlings when subjected to CS conditions (8 °C). Exposure to CS leads to a substantial buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS), notably hydrogen peroxide, along with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage in sorghum leaves, unequivocally indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in sorghum seedlings. In contrast, the addition of 0.2 % ethanol demonstrated a remarkable ability to alleviate the oxidative burden caused by ROS by substantially enhancing the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and ascorbate peroxidase, and the level of total flavonoids, within the leaves of sorghum seedlings subjected to CS. Furthermore, ethanol treatment exhibited additional benefits by increasing the levels of total soluble sugars and total free amino acids in sorghum seedlings, which are likely to play a pivotal role in maintaining osmotic balance in response to CS. In conclusion, our findings highlight the defensive mechanism modulated by ethanol in promoting the adaptation mechanisms of sorghum seedlings for abatement of cold-induced damage.

Abstract Metalloid pollution, including arsenic poisoning, is a serious environmental issue, plaguing plant productivity and quality of life worldwide. Biochar, a carbon-rich material, has been known to alleviate the negative effects of environmental pollutants on plants. However, the specific role of biochar in mitigating arsenic stress in maize remains relatively unexplored. Here, we elucidated the functions of biochar in improving maize growth under the elevated level of sodium arsenate (Na2AsO4, AsV). Maize plants were grown in pot-soils amended with two doses of biochar (2.5% (B1) and 5.0% (B2) biochar Kg−1 of soil) for 5 days, followed by exposure to Na2AsO4 ('B1 + AsV'and 'B2 + AsV') for 9 days. Maize plants exposed to AsV only accumulated substantial amount of arsenic in both roots and leaves, triggering severe phytotoxic effects, including stunted growth, leaf-yellowing, chlorosis, reduced photosynthesis, and nutritional imbalance, when compared with control plants. Contrariwise, biochar addition improved the phenotype and growth of AsV-stressed maize plants by reducing root-to-leaf AsV translocation (by 46.56 and 57.46% in ‘B1 + AsV’ and ‘B2 + AsV’ plants), improving gas-exchange attributes, and elevating chlorophylls and mineral levels beyond AsV-stressed plants. Biochar pretreatment also substantially counteracted AsV-induced oxidative stress by lowering reactive oxygen species accumulation, lipoxygenase activity, malondialdehyde level, and electrolyte leakage. Less oxidative stress in ‘B1 + AsV’ and ‘B2 + AsV’ plants likely supported by a strong antioxidant system powered by biochar-mediated increased activities of superoxide dismutase (by 25.12 and 46.55%), catalase (51.78 and 82.82%), and glutathione S-transferase (61.48 and 153.83%), and improved flavonoid levels (41.48 and 75.37%, respectively). Furthermore, increased levels of soluble sugars and free amino acids also correlated with improved leaf relative water content, suggesting a better osmotic acclimatization mechanism in biochar-pretreated AsV-exposed plants. Overall, our findings provided mechanistic insight into how biochar facilitates maize’s active recovery from AsV-stress, implying that biochar application may be a viable technique for mitigating negative effects of arsenic in maize, and perhaps, in other important cereal crops. Graphical Abstract

Background: One of the latest issues in predicting cardiovascular disease is the limited performance of current risk prediction models. Although several models have been developed, they often fail to identify a significant proportion of individuals who go on to develop the disease. This highlights the need for more accurate and personalized prediction models. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Grey Wolf Levenberg Model and Neural Networks in predicting cardiovascular diseases. The objective is to identify a synergistic approach that can improve the accuracy of predictions. Through this research, the authors seek to contribute to the development of better tools for early detection and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: The study used a quantitative approach to develop and validate the GWLM_NARX model for predicting cardiovascular disease risk. The approach involved collecting and analyzing a large dataset of clinical and demographic variables. The performance of the model was then evaluated using various metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: the study found that the GWLM_NARX model has shown promising results in predicting cardiovascular disease. The model was found to outperform other conventional methods, with an accuracy of over 90%. The synergistic approach of Grey Wolf Levenberg Model and Neural Networks has proved to be effective in predicting cardiovascular disease with high accuracy. Conclusion: The use of the Grey Wolf Levenberg-Marquardt Neural Network Autoregressive model (GWLM-NARX) in conjunction with traditional learning algorithms, as well as advanced machine learning tools, resulted in a more accurate and effective prediction model for cardiovascular disease. The study demonstrates the potential of machine learning techniques to improve diagnosis and treatment of heart disorders. However, further research is needed to improve the scalability and accuracy of these prediction systems, given the complexity of the data associated with cardiac illness. Keywords: Cardiovascular data, Clinical data., Decision tree, GWLM-NARX, Linear model functions

