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142 results on '"Sheikh, A. (Aziz)"'

2. Trust Reputation in Blockchain Environment: A Review

Author

Awang Abu Bakar, Normi Sham, Idris, Norbik Bashah, Yahya, Norzariyah, Sheikh Abd Aziz, Madihah, Daud, Nabilah, Ahmed Moallim, Amina Abdinasir, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Alareeni, Bahaaeddin, editor, and Hamdan, Allam, editor

Published
2023
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3. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes after autumn 2022 COVID-19 booster vaccinations: a pooled analysis of national prospective cohort studies involving 7.4 million adults in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales

Author

Bedston, Stuart, Almaghrabi, Fatima, Patterson, Lynsey, Agrawal, Utkarsh, Woolford, Lana, Anand, Sneha N., Joy, Mark, Crawford, Anna, Goudie, Rosalind, Byford, Rachel, Abbasizanjani, Hoda, Smith, Deb, Laidlaw, Lynn, Akbari, Ashley, Sullivan, Christopher, Bradley, Declan T., Lyons, Ronan A., de Lusignan, Simon, Hobbs, F.D. Richard, Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Sir Aziz, and Shi, Ting

Published
2024
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5. Thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic and haemorrhagic events following second dose with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1: self-controlled case series analysis of the English national sentinel cohort

Author

Joy, Mark, Agrawal, Utkarsh, Fan, Xuejuan, Robertson, Chris, Anand, Sneha N., Ordonez-Mena, Jose, Byford, Rachel, Goudie, Rosalind, Jamie, Gavin, Kar, Debasish, Williams, John, Marsden, Gemma L., Tzortziou-Brown, Victoria, Sheikh, Sir Aziz, Hobbs, F.D. Richard, and de Lusignan, Simon

Published
2023
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14. The Role of the Postgraduate Institute for Accounting and Financial Studies for Providing Graduates that Can Improve the Performance of the Board of Supreme Audit and Reduce Government Spending Costs for the Period 2004-2020

Author

Dr. Basheer Alwan Hamd, Dr. Parzheen Sheikh Muhammad Aziz, and Dr. Nabeel Farhan Hamdan

Subjects
Human-Computer Interaction, Information Systems and Management, Library and Information Sciences, Software
Abstract

Institutions, institutes and colleges of higher education are the first pioneers for the outputs of specialized medical, engineering and social cadres, including accounting cadres. The Higher Institute for Accounting and Financial Studies is the Department of Accounting Studies, the main tributary for the preparation of specialized professional cadres holding a legal accounting certificate and a certificate of costs and administration, which is the highest specialized professional accounting certificate in the field Auditing and costing. The importance of these specialized cadres comes from the two certificate holders to provide the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau with these specialized accounting professional cadres for the purpose of monitoring government spending and calculating costs in productive institutions and cost and benefit in service institutions in the public and private sectors to monitor the achievement of political and social objectives of government public spending and private spending. The research investigated the study of the problem of the low percentage of the number of graduates of the Accounting Studies Department in the Legal, Cost and Administrative Accounting sub-section compared to the number of bodies and employees, which reduces the ability of the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau to follow local and international auditing standards in the pressure of public expenditures to achieve the political and social objectives of the public budget. The research reached the most important recommendations: 1. Increasing the number of legal, cost and administrative accounting graduates in the Office of Financial and Federal Supervision. 2. Developing cost-benefit and cost-benefit studies in auditing government agencies and institutions in the public and private sectors in accordance with international standards.

Published
2022

15. BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination uptake, safety, effectiveness and waning in children and young people aged 12–17 years in Scotland

Author

Rudan, Igor, primary, Millington, Tristan, additional, Antal, Karen, additional, Grange, Zoe, additional, Fenton, Lynda, additional, Sullivan, Christopher, additional, Buelo, Audrey, additional, Wood, Rachael, additional, Woolford, Lana, additional, Swann, Olivia V., additional, Murray, Josephine L.K., additional, Cullen, Lucy A., additional, Moore, Emily, additional, Haider, Fasih, additional, Almaghrabi, Fatima, additional, McMenamin, Jim, additional, Agrawal, Utkarsh, additional, Shah, Syed Ahmar, additional, Kerr, Steven, additional, Simpson, Colin R., additional, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, additional, Ritchie, Sir Lewis D., additional, Robertson, Chris, additional, and Sheikh, Sir Aziz, additional

Published
2022
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19. The Design and Usability Testing of DACADE – A Tool Supporting Systematic Data Collection and Analysis for Design Students

Author

Sheikh Abdul Aziz, Madihah, Lindgaard, Gitte, Whitfield, T. W. Allan, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Kotzé, Paula, editor, Marsden, Gary, editor, Lindgaard, Gitte, editor, Wesson, Janet, editor, and Winckler, Marco, editor

Published
2013
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20. Favorable subset of acute myeloid leukemia with translocation 8;21: An elusive experience

Author

Nusrat Bashir Khan, Yasir Bashir Khan, Farooq Ahmad Ganie, Syed Sajad Geelani, Mohamed Aleem Jan, and Sheikh Aejaz Aziz

Subjects
Acute myeloid leukemia, chemotherapy, remission, Nursing, RT1-120, Homeopathy, RX1-681
Abstract

Background: Risk stratification is critical in the management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and among the favorable subset translocations known, 8;21 seems elusive in our clinical practice as regards the response remission status. This led us to review our patients retrospectively to highlight this ambiguity. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on a total of 20 patients positive for translocation (8;21) and negative for FLT3 and NPM gene mutation. These patients were treated with standard AML treatment protocols. Post induction day 14 and day 28 assessments were done. Four patients died during induction chemotherapy and all the remaining patients were in remission. Subsequently, these patients were subjected to consolidation chemotherapy. Results: Out of total of 16 (80%) survivors, 10 (50%) could not maintain the remission status on a mean follow-up of 6 months and were treated with a different induction protocol. After the second induction, all patients were in remission at day 28, but this remission again was short lasting (

Published
2015
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23. Mobile Interface Design to suit the Algerian Culture: First initial design

Author

Madihah Sheikh Abdul Aziz and Brahim Abdesselam

Subjects
World Wide Web, Service (systems architecture), Data collection, business.industry, Computer science, Learnability, Phone, Public transport, Usability, Design thinking, business, User interface design
Abstract

The growing number on the use of mobile apps has extraordinary potential for the public transport industry. Through the use of mobile apps, may provide fast, effective and safe services to the passengers to commute to different destinations. However, the particularities of mobile applications need particular attention concerning the usability aspects, such as culture. Taxi-Inter-Wilaya is a shared-taxi service between cities in Algeria. This taxi service is estimated as one of the most beneficial ways for the Algerians to travel. However, the booking for passengers travelling to long distances of 600 KM and more, can only be made via phone calls. Consequently, passengers face various challenges in the booking process. Drivers receive calls for bookings while driving, which puts them in an illegal situation and unsafe. To this purpose, the researcher uses the design thinking approach to propose a transport mobile application that can assist and support both taxi drivers and passengers to travel between cities suitable to the Algerian culture. The data collection method comprises a series of Interviews with both users (passengers and taxi drivers) as well as designing the several iterations of low and high-fidelity prototypes of the mobile application that is named as DJAMAAI. The prototypes were then evaluated via a series of usability testing for both groups of users. Results shows that users favour visual representations that are associated to their culture more than textual; they prefer, buttons such as icons and symbols, as well as more straightforward and minimalist user interface design. Also, symbols and hints help learnability of using the tool.

Published
2020

24. Sensing the City from a Young Person Viewpoint: Seeing and Hearing in our Living Environments : Summary of the activities delivered by the Planning with Youth project team at the 2022 SH-Summer School

Author

Rodela, Romina, Lundmark, Sofia, Goina, Maurizio, Zakharova, Kseniia, Didon, Andrea, Sheikh, Fazeelat Aziz, Rodela, Romina, Lundmark, Sofia, Goina, Maurizio, Zakharova, Kseniia, Didon, Andrea, and Sheikh, Fazeelat Aziz

Abstract

In this report, we give a summative overview of the activities our project team has offered to the participants of the 2022 Södertörn University Summer School. The Summer School, coordinated by our colleagues at Södertörn University and held in June 2022 on campus at Flemingsberg, hosted a group of 26 pupils who are enrolled at four public primary schools in the region. Aligned with our project mandate we offered activities centred on how urban environments where the pupils live are made e.g., green or not, urbanised or not, and how that makes them feel. We worked with the role that our senses – hearing and seeing - have and how certain urban areas make us feel. We used different hands-on demonstrations to allow participants to have a practical sensory experience. In this report, we summarize the activities and the impressions that the participants shared about their living environments, which include the following neighbourhoods: Ronna, Lina and Hovsjö in Södertälje municipality and Källtorp in Järfälla municipality.

Published
2022

25. Comparative efficacy of 5flourouracil/calcium leucovorine versus 5flourouracil/calcium leucovorine plus oxaliplatin in the adjuvant treatment of colonic carcinoma in Kashmir

Author

Hamid Deva Shaiq, Sheikh Aejaz Aziz, Imran R Rangreze, Omar J Shah, and Shehla Shafi Khan

Subjects
Colonic carcinoma, disease-free survival, event-free survival, FOLFOX7, Mayo clinic regimen, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Aim: This prospective, randomized comparative study conducted in Kashmir evaluated the clinical profile of colonic carcinoma and the efficacy, side effects and survival advantage of adjuvant treatment with 5FU/CLV versus FOLFOX7. Materials and Methods: Between 2007 and 2009, the clinical profiles of 50 patients enrolled and randomized equally into Arm A receiving 5FU/CLV alone (Mayo Clinic Regimen) and Arm B receiving the FOLFOX7 regimen (including oxaliplatin) were evaluated. Results: Majority of the patients were in the 5 th and 6 th decade of life (males 70% versus females 30%), and most were from urban dwellings. Consumption of red meat, obesity and physical inactivity were common risk factors. A family history of colonic carcinoma was reported in 12% of the patients. Event-free and disease-free survival for the two arms were: Arm A - 12.8 ± 5 months and 14.2 ± 6 months; Arm B - 13.0 ± 6.7 months and 13.1 ± 6 months, respectively. Treatment-related morbidity was significant in Arm B whereas general well being and surrogate laboratory markers including a hemogram, favored Arm A. Conclusion: The clinical profile, risk factors and familial predisposition of Kashmiri colonic carcinoma patients matches that of colon cancer patients elsewhere. There was no added survival advantage by adding oxaliplatin to 5FU and CLV. Although the interim results showed that the Mayo Clinic Regimen has a better total survival advantage compared with the FOLFOX7 regimen, the results were not statistically significant. The Mayo Clinic Regimen was better than the FOLFOX7 regimen in terms of the toxicity profile. However, this finding needs to be studied further. The main idea of conducting this study was to reveal that there is no added advantage of adding oxaliplatin to 5FU and CLV, thereby (a) reducing the toxicity (b) and lowering cost of therapy.

Published
2013
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26. Clinical Profile and Efficacy of Antivirals in Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation, in Patients With Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy

Author

Sheikh Aejaz Aziz, Manzoor A. Wani, Ghulam Nabi Yatoo, Jaswinder Singh Sodhi, Mushtaq Ahmad Khan, Showkat Ali Zargar, Ghulam Mohammad Gulzar, Altaf Shah, and Sajad Geelani

Subjects
Hepatitis B virus, HBsAg, medicine.medical_specialty, Chemotherapy, Hepatology, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, virus diseases, Entecavir, medicine.disease_cause, Gastroenterology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Internal medicine, medicine, Transaminitis, Original Article, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, In patient, Seroconversion, Prospective cohort study, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background/Purpose Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVR) is common in patients withcancer. The aim of the present study was to find out clinical profile of patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy with HBVR and to study the efficacy of entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir in the treatment of HBVR. Methods This is a prospective study in which all consecutive patients with cancer with evidence of HBVR were included. HBVR was defined as: New onset transaminitis with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >3 times upper limit of normal and >10 fold increase in HBV DNA levels from baseline levels or detection of HBV DNA ≥100,000 IU/ml in patients with no baseline HBV DNA. Patients with HBVR were put on ETV or tenofovir and were closely monitored for efficacy and safety for minimum of 1 year. Results Of 204 Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients with different cancers, 92 met the inclusion criteria. Of 92, 46 received ETV 0.5 mg/day and 46 received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) 300 mg/day. At 6 months, there was 4.7 log reduction in HBV DNA level in the ETV group and 5.2 log reduction in the TDF group (P = 0.029). Proportion of patients with undetectable HBV DNA (75.7% vs 87.5%), ALT normalization (89.2% Vs 87.5%), HBsAg negativity (25% vs 28.1%), and seroconversion (2.8% vs 3.1%) at 1 year were almost similar in both groups with P value > 0.05 for all efficacy end points. There was no HBVR-related mortality in any group. Conclusion Both ETV and tenofovir are very effective in the treatment of HBVR and reduce the liver-related mortality and morbidity in such patients.

