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Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic disease affecting ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), characterized by the iceberg phenomena, as many cases are subclinical and underdiagnosed. An early diagnosis is imperative; however, no reliable single test is available, leading to delayed culling. Furthermore, using more than one test increases the rate of positively diagnosed cases. The current study aimed to detect subclinical PTB in dairy cows in El-Minia governorate, Egypt, using ELISA jointly with the detection of MAP by PCR. The positive cases were also subjected to pathological examination to determine whether lesions were present and their severity. A total of 145 cows of different breeds (Baladi, Mixed, and Holestins) and ages were tested by ELISA and PCR. Our results showed that the positive PTB cases detected by ELISA and PCR were 17.24% and 20%, respectively. Holestins have a significantly higher infection rate 31.70% than Baladi and Mixed breeds. In contrast, the native (Baladi) breed has the lowest infection rate 11.47%. Moreover, PTB is more common in cows aging (age ≥ 1.5-

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Heavy metal toxicity is an environmental concern in all areas affected by mining, industrial, and agricultural operations. At high concentrations, heavy metals are lethal to honeybees, but little is known about how different concentrations and doses affect honeybees or whether they will consume contaminated food. We studied the effect of feeding honeybees with a contaminated sucrose solution at two concentrations of 1.5 and 5.00 ppm for both cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on the protein content in the honeybee's body and their survival time. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the control and the heavy metal contamination under examination; it led to a decrease in the percentage of total protein in the bee's body and a decrease in its survival time, and there was a significant correlation between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of different diets on the haemolymph of adult honey bee worker was examined. Four diets were compared for measuring their effect on the different haemocytes types and count of the newly emerged workers bees. Four groups of newly emerged worker bees were fed with one of the following diets in patty form with pollen and pollen substitute, soya bean, cheak pea, yeast. Differential haemocytes counts were evaluated. The types of the haemocytes (plasmocytes —coagulocyte. granulocyte) were recorded, the most abundant types was plasmocytes cells over 42% followed by coagulocyte 33% and granulocytes24%. The highest total haemocytes count was 1345 cell for pollen, while the lowest total was 931.66 cells for pollen substitute, the examined pollen substitute caused decreased of total haemocytes count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new acylated avicularin, namely avicularin 2''-(4'''-O-n-pentanoyl)-gallate (1) along with 12 metabolites have been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts of Jussiaea repens L. (Onagraceae). Their structures were established as trifolin 2''-O-gallate (2), quercetrin (3), guaijaverin (4), reynoutrin (5), juglanin (6), avicularin (7), hyperin (8), trifolin (9), hyperin 2''-O-gallate (10), rutin (11), kaempferol (12) and quercetin (13) on the basis of their chromatographic properties, chemical and spectroscopic evidences. The investigated ethyl acetate extract was found to be non-toxic (LD50 up to the maximum soluble dose 4 g kg-1 body wt.) and had significant antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. Also some of the isolated flavonoids showed cytotoxic activity against Ehrlich ascitis carcinoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction of 2-formyl-4 H-thieno[2,3- b][1]benzothiopyran-4-one ( 1) with different heterocyclic amines afforded the corresponding Schiff's bases ( 2-4). Diethyl malonate, ethyl cyanoacetate and malononitrile were reacted with 1 to afford compounds 5, 7 and 8, respectively. Compound 5 was cyclized to the pyrazolidin-3,4-dione ( 6) by the action of hydrazine hydrate, whereas compound 7 was utilized for the synthesis of the thiazolin-4-one derivatives ( 9-13). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Michael Essandoh, MD reports a relationship with Boston Scientific that includes: consulting or advisory. Michael Essandoh, MD reports a relationship with S4 Medical Corporations that includes: consulting or advisory. John Hummel, MD reports a relationship with Biosense Webster Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. John Hummel, MD reports a relationship with Abbott that includes: consulting or advisory. John Hummel, MD reports a relationship with Medtronic that includes: consulting or advisory. Co-author Michael Essandoh, MD also on the editorial board for Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The remaining authors have no potential conflicts to declare.

For decades, chronic pain was managed with an almost conventional approach of using a wide range of analgesic spectrum, surgical approaches and complex interventional pain techniques to modulate or even interrupt pain pathways. These different approaches carry many pharmacological hazards together with the lack of efficacy and safety of many interventional and surgical management techniques for chronic pain have mandated searching for other effective therapies including alternative treatments. Cannabinoids are naturally occurring substances that are derived from Cannabis sativa L. The usage of cannabinoids and their related synthetic chemical compounds has emerged as a choice in the management of different chronic pain conditions is being evaluated, however, the efficacy is still not consistently established. In the present investigation, therefore, we discuss the different aspects related to cannabinoids and their implications in the management of chronic pain conditions. This review will also discuss the safety profile of the cannabinoids together with the legal considerations that hinder their use in different countries.

Glottic closure insufficiency increases the risk of aspiration and pneumonia, particularly in the elderly. Medialization thyroplasty is an open surgical procedure for treating glottic incompetency by approximating both vocal folds. The vocal fold medialization is achieved by inserting an implant to bring the nonmobile fold to the unaffected side. Lung isolation in patients with vocal cord implantation poses a unique challenge. Understanding the risks of different modalities of lung isolation and their impacts on the vocal cord implant is crucial to implementing a specifically tailored plan. Preoperative bronchoscopy, intraoperative video laryngoscopy, and bronchoscopy are ideal methods for assessing the vocal fold implants and guiding the lung isolation technique. Bronchial blocker through a single-lumen endotracheal tube may be the preferred choice to avoid the injury of the stretched vocal cords and dislodgement of the implant by a larger diameter double-lumen tube., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose regarding funding and research support, employment, personal financial interest, patents, and consultation fees within the last five years. One of the authors (Behrooz Zaman) is one of the reviewers of this journal. Based on journal policy, this author was completely excluded from any review of this article., (Copyright © 2022, Author(s).)

Depression is a leading cause of disability globally, with a prevalence of 3.8% among the whole population, 5% of the adult population, and 5.7% of the elderly population over 60 years of age. There is evidence that depression is linked to certain neurodegenerative diseases, one being Alzheimer's disease (AD). The efficacy of conventional antidepressants to treat depression in AD is conflicting, especially regarding selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). A recent systemic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomized controlled trials including fourteen antidepressant medications showed no high efficacy in treating AD patients' symptoms. However, ketamine, a nonselective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, can mediate a wide range of pharmacological effects, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, multimodal analgesia, and treatment of depression, suicidal attempts, and status epilepticus. Esketamine, which is ketamine formulated as a nasal spray, was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2019 as an adjuvant drug to treat treatment-resistant depression. NMDA receptor antagonists treat AD through offsetting AD-related pathological stimulation of subtypes of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. Recent clinical findings suggest that ketamine may provide neuroprotection and reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with AD. In the present investigation, we evaluate the potential role of ketamine and its postulated mechanism in AD management.

Patient safety advocacy involves avoiding, preventing, and amelioration of adverse outcomes or injuries caused by the process of healthcare rather than a patient's underlying medical illness. Intraoperative hypotension (IOH), a common morbid event, reduces perfusion to critical organs and tissues and has a wide incidence, depending on how it is defined. IOH has adverse intraoperative and postoperative consequences, which make its prevention important to improve patient outcomes. Certain populations have even greater consequences related to IOH, and clinicians must understand these risks. In this narrative review, we examine the risk of intraoperative hypotension in the oncological patient population., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021, Author(s).)