Abstract The investigations of flow-induced vibration have been around for decades to solve many engineering problems related to structural element. In a hindsight of advancing technology of microelectronics devices, the implementation of flow-induced vibration for energy harvesting is intrigued. The influence of downstream flat plate to flow-induced vibration experienced by a square cylinder is discussed in this study to surpass the limitation of wind energy due to geographical constraints and climate change. The mechanism of flow-induced vibration experienced by a square cylinder with downstream flat plate is numerically simulated based on the unsteady Reynolds Navier–Stokes (URANS) flow field. The Reynolds number, Re assigned in this study is ranging between $$4.2 \times 10^3$$ 4.2 × 10 3 – $$10.7 \times 10^3$$ 10.7 × 10 3 and the mass damping ratio designated for the square cylinder is $$m^*\zeta$$ m ∗ ζ = 2.48. The influence of three different flat plate lengths $$w/D = 0.5$$ w / D = 0.5 , 1 and 3 is examined. Each case of different flat plate is explored for gap separation between the square cylinder and the plate in the range $$0.5 \leqslant G/D \leqslant 3$$ 0.5 ⩽ G / D ⩽ 3 . Based on the numerical findings, the configuration of cylinder-flat plate with length $$w/D = 1$$ w / D = 1 has shown the highest potential to harvest high energy at comparatively low reduced velocity.

Abstract This study develops a conceptual model that investigates how self-determination needs, religiosity, and features of halal-organic meat influence consumer satisfaction and meat-purchasing behavior; these in turn affect healthy life expectancy, health- and food-related quality, and tranquility of life. In Bangladesh, a Muslim-majority country, organic meat producers usually sell halal meat without certifying or labeling it as such. According to the study, if meat producers market products that are both halal and organic, they will appeal to Muslim customers in religious and health-related contexts. This may lead to a significant increase in meat sales, thereby assisting more businesses in profits. The study used Purposive sampling to collect 985 data points from consumers who buy organic meat through four marketing channels: supermarkets, municipality corporate markets, open-air markets, and online markets. The data were analyzed using SmartPls 3.0. The results confirm that five independent variables—autonomy, competency, relatedness, religiosity, and halal-organic food—directly and positively influence consumers’ satisfaction with and continuance of halal-organic meat-purchasing behavior. The study also suggests that consumer satisfaction positively impacts halal-organic meat-purchasing behavior. This positively and significantly influences three dependent variables: consumers’ desire to maintain a healthy life expectancy, health- and food-related quality, and tranquility of life. The findings further indicate that halal-organic meat-purchasing behavior mediates the relationships between the study’s five independent variables and three dependent variables. This study investigates the new, growing theory of self-determination in relation to organic and halal food-purchasing research, which few studies have investigated. Although the literature surrounding halal and organic meat is not new, this study is the first to combine these two fields into a distinct body of knowledge. Furthermore, this is the first study to introduce the constructs of tranquility and life expectancy in organic and halal food-purchasing behavioral research.