Published
2020

27. Revised and Extended Social Commerce Technology Adoption in e-business of Pakistan

Author

Madihah Sheikh Abdul Aziz, Asadullah Shah, Zulfikar Ahmed Maher, Mohd Syarqawy Hamzah, Zulfiqar Ali Solangi, and Yasir Ali Solangi

Subjects
Electronic business, Social network, business.industry, Developing country, Social media, Usability, Business, Marketing, Online community, Structural equation modeling, Social marketing
Abstract

Social commerce is a new perspective change in modern electronic business procedures bringing together individuals on social media sites and opens up another electronic social marketing channel to establish business. In developing countries like Pakistan, e-business can help organizations using social commerce and social marketing intelligently on particular social network sites to grasp their business clients while they are interacting with their online community on the social media sites. This study investigated consumers’ behavior towards adoption of social commerce and introduced a revised and extended social commerce technology model. The investigation proved the proposed model is valid by confirming loading factor, Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO), reliability analysis, and structural equation modeling approach for hypotheses tests. The study found Perceived Ease of Use (PEU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Social Media Influence (SMI), and Risk (RI) have significant impact on social commerce adoption in e-business of Pakistan. More, Trust (TR) and Web experience (WXP) were insignificant that revealed the preventive behavior towards adoption of social commerce in e-business of Pakistan.

Published
2019

28. Understanding and reporting odds ratios as rate-ratio estimates in case-control studies.

Author

Kerr, Steven, Greenland, Sander, Jeffrey, Karen, Millington, Tristan, Bedston, Stuart, Ritchie, Sir Lewis, Simpson, Colin R., Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Kurdi, Amanj, Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Sir Aziz, and Rudan, Igor

Subjects
RESEARCH methodology, CASE-control method, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, ODDS ratio, STATISTICAL sampling, EVALUATION
Abstract

Background We noted that there remains some confusion in the health-science literature on reporting sample odds ratios as estimated rate ratios in case-control studies. Methods We recap historical literature that definitively answered the question of when sample odds ratios (ORs) from a case-control study are consistent estimators for population rate ratios. We use numerical examples to illustrate the magnitude of the disparity between sample ORs in a case-control study and population rate ratios when sufficient conditions for them to be equal are not satisfied. Results We stress that in a case-control study, sampling controls from those still at risk at the time of outcome event of the index case is not sufficient for a sample OR to be a consistent estimator for an intelligible rate ratio. In such studies, constancy of the exposure prevalence together with constancy of the hazard ratio (HR) (i.e., the instantaneous rate ratio) over time is sufficient for this result if sampling time is not controlled; if time is controlled, constancy of the HR will suffice. We present numerical examples to illustrate how failure to satisfy these conditions adds a small systematic error to sample ORs as estimates of population rate ratios. Conclusions We recommend that researchers understand and critically evaluate all conditions used to interpret their estimates as consistent for a population parameter in case-control studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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29. Types of Digital Games with Islamic Values

Author

Mohd Syarqawy Hamzah, Madihah Sheikh Abdul Aziz, Panadda Auyphorn, and Roslina Othman

Subjects
Computer science, ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, Muslim community, Islam, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, World Wide Web, Computational Mathematics, General Materials Science, Market place, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Android (operating system), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The Digital Games with Islamic Values can be used to discover and learn Islamic knowledge, practices more effectively, in an interactive and fun environment. However, the preliminary findings suggest that these games were not as popular as the general digital games. This paper seeks to investigate the different types of Digital Games with Islamic values existed in the market place, as the foundation to conduct more research in the area and also to develop better games in the future. In this study, the existing digital games were obtained from three popular websites for Online Islamic Games and two mobile-based distribution channels: Android and Apple stores. 196 games were selected in the study. The types of Digital Games presented in this paper can serves as a guideline for designers to identify gaps in existing Digital Games with Islamic values and develop better games for the Muslim community.

Published
2019

30. The Benefit of Digital Games from the Islamic Perspectives: Views from the Muslim Scholars

Author

Madihah Sheikh Abdul Aziz, Mohd Syarqawy Hamzah, and Roslina Othman

Subjects
Perspective (graphical), ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, Media studies, Islam, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational Mathematics, Game design, General Materials Science, Sociology, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The current paper reviews and discusses digital games with Islamic values. The aim of the paper is to look beyond the traditional perspective of digital game design, towards the design opportunities that exist to create digital games that will offer engaging content combined with Islamic values that players can easily and pleasurably use, and ultimately receives the message about Islam. To this end, this study has conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with Muslim scholars. This paper reports the Muslim scholars’ perspectives on the benefit of Digital Games.

Published
2019

31. Influence of bcr-3 PML-RARα transcript on outcome in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia patients of Kashmir treated with all-trans retinoic acid and/or arsenic tri-oxide

Author

Sheikh Aejaz Aziz, Shahid M. Baba, Aleem Jan, Dil-Afroze, Zafar A. Shah, Arshad A. Pandith, Zahoor Ahmad, and Khurshid A. Mir

Subjects
Adult, Male, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Cancer Research, Adolescent, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion, Retinoic acid, India, Tretinoin, Chromosomal translocation, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Disease-Free Survival, Chromosome Breakpoints, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Arsenic Trioxide, Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Genetics, medicine, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Typing, Child, Molecular Biology, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Pml rarα, Mutation, All trans, breakpoint cluster region, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Treatment Outcome, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Multivariate Analysis, Cancer research, Female
Abstract

Aims Distinct types of PML-RARα hybrid transcripts viz bcr-1, bcr-2 and bcr-3 result from translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 t(15;17) in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia patients. We aimed to determine the frequencies of the PML-RARα transcripts and FLT3-ITD mutations in APL patients to evaluate their prognostic implications and also to analyze their impact on disease outcome. Main method RT-PCR and Rq-PCR were adopted for transcript typing and quantitation of PML-RARα transcripts while FLT3-ITD was detected by PCR in APL patients. Key findings PML-RARα bcr-1, bcr-2 and bcr-3 transcripts were found in 26, 3 and 16 cases respectively. 64.4% patients achieved complete remission, 22.2% expired early wherein majority of the cases expressed bcr-3 transcript (p = 0.03). 50% relapse rate was observed in patients with bcr-3 transcripts. Multivariate analysis showed expression of bcr-3 transcript associated with early death (p = 0.027) and increased relapse risk (P = 0.046). Patients expressing bcr-3 hybrid transcript showed lowest OS of 28.0 months (± 5.26) (p = 0.027). FLT3-ITD mutation was detected in 5 (11.1%) patients and presence of these mutations was not associated either with PML-RARα transcripts or with disease outcome. Significance bcr-3 transcript has a more lethal outcome and is also associated with frequent relapse risk in APL patients of our region.

Published
2019

32. Cabbage and fermented vegetables:from death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Author

Bousquet, J. (Jean), Anto, J. M. (Josep M.), Czarlewski, W. (Wienczyslawa), Haahtela, T. (Tari), Fonseca, S. C. (Susana C.), Iaccarino, G. (Guido), Blain, H. (Hubert), Vidal, A. (Alain), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Akdis, C. A. (Cezmi A.), Zuberbier, T. (Torsten), and A. g. (ARIA group)

Subjects
Lactobacillus, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, kimchi, COVID-19, sulforaphane, cabbage, diet, fermented vegetable
Abstract