The escalating global temperatures associated with climate change are detrimental to plant growth and development, leading to significant reductions in crop yields worldwide. Our research demonstrates that salicylic acid (SA), a phytohormone known for its growth-promoting properties, is crucial in enhancing heat tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). This enhancement is achieved through modifications in various biochemical, physiological, and growth parameters. Under heat stress, cotton plants typically show significant growth disturbances, including leaf wilting, stunted growth, and reduced biomass. However, priming cotton plants with 1 mM SA significantly mitigated these adverse effects, evidenced by increases in shoot dry mass, leaf-water content, and chlorophyll concentrations in the heat-stressed plants. Heat stress also prompted an increase in hydrogen peroxide levels—a key reactive oxygen species—resulting in heightened electrolyte leakage and elevated malondialdehyde concentrations, which indicate severe impacts on cellular membrane integrity and oxidative stress. Remarkably, SA treatment significantly reduced these oxidative stresses by enhancing the activities of critical antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and ascorbate peroxidase. Additionally, the elevated levels of total soluble sugars in SA-treated plants enhanced osmotic regulation under heat stress. Overall, our findings reveal that SA-triggered protective mechanisms not only preserve photosynthetic pigments but also ameliorate oxidative stress and boost plant resilience in the face of elevated temperatures. In conclusion, the application of 1 mM SA is highly effective in enhancing heat tolerance in cotton and is recommended for field trials before being commercially used to improve crop resilience under increasing global temperatures.

Background: Human astrovirus (HAstV) infection is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in young children. The present study reports the outbreak of HAstV in children with acute gastroenteritis in Kyoto, Japan, during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2021. Methods: A total of 61 stool samples were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis who visited a pediatric outpatient clinic in Maizuru city, Kyoto, Japan from July to October, 2021. HAstV was screened by RT-PCR, and the genotypes were identified by nucleotide sequence analysis. Results: Of 61 cases of acute gastroenteritis, 20 were mono-infected with HAstV alone. In addition, mixed infection of HAstV and NoV, and HAstV and RVA were also detected in 15 and 1 cases, respectively. Of 36 HAstV strains detected in this outbreak, 29 and 7 were HAstV1 and MLB2 genotypes, respectively. All HAstV1 strains were closely related to the HAstV1 reported from Thailand and Japan in 2021 and all of them belonged to subgenotype HAstV1a. Among MLB2, they were most closely related to the MLB2 strains reported from China in 2016 and 2018. Conclusions: After the kindergartens and schools were re-opened at the middle of 2021 in Japan, an outbreak of HAstV was reported. Control measures against the COVID-19 pandemics might affect the spread of diarrheal virus infection. Here we report the outbreak of HAstV1 and MLB2 in Kyoto, Japan, during COVID-19 pandemic in 2021.

Social media is currently overgrowing, which certainly impacts people's lifestyles. However, these advances are often exploited, with cyberporn being one example. This essay seeks to evaluate and critique pornography from the point of view of Indonesian Islamic criminal law. Examining the application of criminal sanctions for pornography by Islamic criminal law, as well as the reasons why it is created and prohibited, is the aim of this study. This study examines laws and regulations with a normative legal approach. It is the study of normative juridical law. This research data set comes from legal sources. The research findings suggest several behaviors, weaknesses in judgment, constitutive consequences, additional circumstances, additional requirements for a criminal prosecution, and additional requirements for punishment that fall under the category of pornography crimes of Islamic criminal law. Criminal sanctions in Islamic law allow adultery and ta'zir as punishment for pornography offenders. Criminal acts in pornography include various forms, including sounds, moving images, animations, cartoons, conversations, body movements, and public performances containing sexual exploitation or obscene content that violates the norms of social decency.

Antioxidants, which have long been deemed an indispensable guardian of human health, play a pivotal role in bolstering the body's defense against a plethora of diseases. Three well-recognized seaweeds in Bangladesh, including Caulerpa racemosa, Padina tetrastromatica, and Hypnea musciformis, were subjected to meticulous analysis to reveal their phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial efficacy using advanced spectroscopic and disc diffusion methods. Intriguingly, we observed that C. racemosa emerges as frontrunners, possessing a substantial arsenal of phenol (143.08 ± 18.51 mg gallic acid equivalent g─1) and flavonoid (63.79 ± 2.16 mg rutin equivalent g─1). More fundamentally, C. racemosa exhibits a notable enrichment in the content of tannin (73.58 mg RE g─1) and chlorophyll (13.50 mg g─1), as well as, antioxidant capacity (4457.67 μg g─1). P. tetrastromatica, on the other hand, displayed commendable effectiveness in scavenging the DPPH radical, with percentages ranging from 53.98 to 62.17%. In terms of hydroxyl radical (OH•) scavenging activity, C. racemosa exhibited the highest efficacy at 400 g mL─1. Fascinatingly, C. racemosa exhibited an impressive antioxidant potential, as evidenced by its exceptionally low IC50 value of 5.58 μg mL−1 for OH• scavenging, whereas P. tetrastromatica showed impressively low value of 0.96 μg mL−1 for DPPH scavenging. Although the three seaweeds demonstrated limited efficacy against a spectrum of five human pathogenic bacteria, their potential as abundant sources of antioxidants remains unscathed. Notably, heatmap and PCA analysis revealed that C. racemosa and P. tetrastromatica emerge as the leading contender for studied antioxidant compounds, demonstrating their proclivity for antioxidant extraction, a trait that could be exploited for large-scale production of these valuable compounds.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths among men, and its incidence increases with age. Despite the availability of treatments, the high costs and complications associated with current cancer therapies pose challenges. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore globally accessible and effective alternative medications to support prostate cancer treatment. Bioinformatics and system biology approaches were utilized to investigate repurposed medicines for prostate cancer treatment guided by host genomic biomarkers. The investigation identified 120 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 24 hub genes (HubGs) as potential therapeutic targets by analyzing gene expression patterns and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The top 10 hub genes CDK1, CCNA2, RRM2, ASPM, MELK, HJURP, DLGAP5, NCAPG, TTK, and HMMR are associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer. The DEGs enrichment analysis revealed significant axon guidance, cell-cell adhesion, extracellular space, and calcium signaling pathways associated with prostate cancer. Gene regulatory network analysis revealed transcription factors (FOXC1, GATA2 and E2F1 etc.) and micro-RNAs (hsa-mir-16–5p, hsa-mir-24–3p and hsa-mir-34a-5p etc.) as regulators of hub genes. The potential drug candidates, includingindirubin-3′-Monoxime (−7.7 kcal/mol), benzene sulfonamide (−8.8 kcal/mol), and cladribine (−6.6 kcal/mol) have been identified as the top 3 candidate drugs against CDK1, CCNA2 and RRM2, respectively. Besides, these drugs exhibit strong binding affinity with the target proteins and suggest their potential for repurposing in the treatment of prostate cancer. Collectively, the findings present valuable insights for advancing prostate cancer research, potentially leading to a deeper understanding and novel treatment strategies for relevant diseases.

Technological advancements have long played crucial roles in rice productivity and food security in Bangladesh. Seasonal variation over time and regional differences in rice production, however, pose a threat to agricultural sustainability but remain unexplored. We performed a spatial-temporal mapping of rice cultivation area, production, and yield from 2006-2007 to 2019-2020 using secondary data for disaggregating 64 districts in Bangladesh. Growth and multivariate approaches were employed to analyze time-series data. Results showed that Mymensingh had the highest rice cultivated area and production, while Bandarban had the lowest. The 14 years highest average rice yield was found in Gopalganj and Dhaka (3.63 tons/ha), while Patuakhali (1.73 tons/ha) had the lowest. For the Aus, Aman, and Boro, the rice cultivation area in 19 districts, 11 districts, and 13 districts declined significantly. The overall rice production increased significantly in most districts. For the Aus, Aman, and Boro seasons, the rice yield in 54, 50, and 37 districts demonstrated a significant upward trend, respectively. The adoption rate of modern varieties has risen dramatically. However, there are notable variances between regions and seasons. A significant increasing trend in Aus (0.007% to 0.521%), Aman (0.004% to 0.039%), and Boro (0.013% to 0.584%) were observed in 28, 34, and 36 districts, respectively, with an increase of 1% adaptation of HYV. Predictions revealed that rice cultivation area and production of Aus, Aman, and Boro seasons will be increased in most of the regions of Bangladesh by 2030. Based on spatiotemporal cluster analysis, the five identified cluster groupings illustrated that clusters lack spatial cohesion and vary greatly seasonally. This suggests increasing rice production by expanding cultivable land, adopting high-yielding varieties, and integrating faster technological advancement in research and extension. The findings will assist scientists in developing region-specific production technologies and policymakers in designing decentral region-specific policies to ensure the future sustainability of rice production.