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT₁R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT₁R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity. ARIA group Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff, Baharudin Abdullah, Werner Aberer, Nancy Abusada, Ian Adcock, Alejandro Afani, IoanaAgache, XenofonAggelidis, Jenifer Agustin, Cezmi A. Akdis, Mübeccel Akdis, Mona Al-Ahmad, Abou Al-Zahab Bassam, Hussam Alburdan, Oscar Aldrey-Palacios, Emilio Alvarez Cuesta, Hiba Alwan Salman, Ashraf Alzaabi, Salma Amade, Gene Ambrocio, Rosana Angles, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Ignacio J Ansotegui, JosepAnto, Paula Ara Bardajo, Stefania Arasi, Hasan Arshad, Maria Cristina Artesani, Estrella Asayag, Francesca Avolio, KhuzamaAzhari, Claus Bachert, Diego Bagnasco, Ilaria Baiardini, NisseraBajrović, Petros Bakakos, Sergio BakeyalaMongono, Christine Balotro-Torres, Sergio Barba, Cristina Barbara, Elsa Barbosa, Bruno Barreto, Joan Bartra, Eric D Bateman, LkhagvaaBattur, Anna Bedbrook, Martín Bedolla Barajas, Bianca Beghé, Antra Bekere, Elizabeth Bel, Ali Ben Kheder, Mikael Benson, Elena Camelia Berghea, Karl-Christian Bergmann, Roberto Bernardini, David Bernstein, Mike Bewick, Slawomir Bialek, Artur Białoszewski, Thomas Bieber, Nils E Billo, Maria Beatrice Bilo, Carsten Bindslev-Jensen, Leif Bjermer, Hubert Blain, Irina Bobolea, Malgorzata Bochenska Marciniak, Christine Bond, Attilio Boner, Matteo Bonini, Sergio Bonini, SinthiaBosnic-Anticevich, Isabelle Bosse, Sofia Botskariova, Jacques Bouchard, Louis-Philippe Boulet, Rodolphe Bourret, Philippe Bousquet, FulvioBraido, Andrew Briggs, Christopher E Brightling, Jan Brozek, Luisa Brussino, Roland Buhl, Roxana Bumbacea, Rosalva Buquicchio, María-Teresa Burguete Cabañas, Andrew Bush, William W Busse, Jeroen Buters, Fernan Caballero-Fonseca, Moïses A Calderon, Mario Calvo, Paulo Camargos, Thierry Camuzat, FR Canevari, Antonio Cano, G Walter Canonica, Arnaldo Capriles-Hulett, Luis Caraballo, Vicky Cardona, Kai-Hakon Carlsen, Jonas Carmon Pirez, Jorge Caro, Warner Carr, Pedro Carreiro-Martins, Fredelita Carreon-Asuncion, Ana-Maria Carriazo, Thomas Casale, Mary-Ann Castor, Elizabeth Castro, A.G. Caviglia, Lorenzo Cecchi, Alfonso Cepeda Sarabia, Ramanathan Chandrasekharan, Yoon-Seok Chang, Victoria Chato-Andeza, LidaChatzi, Christina Chatzidaki, Niels H Chavannes, Claudia Chaves Loureiro, Marta Chelninska, Yuzhi Chen, Lei Cheng, Sharon Chinthrajah, Tomas Chivato, EkaterineChkhartishvili, George Christoff, Henry Chrystyn, Derek K Chu, Antonio Chua, Alexander Chuchalin, Kian Fan Chung, Alberto Cicerán, Cemal Cingi, Giorgio Ciprandi, IevaCirule, Ana Carla Coelho, Enrico Compalati, Jannis Constantinidis, Jaime Correia de Sousa, Elisio Manuel Costa, David Costa, María del Carmen Costa Domínguez, André Coste, M. Cottini, Linda Cox, Carlos Crisci, Maria Angiola Crivellaro, Alvaro A Cruz, John Cullen, Adnan Custovic, Biljana Cvetkovski, Wienczyslawa Czarlewski, Gennaro D’Amato, Jane da Silva, Ronald Dahl, Sven-Erik Dahlen, Vasilis Daniilidis, Louei Darjazini Nahhas, Ulf Darsow, Janet Davies, Frédéric de Blay, Giulia De Feo, Eloisa De Guia, Chato de los Santos, Esteban De Manuel Keenoy, Govert De Vries, Diana Deleanu, Pascal Demoly, Judah Denburg, Philippe Devillier, Alain Didier, Sanja Dimic Janjic, Maria Dimou, Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan, Ratko Djukanovic, Maria Do Ceu Texeira, Dejan Dokic, Margarita Gabriela Dominguez Silva, Habib Douagui, Nikolaos Douladiris, Maria Doulaptsi, Gérard Dray, Ruta Dubakiene, Eve Dupas, Stephen Durham, Marzia Duse, Mark Dykewicz, Didier Ebo, Natalija Edelbaher, Thomas Eiwegger, Patrik Eklund, Yehia El-Gamal, Zeinab A. El-Sayed, Shereen S. El-Sayed, Magda El-Seify, Regina Emuzyte, Lourdes Enecilla, Marina Erhola, Heidilita Espinoza, Jesús Guillermo Espinoza Contreras, John Farrell, Lenora Fernandez, Antje Fink Wagner, Alessandro Fiocchi, Wytske J Fokkens, Lenia Folletti, Joao A Fonseca, Jean-François Fontaine, Francesco Forastiere, Jose Miguel Fuentes Pèrez, Emily Gaerlan–Resureccion, Mina Gaga, José Luis Gálvez Romero, AmiranGamkrelidze, Alexis Garcia, Cecilia Yvonne García Cobas, María de la Luz Hortensia García Cruz, Jacques Gayraud, Matteo Gelardi, BilunGemicioglu, Dimitra Gennimata, Sonya Genova, José Gereda, Roy Gerth van Wijk, Antonio Giuliano, Maximiliano Gomez, Sandra González Diaz, Maia Gotua, Christos Grigoreas, InetaGrisle, Leo Gualteiro, Marta Guidacci, Nick Guldemond, Zdenek Gutter, Antonieta Guzmán, Tari Haahtela, RamsaHalloum, David Halpin, Eckard Hamelmann, Suleiman Hammadi, Richard Harvey, Enrico Heffler, Joachim Heinrich, Adnan Hejjaoui, BirtheHellquist-Dahl, Luiana Hernández Velázquez, Mark Hew, Elham Hossny, Peter Howarth, Martin Hrubiško, Yunuen Rocío Huerta Villalobos, Marc Humbert, Husain Salina, Michael Hyland, Guido Iaccarino, Moustafa Ibrahim, Nataliya Ilina, Maddalena Illario, Cristoforo Incorvaia, Antonio Infantino, Carla Irani, Zhanat Ispayeva, Juan-Carlos Ivancevich, Edgardo EJ Jares, Deborah Jarvis, Ewa Jassem, KlemenJenko, Rubén Darío Jiméneracruz Uscanga, Sebastian L Johnston, Guy Joos, Maja Jošt, Kaja Julge, Ki-Suck Jung, Jocelyne Just, Marek Jutel, Igor Kaidashev, Omer Kalayci, FuatKalyoncu, Jeni Kapsali, PrzemyslawKardas, JussiKarjalainen, Carmela A. Kasala, Michael Katotomichelakis, Loreta Kavaliukaite, Bennoor S Kazi, Thomas Keil, Paul Keith, Musa Khaitov, Nikolai Khaltaev, You-Young Kim, Bruce Kirenga, JorgKleine-Tebbe, Ludger Klimek, Bernard Koffi N’Goran, EvangeliaKompoti, Peter Kopač, Gerard Koppelman, Anja KorenJeverica, Seppo Koskinen, MitjaKošnik, Kosta V. Kostov, Marek L Kowalski, Tanya Kralimarkova, Karmen Kramer Vrščaj, Helga Kraxner, SamoKreft, Vicky Kritikos, Dmitry Kudlay, Mikael Kuitunen, Inger Kull, Piotr Kuna, MaciejKupczyk, Violeta Kvedariene, MarialenaKyriakakou, Nika Lalek, Massimo Landi, Stephen Lane, DésireeLarenas-Linnemann, Susanne Lau, Daniel Laune, Jorge Lavrut, Lan Le, Martina Lenzenhuber, Marcus Lessa, Michael Levin, Jing Li, Philip Lieberman, Giuseppe Liotta, Brian Lipworth, Xuandao Liu, Rommel Lobo, Karin C Lodrup Carlsen, Carlo Lombardi, Renaud Louis, Stelios Loukidis, Olga Lourenço, Jorge A. Luna Pech, Bojan Madjar, Enrico Maggi, Antoine Magnan, Bassam Mahboub, AlpanaMair, Yassin Mais, Anke-Hilse Maitland van der Zee, Mika Makela, Michael Makris, Hans-Jorgen Malling, Mariana Mandajieva, Patrick Manning, Manolis Manousakis, Pavlos Maragoudakis, Gianluigi Marseglia, Gailen Marshall, Mohammad Reza Masjedi, Jorge F. Máspero, Juan José Matta Campos, Marcus Maurer, Sandra Mavale-Manuel, CemMeço, Erik Melén, Giovanni Melioli, Elisabete Melo-Gomes, Eli O Meltzer, Enrica Menditto, Andrew Menzies-Gow, Hans Merk, Jean-Pierre Michel, Yann Micheli, Neven Miculinic, Luís Midão, Florin Mihaltan, Nikolaos Mikos, Manlio Milanese, BranislavaMilenkovic, DimitriosMitsias, Bassem Moalla, Giuliana Moda, María Dolores Mogica Martínez, Yousser Mohammad, Mostafa Moin, Mathieu Molimard, Isabelle Momas, Monique Mommers, Alessandro Monaco, Steve Montefort, Dory Mora, Mario Morais-Almeida, Ralph Mösges, BadrEldin Mostafa, Joaquim Mullol, Lars Münter, Antonella Muraro, Ruth Murray, Antonio Musarra, TihomirMustakov, Robert Naclerio, Kari C. Nadeau, Rachel Nadif, AllaNakonechna, Leyla Namazova-Baranova, Gretchen Navarro-Locsin, Hugo Neffen, Kristof Nekam, Angelos Neou, Eustachio Nettis, Daniel Neuberger, Laurent Nicod, Stefania Nicola, Verena Niederberger-Leppin, Marek Niedoszytko, Antonio Nieto, Ettore Novellino, Elizabete Nunes, Dieudonné Nyembue, Robyn O’Hehir, Cvetanka Odjakova, Ken Ohta, Yoshitaka Okamoto, Kimi Okubo, Brian Oliver, Gabrielle L Onorato, Maria Pia Orru, Solange Ouédraogo, Kampadilemba Ouoba, Pier Luigi Paggiaro, Aris Pagkalos, Giovanni Pajno, Gianni Pala, SP Palaniappan, Isabella Pali-Schöll, Susanna Palkonen, Stephen Palmer, Carmen Panaitescu Bunu, Petr Panzner, Nikos G Papadopoulos, Vasilis Papanikolaou, Alberto Papi, BojidarParalchev, Giannis Paraskevopoulos, Hae-Sim Park, Giovanni Passalacqua, Vincenzo Patella, Ian Pavord, Ruby Pawankar, Soren Pedersen, SusetePeleve, Simona Pellegino, Ana Pereira, Tamara Pérez, Andrea Perna, Diego Peroni, Oliver Pfaar, Nhân Pham-Thi, Bernard Pigearias, Isabelle Pin, Konstantina Piskou, ConstantinosPitsios, Davor Plavec, Dagmar Poethig, Wolfgang Pohl, AntonijaPoplasSusic, Todor A. Popov, Fabienne Portejoie, Paul Potter, Lars Poulsen, Alexandra Prados-Torres, FotisPrarros, David Price, Emmanuel Prokopakis, Francesca Puggioni, Elisa Puig-Domenech, Robert Puy, Klaus Rabe, Filip Raciborski, Josephine Ramos, Marysia T. Recto, Shereen M. Reda, Frederico S Regateiro, Norbert Reider, SietzeReitsma, Susana Repka-Ramirez, Erminia Ridolo, Janet Rimmer, Daniela Rivero Yeverino, José Angelo Rizzo, Carlos Robalo-Cordeiro, Graham Roberts, Nicolas Roche, Mónica Rodríguez González, Eréndira Rodríguez Zagal, Giovanni Rolla, Christine Rolland, Regina Roller-Wirnsberger, Miguel Roman Rodriguez, Antonino Romano, Jan Romantowski, Philippe Rombaux, Joel Romualdez, Jose Rosado-Pinto, Nelson Rosario, Lanny Rosenwasser, Oliviero Rossi, Menachem Rottem, Philip Rouadi, NikoletaRovina, Irma RozmanSinur, Mauricio Ruiz, Lucy Tania Ruiz Segura, Dermot Ryan, Hironori Sagara, Daiki Sakai, Daiju Sakurai, Wafaa Saleh, Johanna Salimaki, Konstantinos Samitas, BoleslawSamolinski, María Guadalupe Sánchez Coronel, Mario Sanchez-Borges, Jaime Sanchez-Lopez, CodrutSarafoleanu, Faradiba Sarquis Serpa, Joaquin Sastre-Dominguez, Eleonora Savi, BisherSawaf, Glenis K Scadding, Sophie Scheire, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, Juan Francisco Schuhl, Holger Schunemann, Maria Schvalbová, Jorgen Schwarze, Nicola Scichilone, Gianenrico Senna, Cecilia Sepúlveda, Elie Serrano, Aziz Sheikh, Mike Shields, Vasil Shishkov, Nikos Siafakas, Alexander Simeonov, Estelle FER Simons, Juan Carlos Sisul, BrigitaSitkauskiene, IngelbjorgSkrindo, Tanja SokličKošak, Dirceu Solé, Talant Sooronbaev, Manuel Soto-Martinez, Manuel Soto-Quiros, Barnaro Sousa Pinto, Milan Sova, Michael Soyka, Krzysztof Specjalski, Otto Spranger, Sofia Stamataki, Lina Stefanaki, Cristiana Stellato, Rafael Stelmach, Timo Strandberg, Petra Stute, Abirami Subramaniam, Charlotte Suppli Ulrik, Michael Sutherland, Silvia Sylvestre, AikateriniSyrigou, Luis Taborda Barata, NadejdaTakovska, Rachel Tan, Frances Tan, Vincent Tan, Ing Ping Tang, Masami Taniguchi, Line Tannert, PongsakornTantilipikorn, Jessica Tattersall, Filippo Tesi, Carel Thijs, Mike Thomas, Teresa To, Ana Maria Todo-Bom, Alkis Togias, Peter-Valentin Tomazic, Vesna Tomic-Spiric, Sanna Toppila-Salmi, Elina Toskala, Massimo Triggiani, Nadja Triller, Katja Triller, Ioanna Tsiligianni, M. 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Zedda, Mario E Zernotti, Luo Zhang, Nanshan Zhong, Mihaela Zidarn, Torsten Zuberbier, Celia Zubrinich.

Published
2021

33. Assessing public support for extending smoke-free policies beyond enclosed public places and workplaces: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Boderie, N.W. (Nienke W), Mölenberg, F.J.M. (Famke Jm), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Bramer, W.M. (Wichor), Burdorf, A. (Alex), Lenthe, F.J. (Frank) van, Been, J.V. (Jasper V), Boderie, N.W. (Nienke W), Mölenberg, F.J.M. (Famke Jm), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Bramer, W.M. (Wichor), Burdorf, A. (Alex), Lenthe, F.J. (Frank) van, and Been, J.V. (Jasper V)

Abstract

Introduction Smoke-free enclosed public environments are effective in reducing exposure to secondhand smoke and yield major public health benefits. Building on this, many countries are now implementing smoke-free policies regulating smoking beyond enclosed public places and workplaces. In order to successfully implement such 'novel smoke-free policies', public support is essential. We aim to provide the f

Published
2021
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34. EAACI-Leitlinien zur allergen-spezifischen Immuntherapie: Insektengiftallergie = EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Hympenoptera venom allergy

Author

Sturm, GJ, Varga, EM, Roberts, G, Mosbech, H, Bilo, MB, Akdis, CA, Antol'in-Ame'rigo, D, Cichocka-Jarosz, E, Gawlik, R, Jakob, T, Kosnik, M, de Lange, J, Mingomataj, E, Mitsias, DI, Ollert, M, Elberink, J, Pfaar, O, Pitsios, C, Pravettoni, V, Rueff, F, Sin, BA, Agache, I, Angier, E, Arasi, S, Caldero'n, MA, Femandez-Rivas, M, Halken, S, Jute, M, Lau, S, Pajno, GB, Ree, R, Ryan, D, Spranger, O, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, Dhami, S, Zaman, H, Sheikh, A (Aziz), Muraro, A, and Internal Medicine

Published
2020

35. Investigating the effects of comprehensive smoke-free legislation on neonatal and infant mortality in Thailand using the synthetic control method

Author

Radó, M.K., Lenthe, F.J. (Frank) van, Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Been, J.V. (Jasper), Radó, M.K., Lenthe, F.J. (Frank) van, Sheikh, A. (Aziz), and Been, J.V. (Jasper)

Abstract

Background: Almost all of the evidence on the benefits of smoke-free legislation on child health comes from evaluations in high-income countries. We investigated the effects of Thailand’s 2010 comprehensive smokefree legislation on neonatal and infant mortality. Methods: To overcome some of the methodological issues inherent to traditional quasi-experimental methods, we applied the novel synthetic control approach. Using 20012017 country-level panel data from the World Bank and Penn World datasets, we estimated the effects of smoke-free legislation as the difference between the outcome trends in Thailand versus those in a synthetic control country. The synthetic control country was composed of ‘control’ middle-income countries without comprehensive smoke-free legislation to recreate trends in Thailand in the 20012009 pre-legislation outcomes and covariates. We compared the legislation effects to ‘placebo effects’ obtained for each control country by fictitiously assuming that comprehensive smoke-free legislation was introduced there in 2010, similar to Thailand. Findings: Neonatal and infant mortality decreased by 2.9% and 2.8%/year respectively following smoke-free legislation, with an estimated 7463 infant deaths (including 4623 neonatal deaths) having been averted over eight years. The results were robust to different specifications of the control countries. Comparison with placebo effects indicated that the findings were unlikely to be attributable to factors other than the smoke-free legislation. Interpretation: Expanding comprehensive smoke-free policies to middle-income countries can support national efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for reducing preventable early-life deaths. Funding: Netherlands Lung Foundation, HDRUK, Asthma UK center for Applied Research and NIHR Global Respiratory Health Unit (RESPIRE).

Published
2020
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36. Impact of expanding smoke-free policies beyond enclosed public places and workplaces on children's tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Rado, M.K., Molenberg, F.J.M., Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Millett, C, Bramer, W.M. (Wichor), Burdorf, A. (Alex), Lenthe, F.J. (Frank) van, Been, J.V. (Jasper), Rado, M.K., Molenberg, F.J.M., Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Millett, C, Bramer, W.M. (Wichor), Burdorf, A. (Alex), Lenthe, F.J. (Frank) van, and Been, J.V. (Jasper)

Abstract

Introduction Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) has considerable adverse respiratory health impact among children. Smoke-free policies covering enclosed public places are known to reduce child TSE and benefit child health. An increasing number of jurisdictions are now expanding smoke-free policies to also cover outdoor areas and/or (semi)private spaces (indoor and/or outdoor). We aim to systematically review the evidence on the impact of these ‘novel smoke-free policies’ on children’s TSE and respiratory health. Methods and analysis 13 electronic databases will be searched by two independent reviewers for eligible studies. We will consult experts from the field and handsearch references and citations to identify additional published and unpublished studies. Study designs recommended by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) group are eligible, without restrictions on the observational period, publication date or language. Our primary outcomes are: self-reported or parental-reported TSE in places covered by the policy; unplanned hospital attendance for wheezing/asthma and unplanned hospital attendance for respiratory infections. We will assess risk of bias of individual studies following the EPOC or Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions tool, as appropriate. We will conduct separate random effects meta-analyses for smoke-free policies covering (1) indoor private places, (2) indoor semiprivate places, (3) outdoor (semi)private places and (4) outdoor public places. We will assess whether the policies were associated with changes in TSE in other locations (eg, displacement). Subgroup analyses will be conducted based on country income classification (ie, high, middle or low income) and by socioeconomic status. Sensitivity analyses will be undertaken via broadening our study design eligibility criteria (ie, including non-EPOC designs) or via excluding studies with a high risk of bias. This review will inform policymakers regarding the

Published
2020
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37. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Author

Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), and Hay, S.I. (Simon)

Abstract

Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e

Published
2020
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38. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author

Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Miller-Petrie, M. K. (Molly K.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhikari, T. B. (Tara Ballav), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Marcela), Ahmadi, M. (Mehdi), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Akanda, A. S. (Ali S.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alam, N. (Noore), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Albright, J. (James), Albujeer, A. (Ammar), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Alebel, A. (Animut), Alemu, Z. A. (Zewdie Aderaw), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Amul, G. G. (Gianna Gayle Herrera), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansariadi, A. (Ansariadi), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Asmelash, D. (Daniel), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awasthi, S. (Shally), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azman, A. S. (Andrew S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barboza, M. A. (Miguel A.), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basu, S. (Sanjay), . (), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Ramirez, D. F. (Diana Fernanda Bejarano), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Benzian, H. (Habib), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Bin Sayeed, M. S. (Muhammad Shahdaat), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Brown, A. (Alexandria), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Rincon, J. C. (Julio Cesar Campuzano), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chalise, B. (Binaya), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Dadi, A. F. (Abel Fekadu Fekadu), Dahiru, T. (Tukur), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Daoud, F. (Farah), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Weaver, N. D. (Nicole Davis), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Dolecek, C. (Christiane), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa, I), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Enany, S. (Shymaa), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Faraon, E. J. (Emerito Jose A.), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fasil, A. F. (Alebachew Fasil), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fekadu, W. (Wubalem), Fentahun, N. (Netsanet), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Frostad, J. J. (Joseph Jon), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Garcia, G. M. (Gregory M.), Gatotoh, A. M. (Augustine Mwangi), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Geramo, Y. C. (Yilma Chisha Dea), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Sherbaf, F. G. (Farzaneh Ghazi), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Girmay, A. (Alem), Gizaw, Z. (Zemichael), Goodridge, A. (Amador), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Green, M. S. (Manfred S.), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Ha, G. H. (Giang Hai), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Haile, M. T. (Michael Tamene), Hall, B. J. (Brian J.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed, I), Hasan, M. (Mehedi), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hayelom, D. H. (Desta Haftu), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed, I), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hollerich, G. I. (Gillian, I), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Humayun, A. (Ayesha), Hussain, S. A. (Syed Ather), Hussen, M. A. (Mamusha Aman A.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R. Q. (Rebecca Q.), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karch, A. (Andre), Karki, S. (Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, N. (Nuruzzaman), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kusuma, D. (Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, A. (Aparna), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lebedev, G. (Georgy), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Lewycka, S. (Sonia), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Nasab, E. M. (Entezar Mehrabi), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. (Teferi), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Meles, H. G. (Hagazi Gebre), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Metekiya, W. M. (Workua Mekonnen), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, H. (Hassen), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, Q. P. (QuynhAnh P.), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris, V), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Pana, A. (Adrian), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patle, A. (Ajay), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Pham, H. Q. (Hai Quang), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Poljak, M. (Mario), Pollock, I. (Ian), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prada, S. I. (Sergio, I), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, P. C. (Puja C.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rath, G. K. (Goura Kishor), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Saleem, A. (Ahsan), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santos, I. S. (Itamar S.), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Sao Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sayyah, M. (Mehdi), Sbarra, A. N. (Alyssa N.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shahid, I. (Izza), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shin, J. I. (Jae Il), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Si, S. (Si), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, V. (Virendra), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, B. B. (Balbir Bagicha Singh), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Sinha, D. N. (Dhirendra Narain), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Smith, D. L. (David L.), Filho, A. M. (Adauto Martins Soares), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Taye, B. (Bineyam), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tekelemedhin, S. W. (Shishay Wahdey), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), ThekkePurakkal, A. S. (Akhil Soman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thompson, R. L. (Robert L.), Thomson, A. J. (Alan J.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uthman, O. A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Whawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wangdi, K. (Kinley), Weiss, D. J. (Daniel J.), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werkneh, A. A. (Adhena Ayaliew), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yaseri, M. (Mehdi), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon, I), Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Miller-Petrie, M. K. (Molly K.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhikari, T. B. (Tara Ballav), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Marcela), Ahmadi, M. (Mehdi), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Akanda, A. S. (Ali S.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alam, N. (Noore), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Albright, J. (James), Albujeer, A. (Ammar), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Alebel, A. (Animut), Alemu, Z. A. (Zewdie Aderaw), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Amul, G. G. (Gianna Gayle Herrera), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansariadi, A. (Ansariadi), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Asmelash, D. (Daniel), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awasthi, S. (Shally), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azman, A. S. (Andrew S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barboza, M. A. (Miguel A.), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basu, S. (Sanjay), . (), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Ramirez, D. F. (Diana Fernanda Bejarano), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Benzian, H. (Habib), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Bin Sayeed, M. S. (Muhammad Shahdaat), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Brown, A. (Alexandria), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Rincon, J. C. (Julio Cesar Campuzano), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chalise, B. (Binaya), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Dadi, A. F. (Abel Fekadu Fekadu), Dahiru, T. (Tukur), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Daoud, F. (Farah), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Weaver, N. D. (Nicole Davis), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Dolecek, C. (Christiane), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa, I), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Enany, S. (Shymaa), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Faraon, E. J. (Emerito Jose A.), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fasil, A. F. (Alebachew Fasil), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fekadu, W. (Wubalem), Fentahun, N. (Netsanet), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Frostad, J. J. (Joseph Jon), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Garcia, G. M. (Gregory M.), Gatotoh, A. M. (Augustine Mwangi), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Geramo, Y. C. (Yilma Chisha Dea), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Sherbaf, F. G. (Farzaneh Ghazi), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Girmay, A. (Alem), Gizaw, Z. (Zemichael), Goodridge, A. (Amador), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Green, M. S. (Manfred S.), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Ha, G. H. (Giang Hai), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Haile, M. T. (Michael Tamene), Hall, B. J. (Brian J.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed, I), Hasan, M. (Mehedi), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hayelom, D. H. (Desta Haftu), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed, I), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hollerich, G. I. (Gillian, I), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Humayun, A. (Ayesha), Hussain, S. A. (Syed Ather), Hussen, M. A. (Mamusha Aman A.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R. Q. (Rebecca Q.), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karch, A. (Andre), Karki, S. (Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, N. (Nuruzzaman), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kusuma, D. (Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, A. (Aparna), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lebedev, G. (Georgy), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Lewycka, S. (Sonia), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Nasab, E. M. (Entezar Mehrabi), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. (Teferi), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Meles, H. G. (Hagazi Gebre), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Metekiya, W. M. (Workua Mekonnen), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, H. (Hassen), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, Q. P. (QuynhAnh P.), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris, V), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Pana, A. (Adrian), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patle, A. (Ajay), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Pham, H. Q. (Hai Quang), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Poljak, M. (Mario), Pollock, I. (Ian), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prada, S. I. (Sergio, I), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, P. C. (Puja C.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rath, G. K. (Goura Kishor), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Saleem, A. (Ahsan), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santos, I. S. (Itamar S.), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Sao Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sayyah, M. (Mehdi), Sbarra, A. N. (Alyssa N.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shahid, I. (Izza), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shin, J. I. (Jae Il), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Si, S. (Si), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, V. (Virendra), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, B. B. (Balbir Bagicha Singh), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Sinha, D. N. (Dhirendra Narain), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Smith, D. L. (David L.), Filho, A. M. (Adauto Martins Soares), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Taye, B. (Bineyam), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tekelemedhin, S. W. (Shishay Wahdey), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), ThekkePurakkal, A. S. (Akhil Soman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thompson, R. L. (Robert L.), Thomson, A. J. (Alan J.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uthman, O. A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Whawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wangdi, K. (Kinley), Weiss, D. J. (Daniel J.), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werkneh, A. A. (Adhena Ayaliew), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yaseri, M. (Mehdi), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon, I), and Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.)