Dengue fever is an acute tropical disease that is spread by Aedes species mosquitoes. It is a virus-mediated illness that causes headaches, fever, severe joint and muscle pain, swollen glands (lymphadenopathy), and rashes. Every year, 390 million people around the world suffer from it and ∼20 % die from cases that are left untreated. The virus is transmitted to humans by mosquito bites of infected Aedes species. When it gets into the body, its envelope protein attaches to the host cell surface receptor and initiates the viral infection cycle by the formation of a smooth coat with icosahedral symmetry. Due to its high mutation-prone nature and differences in protein sequences among serotypes, it is difficult to develop a stable vaccine suitable against all serotypes. In this study, a software-based vaccinology approach was used to design a vaccine construct against the envelope protein of all four subtypes of the dengue virus. This construct was designed by joining two epitopes of the protein. One epitope was taken from the envelope protein of DEN-2 which was conserved for DEN-1, DEN-2, and DEN-3, and another epitope from the same protein of DEN-4 serotype as the sequence composition of the protein is slightly different in these two groups of serotypes. Here, firstly 18 epitopes for dengue virus-1, 2, 3, and 12 epitopes for dengue virus-4 were retrieved based on the highest combined score of NetCTL server analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) supertypes. Among them, the epitope MAILGDTAW has shown 100 % conservancy in strains of dengue virus 1, 2, 3, and KLRIKGMSY, TTAKEVALL, TPRSPSVEV, FRKGSSIGK, KTWLVHKQW have shown 100 % conservancy in dengue virus 4. In population coverage analysis, MAILGDTAW has shown 88.63 % and FRKGSSIGK has shown 90.72 % (highest among other DEN-4 epitopes) population coverage of the entire world population. These two epitopes along with their 15-mer extensions (MHCII binding peptides) were found as non-allergen and non-toxic. Finally, the two different 15-mer extensions (to get 100 % sequence conservancy) of the epitope MAILGDTAW and the 15-mer extension of the epitope FRKGSSIGK were put together using an EAAAK linker to construct the multi-epitope vaccine. In-vivo analysis of the proposed vaccine construct would aid in the development of a functional immune response that would eradicate dengue complications worldwide.

Bangladesh is a significant contributor to the global food basket but is also one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Understanding regional climatic variability helps reduce climate risks and ensure food security. This research examined monthly, seasonal, and yearly temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity in Bangladesh using data from 35 meteorological stations from 1970–2020. The study utilized the Mann–Kendall method to evaluate trends and employed Sen’s slope to quantify their magnitude. Additionally, quantile regression was applied to analyze the impact of climatic variables on rice yield. The findings revealed that maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures were steadily increasing, with the southwest experiencing a more rapid rise compared to other regions in Bangladesh. Seasonal Tmax and Tmin rose in most parts of Bangladesh, particularly during the monsoon. In most areas, there was a significant (p

This study evaluated the effect of free and nanoencapsulated rosemary essential oil (REO) as an antibiotic alternative in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and gene expression. Four hundred twenty day-old commercial broiler chicks (VENCOBB) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments, each having four replicates of fifteen chicks. The dietary treatments comprised control (CON) fed a basal diet only, AB (basal diet + 10 mg enramycin/kg), CS (basal diet + 150 mg chitosan nanoparticles/kg), REOF100 and REOF200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg free REO/kg, respectively), and REON100 and REON200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg nanoencapsulated REO/kg, respectively). Overall (7–42 d), REON200 showed the highest (p < 0.001) body weight gain (1899 g/bird) and CON had the lowest gain (1742 g/bird), while the CS, REOF100 and REOF200 groups had a similar gain, but lower than that of the AB and REON100 groups. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. Overall, the feed efficiency increased (p = 0.001) by 8.47% in the REON200 group and 6.21% in the AB and REON100 groups compared with the CON. Supplementation of REO improved (p < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility, with the highest values in REON100 and REON200. Ether extract, crude fiber, calcium and phosphorus digestibility values showed no difference among the groups. The dressing, breast, thigh % increased (p < 0.05) and abdominal fat % decreased (p < 0.001) more in the REON200 group than with other treatments and CON. In breast meat quality, water holding capacity and extract reserve volume increased (p < 0.05) while drip loss and cholesterol content decreased (p < 0.05) in REON100 and REON200. No change was observed in the breast meat color among dietary treatments and CON. The REON100 and REON200 groups had reduced (p < 0.05) meat lipid peroxidation as depicted by the decreased levels of TBARS, free fatty acids and peroxide value compared to other treatments and CON. The expression of the Mucin 2, PepT1 and IL-10 genes was upregulated (p < 0.001) and TNF-α downregulated (p < 0.001) by dietary addition of REO particularly in the nanoencapsulated form compared with the CON. In conclusion, nanoencapsulated REO, especially at 200 mg/kg diet, showed promising results as an antibiotic alternative in improving the performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and upregulation of growth and anti-inflammatory genes.