Abstract

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0)

Published
2020

39. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019:a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Wang, H. (Haidong), Abbas, K. M. (Kaja M.), Abbasifard, M. (Mitra), Abbasi-Kangevari, M. (Mohsen), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abolhassani, H. (Hassan), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abushouk, A. I. (Abdelrahman I.), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adair, T. (Tim), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adeoye, A. M. (Abiodun Moshood), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Advani, S. M. (Shailesh M.), Afshin, A. (Ashkan), Aghaali, M. (Mohammad), Agrawal, A. (Anurag), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmadieh, H. (Hamid), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, K. (Khurshid), Alam, T. (Tahiya), Alanezi, F. M. (Fahad Mashhour), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alicandro, G. (Gianfranco), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alinia, C. (Cyrus), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Alizade, H. (Hesam), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Allebeck, P. (Peter), Almadi, M. A. (Majid Abdulrahman Hamad), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alumran, A. K. (Arwa Khalid), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Amini-Rarani, M. (Mostafa), Aminorroaya, A. (Arya), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Ancuceanu, R. (Robert), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Androudi, S. (Sofia), Angus, C. (Colin), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Ansari, I. (Iman), Ansari-Moghaddam, A. (Alireza), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, C. M. (Catherine M.), Anvari, D. (Davood), Appiah, S. C. (Seth Christopher Yaw), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Arab-Zozani, M. (Morteza), Aravkin, A. Y. (Aleksandr Y.), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Arnlov, J. (Johan), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Asadi-Pooya, A. A. (Ali A.), Asgari, S. (Samaneh), Jafarabadi, M. A. (Mohammad Asghari), Atteraya, M. S. (Madhu Sudhan), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila-Burgos, L. (Leticia), Avokpaho, E. F. (Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Azarian, G. (Ghasem), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badiye, A. D. (Ashish D.), Bagli, E. (Eleni), Bahrami, M. A. (Mohammad Amin), Bakhtiari, A. (Ahad), Balassyano, S. (Shelly), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banik, P. C. (Palash Chandra), Barker-Collo, S. L. (Suzanne Lyn), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Barzegar, A. (Akbar), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Baune, B. T. (Bernhard T.), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bazmandegan, G. (Gholamreza), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bell, M. L. (Michellr L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Bensenor, I. M. (Isabela M.), Berhe, K. (Kidanemaryam), Berman, A. E. (Adam E.), Bertolacci, G. J. (Gregory J.), Bhageerathy, R. (Reshmi), Bhala, N. (Neeraj), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Biondi, A. (Antonio), Bisanzio, D. (Donal), Bisignano, C. (Catherine), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bjrge, T. (Tone), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bohluli, M. (Mehdi), Bolla, S. R. (Srinivasa Rao Rao), Borzi, A. M. (Antonio Maria), Borzouei, S. (Shiva), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Braithwaite, D. (Dejana), Brauer, M. (Michael), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Bumgarner, B. R. (Blair R.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), dos Santos, F. L. (Florentino Luciano Caetano), Cai, T. (Tianji), Callender, C. S. (Charlton S. K. H.), Camera, L. L. (Luis L. A. Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carreras, G. (Giulia), Carrero, J. J. (Juan J.), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (Joao Mauricio), Castelpietra, G. (Giulio), Castro, F. (Franz), Catala-Lopez, F. (Ferran), Cederroth, C. R. (Christopher R.), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Ciobanu, L. G. (Liliana G.), Cirillo, M. (Massimo), Comfort, H. (Haley), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cowden, R. G. (Richard G.), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Croneberger, A. J. (Andrew J.), Cunningham, M. (Matthew), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), D'Amico, E. (Emanuele), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dargan, P. I. (Paul I.), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), das Neves, J. (Jose), Davletov, K. (Kairat), De Leo, D. (Diego), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Dervenis, N. (Nikolaos), Desai, R. (Rupak), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), da Silva, D. D. (Diana Dias), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dippenaar, I. N. (Ilse N.), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Do, H. T. (Hoa Thi), Dokova, K. (Klara), Doku, D. T. (David Teye), Dorostkar, F. (Fariba), Doshi, C. P. (Chirag P.), Doshmangir, L. (Leila), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edvardsson, D. (David), Effiong, A. (Andem), El Sayed, I. (Iman), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elbarazi, I. (Iffat), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Emamian, M. H. (Mohammad Hassan), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esmaeilzadeh, F. (Firooz), Estep, K. (Kara), Farahmand, M. (Mohammad), Faraj, A. (Anwar), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fattahi, N. (Nazir), Fazaeli, A. A. (Ali Akbar), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Ferreira, M. L. (Manuela L.), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fomenkov, A. A. (Artem Alekseevich), Freitas, M. (Marisa), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Fuller, J. E. (John E.), Furtado, J. M. (Joao M.), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gakidou, E. (Emmanuela), Gallus, S. (Silvano), Gebrehiwot, A. M. (Abiyu Mekonnen), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gething, P. W. (Peter W.), Ghamari, F. (Farhad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Gholamian, A. (Asadollah), Gilani, S. A. (Syed Amir), Gitimoghaddam, M. (Mojgan), Glushkova, E. V. (Ekaterina Vladimirovna), Gnedovskaya, E. V. (Elena V.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, S. S. (Subodh Sharan), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Halvaei, I. (Iman), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Abdullah, K. H. (Kanaan Hamagharib), Han, C. (Chieh), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Hankey, G. J. (Graeme J.), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Haro, J. M. (Josep Maria), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hassanipour, S. (Soheil), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari-Soureshjani, R. (Reza), Henny, K. (Kiana), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), Hole, M. K. (Michael K.), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hosgood, H. D. (H. Dean), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hostiuc, M. (Mihaela), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hoy, D. G. (Damian G.), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Huda, T. M. (Tanvir M.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ikuta, K. S. (Kevin S.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, I. M. (Irena M.), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Islam, M. (MdMohaimenul), Iso, H. (Hiroyasu), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jaafari, J. (Jalil), Jacobsen, K. H. (Kathryn H.), Jahagirdar, D. (Deepa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jalilian, F. (Farzad), James, S. L. (Spencer L.), Janjani, H. (Hosna), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Joukar, F. (Farahnaz), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Jurisson, M. (Mikk), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kalankesh, L. R. (Leila R.), Kamiab, Z. (Zahra), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Kapoor, N. (Neeti), Karch, A. (Andre), Karimi, S. E. (Salah Eddin), Karimi, S. A. (Seyed Asaad), Kassebaum, N. J. (Nicholas J.), Katikireddi, S. V. (Srinivasa Vittal), Kawakami, N. (Norito), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Keller, C. (Cathleen), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, M. (Maseer), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khazaie, H. (Habibolah), Khodayari, M. T. (Mohammad Taghi), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kianipour, N. (Neda), Kim, C.-i. (Cho-il), Kim, Y.-E. (Young-Eun), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kinfu, Y. (Yohannes), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissimova-Skarbek, K. (Katarzyna), Kivimaki, M. (Mika), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kopec, J. A. (Jacek A.), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kravchenko, M. A. (Michael A.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Krohn, K. J. (Kris J.), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, V. (Vivek), Kusuma, D. (Dian), Kyu, H. H. (Hmwe Hmwe), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lalloo, R. (Ratilal), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansky, S. (Sonia), Larson, S. L. (Samantha Leigh), Larsson, A. O. (Anders O.), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lassi, Z. S. (Zohra S.), Lazarus, J. V. (Jeffrey V.), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), Lee, S. W. (Shaun Wen Huey), Leever, A. T. (Andrew T.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leonardi, M. (Matilde), Li, S. (Shanshan), Lim, L.-L. (Lee-Ling), Lim, S. S. (Stephen S.), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Logroscino, G. (Giancarlo), Lopez, A. D. (Alan D.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Lotufo, P. A. (Paulo A.), Lozano, R. (Rafael), Lu, A. (Alton), Lunevicius, R. (Raimundas), Madadin, M. (Mohammed), Maddison, E. R. (Emilie R.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahdavi, M. M. (Mokhtar Mahdavi), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (Fariborz), Mansouri, B. (Borhan), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Mastrogiacomo, C. I. (Claudia I.), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), May, E. A. (Erin A.), McAlinden, C. (Colm), McGrath, J. J. (John J.), McKee, M. (Martin), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehri, F. (Fereshteh), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Meitei, W. B. (Wahengbam Bigyananda), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mengesha, E. W. (Endalkachew Worku), Mensah, G. A. (George A.), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Michalek, I. M. (Irmina Maria), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mills, E. J. (Edward J.), Milne, G. J. (George J.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Mirzaei, H. (Hamed), Mirzaei, M. (Maryam), Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. (Mehdi), Misganaw, A. T. (Awoke Temesgen), Moazen, B. (Babak), Moghadaszadeh, M. (Masoud), Mohamadi, E. (Efat), Mohammad, D. K. 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(Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Negoi, R. I. (Ruxandra Irina), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, Y. T. (Yeshambel T.), Nikbakhsh, R. (Rajan), Nikpoor, A. R. (Amin Reza), Nixon, M. R. (Molly R.), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nomura, S. (Shuhei), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Nowak, C. (Christoph), Otoiu, A. (Adrian), Odell, C. M. (Christopher M.), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Oladnabi, M. (Morteza), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Bali, A. O. (Ahmed Omar), Ong, K. L. (Kanyin L.), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortiz, A. (Alberto), Otstavnov, N. (Nikita), Otstavnov, S. S. (Stanislav S.), Overland, S. (Simon), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakshir, K. (Keyvan), Palladino, R. (Raffaele), Pana, A. (Adrian), Panda-Jonas, S. (Songhomitra), Park, J. (James), Pasupula, D. K. (Deepak Kumar), Patel, J. R. (Jenil R.), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paulson, K. R. (Katherine R.), Toroudi, H. P. (Hamidreza Pazoki), Pease, S. A. (Spencer A.), Peden, A. E. (Amy E.), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Peprah, E. K. (Emmanuel K.), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Pereira, D. M. (David M.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pilz, T. M. (Tessa M.), Piradov, M. A. (Michael A.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Pokhrel, K. N. (Khem Narayan), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poznanska, A. (Anna), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prakash, S. (Sanjay), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Syed, Z. Q. (Zahiruddin Quazi), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Raggi, A. (Alberto), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rajabpour-Sanati, A. (Ali), Ram, P. (Pradhum), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, S. J. (Sowmya J.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rashedi, V. (Vahid), Rastogi, P. (Prateek), Rathi, P. (Priya), Rawal, L. (Lal), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Rezaei, N. (Nima), Rezai, M. s. (Mohammad sadegh), Rezapour, A. (Aziz), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roshandel, G. (Gholamreza), Rostamian, M. (Morteza), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rwegerera, G. M. (Godfrey M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Saddik, B. (Basema), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Sadeghi, M. (Masoumeh), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safi, S. (Sare), Safiri, S. (Saeid), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salama, J. S. (Joseph S.), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, M. R. (Marwa R. Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salomon, J. A. (Joshua A.), Salz, I. (Inbal), Samad, Z. (Zainab), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sarveazad, A. (Arash), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sattin, D. (Davide), Saylan, M. (Mete), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schiavolin, S. (Silvia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Schwendicke, F. (Falk), Sekerija, M. (Mario), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabani, M. (Mahsima), Shahabi, S. (Saeed), Shahbaz, M. (Mohammad), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharafi, Z. (Zeinab), Sharara, F. (Fablina), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Shaw, D. H. (David H.), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shrime, M. G. (Mark G.), Shuval, K. (Kerem), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Sigfusdottir, I. D. (Inga Dora), Sigurvinsdottir, R. (Rannveig), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Simonetti, B. (Biagio), Simpson, K. E. (Kyle E.), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Skryabin, V. Y. (Valentin Yurievich), Soheili, A. (Amin), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Sorensen, R. J. (Reed J. D.), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Stockfelt, L. (Leo), Stokes, M. A. (Mark A.), Stubbs, J. L. (Jacob L.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Abdulkader, R. S. (Rizwan Suliankatchi), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabb, K. M. (Karen M.), Tadakamadla, S. K. (Santosh Kumar), Taherkhani, A. (Amir), Tang, M. (Muming), Taveira, N. (Nuno), Taylor, H. J. (Heather Jean), Teagle, W. L. (Whitney L.), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Teklehaimanot, B. F. (Berhane Fseha), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thrift, A. G. (Amanda G.), Titova, M. V. (Mariya Vladimirovna), Tohidinik, H. R. (Hamid Reza), Tonelli, M. (Marcello), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Topouzis, F. (Fotis), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Travillian, R. (Ravensara), Trias-Llimos, S. (Sergi), Truelsen, T. C. (Thomas Clement), Car, L. T. (Lorainne Tudor), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Upadhyay, E. (Era), Vacante, M. (Marco), Vakilian, A. (Alireza), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Valli, A. (Alessandro), Vardavas, C. (Constantine), Vasankari, T. J. (Tommi Juhani), Vasconcelos, A. M. (Ana Maria Nogales), Vasseghian, Y. (Yasser), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Vidale, S. (Simone), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vollset, S. E. (Stein Emil), Vos, T. (Theo), Vujcic, I. S. (Isidora S.), Vukovic, A. (Ana), Vukovic, R. (Rade), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Walters, M. K. (Magdalene K.), Wang, H. (Hongbo), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Watson, S. (Stefanie), Wei, J. (Jingkai), Weiss, J. (Jordan), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Whiteford, H. A. (Harvey A.), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wojtyniak, B. (Bogdan), Wolfe, C. D. (Charles D. A.), Wondmieneh, A. B. (Adam Belay), Wool, E. E. (Eve E.), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Wu, J. (Junjie), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yamagishi, K. (Kazumasa), Yano, Y. (Yuichiro), Yaya, S. (Sanni), Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. (Vahid), Yearwood, J. A. (Jamal A.), Yeheyis, T. Y. (Tomas Y.), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yip, P. (Paul), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Lebni, J. Y. (Javad Yoosefi), York, H. W. (Hunter W.), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Younker, T. P. (Theodore Patrick), Yousefi, Z. (Zabihollah), Yousefinezhadi, T. (Taraneh), Yousuf, A. Y. (Abdilahi Yousuf), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zakzuk, J. (Josefina), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zamanian, M. (Maryam), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zhang, Z.-J. (Zhi-Jiang), Zheng, P. (Peng), Zhou, M. (Maigeng), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.), Wang, H. (Haidong), Abbas, K. M. (Kaja M.), Abbasifard, M. (Mitra), Abbasi-Kangevari, M. (Mohsen), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abolhassani, H. (Hassan), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abushouk, A. I. (Abdelrahman I.), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adair, T. (Tim), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adeoye, A. M. (Abiodun Moshood), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Advani, S. M. (Shailesh M.), Afshin, A. (Ashkan), Aghaali, M. (Mohammad), Agrawal, A. (Anurag), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmadieh, H. (Hamid), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, K. (Khurshid), Alam, T. (Tahiya), Alanezi, F. M. (Fahad Mashhour), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alicandro, G. (Gianfranco), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alinia, C. (Cyrus), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Alizade, H. (Hesam), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Allebeck, P. (Peter), Almadi, M. A. (Majid Abdulrahman Hamad), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alumran, A. K. (Arwa Khalid), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Amini-Rarani, M. (Mostafa), Aminorroaya, A. (Arya), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Ancuceanu, R. (Robert), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Androudi, S. (Sofia), Angus, C. (Colin), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Ansari, I. (Iman), Ansari-Moghaddam, A. (Alireza), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, C. M. (Catherine M.), Anvari, D. (Davood), Appiah, S. C. (Seth Christopher Yaw), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Arab-Zozani, M. (Morteza), Aravkin, A. Y. (Aleksandr Y.), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Arnlov, J. (Johan), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Asadi-Pooya, A. A. (Ali A.), Asgari, S. (Samaneh), Jafarabadi, M. A. (Mohammad Asghari), Atteraya, M. S. (Madhu Sudhan), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila-Burgos, L. (Leticia), Avokpaho, E. F. (Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Azarian, G. (Ghasem), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badiye, A. D. (Ashish D.), Bagli, E. (Eleni), Bahrami, M. A. (Mohammad Amin), Bakhtiari, A. (Ahad), Balassyano, S. (Shelly), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banik, P. C. (Palash Chandra), Barker-Collo, S. L. (Suzanne Lyn), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Barzegar, A. (Akbar), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Baune, B. T. (Bernhard T.), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bazmandegan, G. (Gholamreza), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bell, M. L. (Michellr L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Bensenor, I. M. (Isabela M.), Berhe, K. (Kidanemaryam), Berman, A. E. (Adam E.), Bertolacci, G. J. (Gregory J.), Bhageerathy, R. (Reshmi), Bhala, N. (Neeraj), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Biondi, A. (Antonio), Bisanzio, D. (Donal), Bisignano, C. (Catherine), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bjrge, T. (Tone), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bohluli, M. (Mehdi), Bolla, S. R. (Srinivasa Rao Rao), Borzi, A. M. (Antonio Maria), Borzouei, S. (Shiva), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Braithwaite, D. (Dejana), Brauer, M. (Michael), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Bumgarner, B. R. (Blair R.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), dos Santos, F. L. (Florentino Luciano Caetano), Cai, T. (Tianji), Callender, C. S. (Charlton S. K. H.), Camera, L. L. (Luis L. A. Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carreras, G. (Giulia), Carrero, J. J. (Juan J.), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (Joao Mauricio), Castelpietra, G. (Giulio), Castro, F. (Franz), Catala-Lopez, F. (Ferran), Cederroth, C. R. (Christopher R.), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Ciobanu, L. G. (Liliana G.), Cirillo, M. (Massimo), Comfort, H. (Haley), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cowden, R. G. (Richard G.), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Croneberger, A. J. (Andrew J.), Cunningham, M. (Matthew), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), D'Amico, E. (Emanuele), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dargan, P. I. (Paul I.), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), das Neves, J. (Jose), Davletov, K. (Kairat), De Leo, D. (Diego), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Dervenis, N. (Nikolaos), Desai, R. (Rupak), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), da Silva, D. D. (Diana Dias), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dippenaar, I. N. (Ilse N.), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Do, H. T. (Hoa Thi), Dokova, K. (Klara), Doku, D. T. (David Teye), Dorostkar, F. (Fariba), Doshi, C. P. (Chirag P.), Doshmangir, L. (Leila), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edvardsson, D. (David), Effiong, A. (Andem), El Sayed, I. (Iman), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elbarazi, I. (Iffat), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Emamian, M. H. (Mohammad Hassan), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esmaeilzadeh, F. (Firooz), Estep, K. (Kara), Farahmand, M. (Mohammad), Faraj, A. (Anwar), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fattahi, N. (Nazir), Fazaeli, A. A. (Ali Akbar), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Ferreira, M. L. (Manuela L.), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fomenkov, A. A. (Artem Alekseevich), Freitas, M. (Marisa), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Fuller, J. E. (John E.), Furtado, J. M. (Joao M.), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gakidou, E. (Emmanuela), Gallus, S. (Silvano), Gebrehiwot, A. M. (Abiyu Mekonnen), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gething, P. W. (Peter W.), Ghamari, F. (Farhad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Gholamian, A. (Asadollah), Gilani, S. A. (Syed Amir), Gitimoghaddam, M. (Mojgan), Glushkova, E. V. (Ekaterina Vladimirovna), Gnedovskaya, E. V. (Elena V.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, S. S. (Subodh Sharan), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Halvaei, I. (Iman), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Abdullah, K. H. (Kanaan Hamagharib), Han, C. (Chieh), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Hankey, G. J. (Graeme J.), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Haro, J. M. (Josep Maria), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hassanipour, S. (Soheil), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari-Soureshjani, R. (Reza), Henny, K. (Kiana), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), Hole, M. K. (Michael K.), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hosgood, H. D. (H. Dean), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hostiuc, M. (Mihaela), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hoy, D. G. (Damian G.), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Huda, T. M. (Tanvir M.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ikuta, K. S. (Kevin S.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, I. M. (Irena M.), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Islam, M. (MdMohaimenul), Iso, H. (Hiroyasu), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jaafari, J. (Jalil), Jacobsen, K. H. (Kathryn H.), Jahagirdar, D. (Deepa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jalilian, F. (Farzad), James, S. L. (Spencer L.), Janjani, H. (Hosna), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Joukar, F. (Farahnaz), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Jurisson, M. (Mikk), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kalankesh, L. R. (Leila R.), Kamiab, Z. (Zahra), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Kapoor, N. (Neeti), Karch, A. (Andre), Karimi, S. E. (Salah Eddin), Karimi, S. A. (Seyed Asaad), Kassebaum, N. J. (Nicholas J.), Katikireddi, S. V. (Srinivasa Vittal), Kawakami, N. (Norito), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Keller, C. (Cathleen), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, M. (Maseer), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khazaie, H. (Habibolah), Khodayari, M. T. (Mohammad Taghi), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kianipour, N. (Neda), Kim, C.-i. (Cho-il), Kim, Y.-E. (Young-Eun), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kinfu, Y. (Yohannes), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissimova-Skarbek, K. (Katarzyna), Kivimaki, M. (Mika), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kopec, J. A. (Jacek A.), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kravchenko, M. A. (Michael A.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Krohn, K. J. (Kris J.), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, V. (Vivek), Kusuma, D. (Dian), Kyu, H. H. (Hmwe Hmwe), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lalloo, R. (Ratilal), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansky, S. (Sonia), Larson, S. L. (Samantha Leigh), Larsson, A. O. (Anders O.), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lassi, Z. S. (Zohra S.), Lazarus, J. V. (Jeffrey V.), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), Lee, S. W. (Shaun Wen Huey), Leever, A. T. (Andrew T.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leonardi, M. (Matilde), Li, S. (Shanshan), Lim, L.-L. (Lee-Ling), Lim, S. S. (Stephen S.), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Logroscino, G. (Giancarlo), Lopez, A. D. (Alan D.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Lotufo, P. A. (Paulo A.), Lozano, R. (Rafael), Lu, A. (Alton), Lunevicius, R. (Raimundas), Madadin, M. (Mohammed), Maddison, E. R. (Emilie R.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahdavi, M. M. (Mokhtar Mahdavi), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (Fariborz), Mansouri, B. (Borhan), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Mastrogiacomo, C. I. (Claudia I.), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), May, E. A. (Erin A.), McAlinden, C. (Colm), McGrath, J. J. (John J.), McKee, M. (Martin), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehri, F. (Fereshteh), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Meitei, W. B. (Wahengbam Bigyananda), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mengesha, E. W. (Endalkachew Worku), Mensah, G. A. (George A.), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Michalek, I. M. (Irmina Maria), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mills, E. J. (Edward J.), Milne, G. J. (George J.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Mirzaei, H. (Hamed), Mirzaei, M. (Maryam), Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. (Mehdi), Misganaw, A. T. (Awoke Temesgen), Moazen, B. (Babak), Moghadaszadeh, M. (Masoud), Mohamadi, E. (Efat), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadbeigi, A. (Abolfazl), Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. (Abdollah), Mohammadpourhodki, R. (Reza), Mohammed, H. (Hussen), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Bandpei, M. A. (Mohammad A. Mohseni), Mokari, A. (Amin), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Momen, N. C. (Natalie C.), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Mooney, M. D. (Meghan D.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moradzadeh, R. (Rahmatollah), Moraga, P. (Paula), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Morgado-da-Costa, J. (Joana), Morrison, S. D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Khaneghah, A. M. (Amin Mousavi), Mueller, U. O. (Ulrich Otto), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabavizadeh, B. (Behnam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naghshtabrizi, B. (Behshad), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Negoi, R. I. (Ruxandra Irina), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, Y. T. (Yeshambel T.), Nikbakhsh, R. (Rajan), Nikpoor, A. R. (Amin Reza), Nixon, M. R. (Molly R.), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nomura, S. (Shuhei), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Nowak, C. (Christoph), Otoiu, A. (Adrian), Odell, C. M. (Christopher M.), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Oladnabi, M. (Morteza), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Bali, A. O. (Ahmed Omar), Ong, K. L. (Kanyin L.), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortiz, A. (Alberto), Otstavnov, N. (Nikita), Otstavnov, S. S. (Stanislav S.), Overland, S. (Simon), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakshir, K. (Keyvan), Palladino, R. (Raffaele), Pana, A. (Adrian), Panda-Jonas, S. (Songhomitra), Park, J. (James), Pasupula, D. K. (Deepak Kumar), Patel, J. R. (Jenil R.), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paulson, K. R. (Katherine R.), Toroudi, H. P. (Hamidreza Pazoki), Pease, S. A. (Spencer A.), Peden, A. E. (Amy E.), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Peprah, E. K. (Emmanuel K.), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Pereira, D. M. (David M.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pilz, T. M. (Tessa M.), Piradov, M. A. (Michael A.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Pokhrel, K. N. (Khem Narayan), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poznanska, A. (Anna), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prakash, S. (Sanjay), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Syed, Z. Q. (Zahiruddin Quazi), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Raggi, A. (Alberto), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rajabpour-Sanati, A. (Ali), Ram, P. (Pradhum), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, S. J. (Sowmya J.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rashedi, V. (Vahid), Rastogi, P. (Prateek), Rathi, P. (Priya), Rawal, L. (Lal), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Rezaei, N. (Nima), Rezai, M. s. (Mohammad sadegh), Rezapour, A. (Aziz), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roshandel, G. (Gholamreza), Rostamian, M. (Morteza), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rwegerera, G. M. (Godfrey M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Saddik, B. (Basema), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Sadeghi, M. (Masoumeh), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safi, S. (Sare), Safiri, S. (Saeid), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salama, J. S. (Joseph S.), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, M. R. (Marwa R. Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salomon, J. A. (Joshua A.), Salz, I. (Inbal), Samad, Z. (Zainab), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sarveazad, A. (Arash), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sattin, D. (Davide), Saylan, M. (Mete), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schiavolin, S. (Silvia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Schwendicke, F. (Falk), Sekerija, M. (Mario), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabani, M. (Mahsima), Shahabi, S. (Saeed), Shahbaz, M. (Mohammad), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharafi, Z. (Zeinab), Sharara, F. (Fablina), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Shaw, D. H. (David H.), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shrime, M. G. (Mark G.), Shuval, K. (Kerem), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Sigfusdottir, I. D. (Inga Dora), Sigurvinsdottir, R. (Rannveig), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Simonetti, B. (Biagio), Simpson, K. E. (Kyle E.), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Skryabin, V. Y. (Valentin Yurievich), Soheili, A. (Amin), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Sorensen, R. J. (Reed J. D.), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Stockfelt, L. (Leo), Stokes, M. A. (Mark A.), Stubbs, J. L. (Jacob L.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Abdulkader, R. S. (Rizwan Suliankatchi), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabb, K. M. (Karen M.), Tadakamadla, S. K. (Santosh Kumar), Taherkhani, A. (Amir), Tang, M. (Muming), Taveira, N. (Nuno), Taylor, H. J. (Heather Jean), Teagle, W. L. (Whitney L.), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Teklehaimanot, B. F. (Berhane Fseha), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thrift, A. G. (Amanda G.), Titova, M. V. (Mariya Vladimirovna), Tohidinik, H. R. (Hamid Reza), Tonelli, M. (Marcello), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Topouzis, F. (Fotis), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Travillian, R. (Ravensara), Trias-Llimos, S. (Sergi), Truelsen, T. C. (Thomas Clement), Car, L. T. (Lorainne Tudor), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Upadhyay, E. (Era), Vacante, M. (Marco), Vakilian, A. (Alireza), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Valli, A. (Alessandro), Vardavas, C. (Constantine), Vasankari, T. J. (Tommi Juhani), Vasconcelos, A. M. (Ana Maria Nogales), Vasseghian, Y. (Yasser), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Vidale, S. (Simone), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vollset, S. E. (Stein Emil), Vos, T. (Theo), Vujcic, I. S. (Isidora S.), Vukovic, A. (Ana), Vukovic, R. (Rade), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Walters, M. K. (Magdalene K.), Wang, H. (Hongbo), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Watson, S. (Stefanie), Wei, J. (Jingkai), Weiss, J. (Jordan), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Whiteford, H. A. (Harvey A.), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wojtyniak, B. (Bogdan), Wolfe, C. D. (Charles D. A.), Wondmieneh, A. B. (Adam Belay), Wool, E. E. (Eve E.), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Wu, J. (Junjie), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yamagishi, K. (Kazumasa), Yano, Y. (Yuichiro), Yaya, S. (Sanni), Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. (Vahid), Yearwood, J. A. (Jamal A.), Yeheyis, T. Y. (Tomas Y.), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yip, P. (Paul), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Lebni, J. Y. (Javad Yoosefi), York, H. W. (Hunter W.), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Younker, T. P. (Theodore Patrick), Yousefi, Z. (Zabihollah), Yousefinezhadi, T. (Taraneh), Yousuf, A. Y. (Abdilahi Yousuf), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zakzuk, J. (Josefina), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zamanian, M. (Maryam), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zhang, Z.-J. (Zhi-Jiang), Zheng, P. (Peng), Zhou, M. (Maigeng), Ziapour, A. (Arash), and Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.)