Abstract Cobalt, from industrial waste and nuclear laundry, possess health risk to human beings, animals and plants. Number of methods, other than adsorption, have been reported in literature for Co removal from waste water. In this research walnut shell powder after modification has been utilized for Co adsorption. First step of modification involved chemical treatment by four different organic acids for 72 h. Samples were collected at 24, 48 and 72 h. Second step involved thermal treatment of 72 h samples. Unmodified and modified particles have been analyzed by chemical methods and instruments i.e. UV spectrometer, FTIR, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and microscopic imaging. Thermally treated samples have shown augmented Co adsorption. CV analysis showed thermally treated samples with better capacitance. Particles modified by oxalic acid presented better Co adsorption. Oxalic acid treated particles activated for 72 h with thermal treatment provided maximum adsorption capacity 1327 ± 20.6 mg/g against Co(II) at pH 7, stirring 200 rpm, initial concentration 20 ml, adsorbent dosage (5 mg) and contact time 240 min at room temperature.

In a reciprocal medium, transmission of electromagnetic (EM) waves is symmetric along opposite directions which restrict design and implementation of various systems in optics and photonics. Asymmetric transmission (AT) is essential for designing isolators and circulators in optics and photonics, and it benefits other applications such as photovoltaic systems, lasers, cloaking, and EM shielding. While bulky nonreciprocal devices based on magnetic field biases have been well known, creating AT in subwavelength structures is more challenging, and structures with a subwavelength thickness that show AT have drawn a lot of attention over the last decade. Various approaches have been reported to create metasurfaces featuring nonreciprocal transmission, such as plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces that enhance Faraday rotation, nonlinear metasurfaces with intensity-dependent refractive indices, and implementing spatiotemporal modulation in a metasurface. On the other hand, AT has also been reported in reciprocal structures by creating multiple paths for the transmission of EM waves by changing the polarization of light or redirecting light to higher-order diffraction orders. Here, we present a review of various approaches implemented for realizing AT in subwavelength structures in both reciprocal and nonreciprocal systems. We also discuss the main design principles and limitations of AT achieved in various approaches.

This study aims to explain the reform of marriage registration policies in Indonesia and Malaysia. Marriage registration policies in Indonesia and Malaysia have yet to be appropriately implemented. This is proven by the fact that many unregistered marriage practices exist. This study is a literature and field research. Data was collected through documentation and interviews. This study found that the States of Indonesia and Malaysia have issued policies regarding the mandatory registration of marriages. Even so, there are still many unregistered marriages. There are many factors behind the occurrence of unregistered marriages, besides also causing problems. The government needs to reform the marriage registration policy, one of which is through digitalization. The State of Indonesia has innovated marriage registration, namely, online registration of marriages. However, this policy was implemented less effectively below. Meanwhile, the Malaysian state still needs to renew its marriage registration policy. Therefore, in this digital era, it is necessary to have a policy for registering marriages in the direction of complete digitization so that problems can be appropriately resolved.