Abstract

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated us

Published
2020

40. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author

Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Acharya, D. (Dilaram), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhena, B. M. (Beyene Meressa), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Ahmad, S. (Sohail), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, R. (Rushdia), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, N. (Noore), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, B. A. (Beriwan Abdulqadir), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Anoushiravani, A. (Amir), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azzopardi, P. S. (Peter S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Babalola, T. K. (Tesleem Kayode), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bairwa, M. (Mohan), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Bali, A. G. (Ayele Geleto), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basaleem, H. (Huda), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Bay, V. D. (Vo Dinh), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Baye, E. (Estifanos), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Bekele, B. B. (Bayu Begashaw), Belayneh, Y. M. (Yaschilal Muche), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Birihane, B. M. (Binyam Minuye), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bojia, H. A. (Hunduma Amensisa), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Bragazzi, N. L. (Nicola Luigi), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Busse, R. (Reinhard), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Chanie, W. F. (Wagaye Fentahun), Chatterjee, P. (Pranab), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chichiabellu, T. Y. (Tesfaye Yitna), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Culquichicon, C. (Carlos), Daba, M. S. (Matiwos Soboka), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davey, G. (Gail), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Davis, A. C. (Adrian C.), Davitoiu, D. V. (Dragos Virgil), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), Demis, A. B. (Asmamaw Bizuneh), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demissie, G. D. (Getu Debalkie), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duko, B. (Bereket), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Kalan, M. E. (Mohammad Ebrahimi), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), El Sayed, I. (Iman), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elema, T. B. (Teshome Bekele), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Elyazar, I. R. (Iqbal R. F.), Endalamaw, A. (Aklilu), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Esteghamati, S. (Sadaf), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebre, T. (Teshome), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G. G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghadiri, K. (Keyghobad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Ghimire, P. R. (Pramesh Raj), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Gomes, N. G. (Nelson G. M.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Grada, A. (Ayman), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Hailu, G. B. (Gessessew Bugssa), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hasan, M. M. (Md Mehedi), Hasanpoor, E. (Edris), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hoang, C. L. (Chi Linh), Rad, E. H. (Enayatollah Homaie), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hoseini, M. (Mohammad), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseini, M. (Mostafa), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hsairi, M. (Mohamed), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Hussen, M. M. (Mohammedaman Mama), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Igumbor, E. U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Izadi, N. (Neda), Jaca, A. (Anelisa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Matin, B. K. (Behzad Karami), Karch, A. (Andre), Karim, M. A. (Mohd Anisul), Karki, H. K. (Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasahun, Y. C. (Yawukal Chane), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Karyani, A. K. (Ali Kazemi), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Kelbore, A. G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A. P. (Andre Pascal), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, M. N. (Md Nuruzzaman), Khan, M. S. (Muhammad Shahzeb), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissoon, N. (Niranjan), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kraemer, M. U. (Moritz U. G.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kusuma, V. K. (Vivek Kumar Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lad, S. D. (Sheetal D.), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, F. (Felix), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lamichhane, P. (Prabhat), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Liu, S. (Simin), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Longbottom, J. (Joshua), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manda, A. L. (Ana Laura), Manohar, N. D. (Narendar Dawani Dawanu), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Maravilla, J. C. (Joemer C.), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B. B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. (Amjad), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, K. A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moore, C. E. (Catrin E.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Muchie, K. F. (Kindie Fentahun), Mulaw, G. F. (Getahun Fentaw), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christoper J. L.), Murthy, G. V. (G. V. S.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabhan, A. F. (Ashraf F.), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naidoo, K. S. (Kovin S.), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, C. T. (Cuong Tat), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, D. (Dabere), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Nong, V. M. (Vuong Minh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogah, O. S. (Okechukwu Samuel), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T. O. (Tinuke O.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Oren, E. (Eyal), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris V.), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Paternina-Caicedo, A. J. (Angel J.), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paudel, D. (Deepak), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Piroozi, B. (Bakhtiar), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prasad, N. (Narayan), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (Afarin), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, S. (Shafiur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rana, S. M. (Saleem Muhammad), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rawaf, D. L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Reta, M. A. (Melese Abate), Rezaei, N. (Negar), Rezai, M. S. (Mohammad Sadegh), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Rios-Blancas, M. (Maria), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roro, E. M. (Elias Merdassa), Ross, J. M. (Jennifer M.), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabde, Y. D. (Yogesh Damodar), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi Sao), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarkar, K. (Kaushik), Sarker, A. R. (Abdur Razzaque), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabaninejad, H. (Hosein), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shallo, S. A. (Seifadin Ahmed), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharifi, H. (Hamid), Shehata, H. S. (Hatem Samir), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shifti, D. M. (Desalegn Markos), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, V. (Virendra), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soltani, S. (Shahin), Somayaji, R. (Ranjani), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sultana, M. (Marufa), Sunguya, B. F. (Bruno Fokas), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Tasew, A. A. (Aberash Abay), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, B. (Belay), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Toma, A. (Alemayehu), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K. B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Hawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel W.), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Weaver, M. (Marcia), Weji, B. G. (Bedilu Girma), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Welgan, C. A. (Catherine A.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zepro, N. B. (Nejimu Biza), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Zhao, X. G. (Xiu-Ju George), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Acharya, D. (Dilaram), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhena, B. M. (Beyene Meressa), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Ahmad, S. (Sohail), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, R. (Rushdia), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, N. (Noore), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, B. A. (Beriwan Abdulqadir), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Anoushiravani, A. (Amir), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azzopardi, P. S. (Peter S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Babalola, T. K. (Tesleem Kayode), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bairwa, M. (Mohan), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Bali, A. G. (Ayele Geleto), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basaleem, H. (Huda), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Bay, V. D. (Vo Dinh), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Baye, E. (Estifanos), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Bekele, B. B. (Bayu Begashaw), Belayneh, Y. M. (Yaschilal Muche), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Birihane, B. M. (Binyam Minuye), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bojia, H. A. (Hunduma Amensisa), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Bragazzi, N. L. (Nicola Luigi), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Busse, R. (Reinhard), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Chanie, W. F. (Wagaye Fentahun), Chatterjee, P. (Pranab), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chichiabellu, T. Y. (Tesfaye Yitna), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Culquichicon, C. (Carlos), Daba, M. S. (Matiwos Soboka), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davey, G. (Gail), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Davis, A. C. (Adrian C.), Davitoiu, D. V. (Dragos Virgil), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), Demis, A. B. (Asmamaw Bizuneh), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demissie, G. D. (Getu Debalkie), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duko, B. (Bereket), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Kalan, M. E. (Mohammad Ebrahimi), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), El Sayed, I. (Iman), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elema, T. B. (Teshome Bekele), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Elyazar, I. R. (Iqbal R. F.), Endalamaw, A. (Aklilu), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Esteghamati, S. (Sadaf), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebre, T. (Teshome), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G. G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghadiri, K. (Keyghobad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Ghimire, P. R. (Pramesh Raj), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Gomes, N. G. (Nelson G. M.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Grada, A. (Ayman), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Hailu, G. B. (Gessessew Bugssa), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hasan, M. M. (Md Mehedi), Hasanpoor, E. (Edris), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hoang, C. L. (Chi Linh), Rad, E. H. (Enayatollah Homaie), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hoseini, M. (Mohammad), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseini, M. (Mostafa), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hsairi, M. (Mohamed), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Hussen, M. M. (Mohammedaman Mama), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Igumbor, E. U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Izadi, N. (Neda), Jaca, A. (Anelisa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Matin, B. K. (Behzad Karami), Karch, A. (Andre), Karim, M. A. (Mohd Anisul), Karki, H. K. (Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasahun, Y. C. (Yawukal Chane), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Karyani, A. K. (Ali Kazemi), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Kelbore, A. G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A. P. (Andre Pascal), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, M. N. (Md Nuruzzaman), Khan, M. S. (Muhammad Shahzeb), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissoon, N. (Niranjan), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kraemer, M. U. (Moritz U. G.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kusuma, V. K. (Vivek Kumar Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lad, S. D. (Sheetal D.), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, F. (Felix), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lamichhane, P. (Prabhat), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Liu, S. (Simin), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Longbottom, J. (Joshua), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manda, A. L. (Ana Laura), Manohar, N. D. (Narendar Dawani Dawanu), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Maravilla, J. C. (Joemer C.), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B. B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. (Amjad), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, K. A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moore, C. E. (Catrin E.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Muchie, K. F. (Kindie Fentahun), Mulaw, G. F. (Getahun Fentaw), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christoper J. L.), Murthy, G. V. (G. V. S.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabhan, A. F. (Ashraf F.), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naidoo, K. S. (Kovin S.), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, C. T. (Cuong Tat), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, D. (Dabere), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Nong, V. M. (Vuong Minh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogah, O. S. (Okechukwu Samuel), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T. O. (Tinuke O.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Oren, E. (Eyal), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris V.), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Paternina-Caicedo, A. J. (Angel J.), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paudel, D. (Deepak), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Piroozi, B. (Bakhtiar), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prasad, N. (Narayan), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (Afarin), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, S. (Shafiur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rana, S. M. (Saleem Muhammad), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rawaf, D. L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Reta, M. A. (Melese Abate), Rezaei, N. (Negar), Rezai, M. S. (Mohammad Sadegh), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Rios-Blancas, M. (Maria), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roro, E. M. (Elias Merdassa), Ross, J. M. (Jennifer M.), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabde, Y. D. (Yogesh Damodar), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi Sao), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarkar, K. (Kaushik), Sarker, A. R. (Abdur Razzaque), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabaninejad, H. (Hosein), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shallo, S. A. (Seifadin Ahmed), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharifi, H. (Hamid), Shehata, H. S. (Hatem Samir), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shifti, D. M. (Desalegn Markos), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, V. (Virendra), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soltani, S. (Shahin), Somayaji, R. (Ranjani), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sultana, M. (Marufa), Sunguya, B. F. (Bruno Fokas), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Tasew, A. A. (Aberash Abay), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, B. (Belay), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Toma, A. (Alemayehu), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K. B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Hawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel W.), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Weaver, M. (Marcia), Weji, B. G. (Bedilu Girma), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Welgan, C. A. (Catherine A.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zepro, N. B. (Nejimu Biza), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Zhao, X. G. (Xiu-Ju George), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), and Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.)

Abstract

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall O

Published
2020

41. Analysis of ABL kinase domain mutations as a probable cause of imatinib resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients of Kashmir

Author

Sheikh Aejaz Aziz, Roohi Rasool, Niyaz A. Azad, Arshad A. Pandith, Javed Rasool, Zafar A. Shah, Samoon Jeelani, and Shahid M. Baba

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, ABL, business.industry, Sequence analysis, Nucleic acid sequence, Myeloid leukemia, Reverse transcriptase, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Fusion transcript, law, hemic and lymphatic diseases, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Genetics, Cancer research, Mutation testing, Medicine, business, neoplasms, Genetics (clinical), Polymerase chain reaction
Abstract

The phenomenon of imatinib resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) can be mediated by “BCR-ABL fusion transcript dependent” and “BCR-ABL fusion transcript independent” pathways. The main means of “BCR-ABL fusion transcript dependent” pathway, responsible for 40–90% of such cases, is the occurrence of Kinase Domain (KD) mutations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the commonly occurring KD mutations like G250, Y253, E255, T315, F317, M351, F359, and H396 for imatinib resistance in CML patients from Kashmir (North India). A total of 42 confirmed cases of CML were subjected to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Kinase Domain PCR-amplicons, derived from the amplification of respective patient's cDNA following reverse transcription of BCR-ABL fusion mRNA, were subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis by ‘Genetic Analyser’ sequencing platform ABI 3500. CML patients included 18 males (42.85%) and 24 females (57.14%) aged from 7 to 75 years, of which 19 cases (45.23%) belonged to age group of ≤45 years and the rest 23 cases (54.76%) were >45 years of age. Sequence analysis was carried out to all the 42 patients at baseline and only on suspected resistant cases at designated follow-ups of 3 months, 6 months and one year. The overall incidence of imatinib resistance in our patients was very low as there were only 8 patients (19.04%), of which 6 cases (14.28%) reported with ‘No cytogenetic response’ (NCR) at 3 months and 1 each having lost earlier attained ‘Complete cytogenetic response’ (CCR) and molecular response at 6 months. These 8 patients were enlisted as suspected imatinib resistant cases and were subjected to imatinib resistance mutation analysis (IRMA) by sequencing at successive designated follow-up periods as applicable. No imatinib resistance mutations were detected in the patients either at baseline or across all the follow-up durations implying other causes for imatinib resistance in CML patients of our region.

Published
2018

43. The Design and Evaluation of DACADE Visual Tool: Theoretical Implications

Author

T. W. Allan Whitfield, Mohd Syarqawy Hamzah, Madihah Sheikh Abdul Aziz, and Gitte Lindgaard

Subjects
Control and Optimization, Computer Networks and Communications, Process (engineering), Computer science, Data analysis, Theoretical implications, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Product (category theory), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graphics, Instrumentation, Curriculum, 060201 languages & linguistics, Data collection, Learning environment, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, 06 humanities and the arts, Engineering management, Hardware and Architecture, Control and Systems Engineering, 0602 languages and literature, Transfer of learning, Engineering design process, Visual tool, 0503 education, Information Systems
Abstract

A goal of every designer is to create successful products for consumers. In creating a successful product, it is crucial for a designer to understand consumers’ perceptions of a product early in the design process. Nevertheless, design students lack the necessary data collection and user testing skills to support effective design decision-making. Consequently, their products might not be acceptable to the intended consumers and are thus likely to fail in the marketplace. For design students to acquire those skills, design curricula should incorporate statistical courses teaching the concepts of data and user testing. We addressed this challenge by developing an automated visual tool named DACADE, assisting design students to systematically collect and analyze data. This paper reports the theoretical implications discovered during the process from designing through to implementing and evaluating DACADE concerning the transfer of learning, the appropriateness of graphics used in a software tool, and user motivation in a learning environment.

Published
2018

44. A Review on the Existing Visual Tools for Design Students

Author

Madihah Sheikh Abdul Aziz, Mohd Syarqawy Hamzah, T. W. Allan Whitfield, and Gitte Lindgaard

Subjects
030507 speech-language pathology & audiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Software, business.industry, Computer science, Interpretation (philosophy), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, 02 engineering and technology, 0305 other medical science, Software engineering, business
Abstract

This paper explores possible solutions to overcome the problem of design students lacking the skills and knowledge of user testing and data analysis to inform design decision-making that can help them to create successful products. A preliminary investigation and review is reported of existing visual interactive software tools intended to support design students and lecturers. Some of these tools might meet the requirements for teaching sampling methods (selecting suitable people and products) as well as testing techniques including data collection, analysis, and interpretation to design students. A discussion of existing visual software tools is presented first, followed by a discussion of the relative merits and disadvantages of these, and a summary is presented at the end of the paper. Keywords: Data Analysis, Design Students, Data Collection, Visual tools

Published
2017

46. p15Ink4b Loss of Expression by Promoter Hypermethylation Adds to Leukemogenesis and Confers a Poor Prognosis in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Patients

Author

Aleem Jan, Sheikh Aejaz Aziz, Niyaz A. Azad, Shahid M. Baba, Zafar A. Shah, Dil-Afroze, and Arshad A. Pandith

Subjects
Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Cancer Research, Leukocytosis, p15Ink4b, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Arsenic tri-oxide, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Promyelocytic leukemia protein, 0302 clinical medicine, Kashmir, Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute, Gene expression, medicine, Humans, Epigenetics, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15, biology, Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic, business.industry, Promoter, Methylation, DNA Methylation, Middle Aged, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Promoter hypermethylation, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, 030104 developmental biology, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, DNA methylation, Cancer research, biology.protein, Original Article, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Biomarkers
Abstract

Purpose The p15Ink4b gene exerts its influence as an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and is frequently associated with hematological malignancies. Inactivation of this gene through DNA methylation has been found to be the most prevalent epigenetic alteration reported, with a high frequency in all French-American-British subtypes of acute myeloid leukemias, including acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In this study,we investigated the prognostic significance of p15 gene promoter hypermethylation and its expression in APL patients of Kashmir (North India). Materials and Methods p15 gene promoter hypermethylation was conducted by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, while its subsequent expression analysiswas carried out by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Of the 37 patients, 16 (43.2%) were found to have methylated p15 genes. Of these 16 cases, seven (43.8%) were methylated partially and nine (56.2%) were found to have complete methylation. Moreover, nine of the 37 patients (24.3%) who presented with leukocytosis at their baseline had complete p15 gene methylation as well (p < 0.05). Semiquantitative RT-PCR showed a complete loss of p15 expression in nine patients with complete methylation coupled with leukocytosis (p=0.031), while seven patients with partial methylation showed decreased p15 expression. Six patients relapsed during the maintenance phase of treatment and were found to have a completely methylated p15 gene and no p15 mRNA. Conclusion Complete methylation and loss of p15 gene expression causes susceptibility to relapse and decreased survival in APL patients. Thus, p15 promoter hypermethylation is a prospective prognostic indicator and a reliable clinical aid in assessment of patients with APL.

Published
2017

47. A Profile of Pediatric Solid Tumors: A Single Institution Experience in Kashmir

Author

Mohammad Maqbool Lone, Ayesha Ahmad, Gull Mohammad Bhat, Nisar A Bhat, Namita Sharma, and Sheikh Aejaz Aziz

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Colorectal cancer, Incidence (epidemiology), medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Oncology, outcomes of treatment, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Neuroblastoma, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Epidemiology, medicine, Original Article, Germ cell tumors, Sarcoma, pediatric solid tumors, Epidemiologic profile, Rhabdomyosarcoma, business
Abstract

Aims: The purpose of this retroprospective study was to study the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of children with solid tumors at our institution. Subjects and Methods: Three hundred and three pediatrics patients registered at Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, Kashmir, between January 2008 and June 2014, were analyzed with regard to demographic status, presenting complaints, investigations, treatment, morbidity, and outcomes. Standard statistical methods were used for analysis. Results: Among 19,880 patients registered at RCC, SKIMS from January 2008 till June 2014, 986 (4.9%) were of pediatric age group. Of these, 303 (30.7%) patients had pediatric solid tumors. The male-to-female ratio was 1.04, there were no infants (up to 27 days), 6% were infants and toddlers (28 days–23 months), 39% were children (2–11 years), and 55% were adolescents (12–19 years). There were 86% rural patients and 14% urban patients. Most common were central nervous system tumors (25.74%), followed by germ cell tumors (14.52%), primitive neuroectodermal tumor/Ewing sarcoma (13.86%), Wilms' tumor (8.9%), osteosarcoma (6.6%), rhabdomyosarcoma (5.6%), colorectal cancer (5.28%), neuroblastoma (4.9%), and retinoblastoma (2.6%). Outcomes: 33.9% patients went into remission, 35.64% were defaulters, 2.97% had stable disease, 2.31% had partial response, 20.79% expired, and 3.96% were still on treatment. Of all these patients, 5.28% had a relapse. Conclusions: Across the series, advanced stage of presentation, a high incidence of default and poor follow-up was seen. Multiple interrelated factors are responsible for the poorer outlook of childhood cancer in Kashmir.

Published
2017

48. The Impact of Field Trips on Students’ Perspective Towards Physics

Author

Nurul Aimi binti Zakaria, Lili Widarti Zainuddin, Rabiatul Adawiyah Abdul Wahab, and Siti Sumaiyah Sheikh Abdul Aziz

Subjects
General Energy, Health (social science), General Computer Science, General Mathematics, Field (Bourdieu), Perspective (graphical), General Engineering, TRIPS architecture, Engineering ethics, General Environmental Science, Education
Published
2018

49. Entecavir is Safe and Effective in Long Term for the Treatment of Hepatitis B in Immunocompromised Children

Author

Manzoor A. Wani, Jaswinder S. Sodhi, Showkat A. Zargar, Ghulam N. Yatoo, Altaf Shah, Sheikh A. Aziz, Sajad Geelani, Inaamul Haq, Ghulam M. Gulzar, and Mushtaq Khan

Subjects
Hepatitis B virus, medicine.medical_specialty, HBsAg, Chemotherapy, Hepatology, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Entecavir, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Malignancy, Gastroenterology, Internal medicine, medicine, In patient, Original Article, Prospective cohort study, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis B infection is common in patients with cancer, and prompt treatment is necessary; otherwise, it can result in life-threatening complications. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of entecavir in immunocompromised children with hepatitis B. METHODS: This single-center prospective study was conducted on children with different malignancies referred to our department with evidence of hepatitis B infection. Only those children were included in the study who had HBsAg positive and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more than 2 times the upper limit of normal and whose hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was more than 20,000IU/ml. These children were put on entecavir and prospectively observed upto 192 weeks. Primary efficacy end point was the proportion of patients who achieved undetectable HBV DNA at 48 weeks of treatment. Other efficacy end points were the proportion of patients with HBeAg seroconversion, undetectable HBV DNA, and ALT normalization at weeks 48 and 96 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 41 children met the inclusion criteria, of which 5 children died because of malignancy and 5 were lost to follow-up. Mean log DNA was 7.67 at the start which after starting entecavir reduced to 4.1, 2.8, 1.19, 1.09, and 0.84 at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 weeks, respectively (P value

Published
2019

50. Exploring the Use of Digital Games as a Persuasive Tool in Teaching Islamic Knowledge for Muslim Children

Author

Panadda Auyphorn, Madihah Sheikh Abdul Aziz, and Mohd Syarqawy Hamzah

Subjects
General Computer Science, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, Subject (philosophy), 050301 education, Islam, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pleasure, Order (business), Stress (linguistics), Mathematics education, 0210 nano-technology, 0503 education, media_common
Abstract

Various digital games have been developed that focus on providing a sense of enjoyment and excitement for their players in order to be a modern tool for releasing stress or simply for pleasure. In recent years, digital games were also used for teaching and learning. For example, in History subject, games were used for retelling historical stories; at the same time, to preserve the history for the next generation to learn, understand and appreciate. Similarly, Digital games with Islamic values have also been developed to teach Islamic values or knowledge among players, in other words to persuade players to learn or improve their knowledge on Islam. Many designers assumed that games could be used as a persuasive tool to influence players, to learn and understand Islam as a way of life. However, no prior research has been done on the perception of players before and after playing Islamic digital games. To this end, this paper investigates and reports if Islamic Digital Games could persuade gamers to understanding Islam by exploring the use of these games among gamers. A total of 20 school children voluntarily participated in the experiment and the findings are reported in this paper. The study found positive effects on the users’ perception toward playing digital games embedded with Islamic values.

Published
2019

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