Trigonella foenum-graecum has been extensively used for centuries in traditional medicine systems for the cure of health ailments including diabetes. Improving the medicinal attributes of plants through the elicitation strategy is gaining great interest in the recent past. In the current study, an attempt is made to reveal the role and possible mechanism of action of vitamin C elicit phytochemical-rich aqueous extract of 4th day germinated IM6 genotype fenugreek sprouts in the form of lyophilized powder (IM6E) under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The IM6E demonstrated strong α-glucosidase activity (95.24 %) and moderate α-amylase and invertase inhibition activities under in vitro conditions. The High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) based analysis demonstrated that IM6E possess significantly higher concentration of phenolic phytochemical quercetin (0.148 %) as compared to diosgenin and trigonelline bioactive anti-diabetic nutraceuticals. In normal rats after loading with glucose and sucrose, the IM6E administration in a dose-dependent manner significantly reduced the post-prandial hyperglycemia, in a similar fashion as the anti-diabetic drug voglibose as evident from the area under curves (AUC) of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and oral sucrose tolerance test (OSTT) tests. The administration of IM6E in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats drastically improved the antioxidant activity of plasma in them as determined by Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) and the effect was found to be dose-dependent. The oral administration of IM6E in diabetic rats normalized almost all the deregulated biochemical markers like liver enzymes, lipids and significantly decreased higher blood glucose levels with increasing insulin levels as compared to diabetic control. The best concentration of IM6E was found to be 300 mg/kg b.w after 21 days of experimentation. The intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in diabetic rats responded very well to IM6E treatment and 100 mg/kg.b.w. behaved almost like the administration of 0.5U insulin/kg bw, and thus indicating the insulinotropic nature of IM6E. Our findings clearly reveal the use of IM6E for diabetes management and at the same it possesses great potential when combined with voglibose to ameliorate diabetes and its associated complications to a greater extent due to synergistic effects as compared to monotherapy. However, more clinical trials need to be performed before recommending IM6E as an anti-diabetic alternative medicine.

This research investigated preparation of geopolymer as adsorbent for dye-containing and peat water treatment. The green synthesis of geopolymer utilized tin mine tailings waste as source and Salacca leaves ash as activator. For the detail of study, effect of Salacca leaves ash amount to the physicochemical characteristics of the geopolymer was studied in comparison with the use of NaOH as common activator. Instrumental characterizations by using XRD, gas sorption analysis, SEM, and TEM analyses were employed. From the study, it is found that the Salaca leaves ash exhibits the capability to be activator in geopolymerization as identified by increasing specific surface area along with the surface morphologies appeared from SEM and TEM analysis as well as the structural analysis by XRD measurement. The geopolymers showed the capability to adsorb methylene blue and methyl orange in high capacity, and obey pseudo-second order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacities for methylene blue and methyl orange are 30.31 mg/g and 3.06 mg/g by geopolymer synthesized with TW: TEOS: SLA: H2O of 5: 2: 1: 5. The Freundlich isotherm model was the most appropriate for both dyes. In addition, the geopolymer also shows capability to enhance peat water quality as shown by the removal of chemical oxygen demand and with COD and NOM removal of 100 and 92% by 90 min of batch adsorption system. The continuous adsorption system by all geopolymer samples to the COD of the peat water is in good agreement with Thomas model (R2 =0.99).

Norovirus (NoV) genogroup II, polymerase type P31, capsid genotype 4, Sydney_2012 variant (GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012) has been circulating at high levels for over a decade, raising the question of whether this strain is undergoing molecular alterations without demonstrating a substantial phylogenetic difference. Here, we applied next-generation sequencing to learn more about the genetic diversity of 14 GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012 strains that caused epidemics in a specific region of Japan, with 12 from Kyoto and 2 from Shizuoka, between 2012 and 2022, with an emphasis on amino acid (aa) differences in all three ORFs. We found numerous notable aa alterations in antigenic locations in the capsid region (ORF2) as well as in other ORFs. In all three ORFs, earlier strains (2013–2016) remained phylogenetically distinct from later strains (2019–2022). This research is expected to shed light on the evolutionary properties of dominating GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012 strains, which could provide useful information for viral diarrhea prevention and treatment.