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This paper presents a novel microstrip patch antenna design using slots and parasitic strips to operate at the n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz)/n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) band of sub-6 GHz and n96 (5.9–7.1 GHz) band of sub-7 GHz under 5G New Radio. The proposed antenna is simulated and fabricated using an FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3 and copper of 0.035 mm thickness for the ground and radiating planes. A conventional patch antenna with a slot is also designed and fabricated for comparison. A comprehensive analysis of both designs is carried out to prove the superiority of the proposed antenna over conventional dual-band patch antennas. The proposed antenna achieves a wider bandwidth of 160 MHz at 3.45 GHz and 220 MHz at 5.9 GHz, with gains of 3.83 dBi and 0.576 dBi, respectively, compared to the conventional patch antenna with gains of 2.83 dBi and 0.1 dBi at the two frequencies. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of the parasitic strip’s width and length on antenna performance. The results of this study have significant implications for the deployment of high-gain compact patch antennas for sub-6 GHz and sub-7 GHz 5G wireless communications and demonstrate the potential of the proposed design to enhance performance and efficiency in these frequency bands.

Miniaturization of wireless systems empowered the use of the textile antenna for various purposes and has become one of the fastest developing technology in the world today. In general, textile antennas are microstrip antenna where the substrate is a textile material. Commercially, a variety of textile materials available these days, and the properties of these textiles have an impact on the characteristics and performance of an antenna. Normally, textile materials present a very low dielectric constant which is required for an efficient antenna. Nevertheless, textile fabrics are porous, anisotropic, and compressible materials whose thickness and density alters with low pressure affecting the electromagnetic properties of the material. The features of the textile materials were believed to impact the behavior of the antenna, hence this study shows minimal research highlighted on the differences of textile material properties. This review paper summarizes different types of antenna with their applications, essential antenna parameters, and the textile material used for the construction of the wearable textile antenna. This literature review guides to reveal the various considerations for designing wearable antenna from different textile materials. Lastly, several open recommendations are given for further guidance for future studies.

International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020) is focused on creating a mobile ecosystem with a reasonable price and user friendly. With these reasons, the need for a communications framework that could be deployed at an affordable cost, compact and ease of mobility brought forward the concept of wearable technology. Wearable devices such as textile antennas are being developed with the potential to track, notify and demand attention where hospital emergencies are necessary. However, conventional antenna designs have a rigid structure, limited bandwidth, costly metallization and lack effectiveness. Therefore, in this paper, a simulation of a textile wearable antenna using 100% polyester as a substrate is designed for a wireless application at 2.4 GHz frequency. The antenna performance is observed in terms of reflection coefficient, bandwidth, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), gain and radiation pattern along with a thinner substrate compared to previous works to justify the validity of the current design proposed. The research paper has many possibilities for the future and could assist with when designing and manufacturing flexible and comfortable wearable devices for everyday use.

In this paper, a 3.5 GHz microstrip patch antenna using three different substrates materials with varying relative permittivity have been designed. However, the thickness of the substrates are slightly different from each other which is 1.6 mm for FR-4, 1.575 mm for RT-5880 and 1.58 mm for TLC-30 have been chosen to carry out this work. The three substrates materials are FR-4 (Design-1), RT-5880 (Design-2), and TLC-30 (Design-3) with the relative permittivity of 4.3, 2.2, and 3, respectively. The antennas' performances in terms of reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), bandwidth, gain, and efficiency performance is simulated, analyzed and compared using CST Microwave studio (CST 2019). The findings reveal that there is a significant change in gain and bandwidth due to different relative permittivity and the thickness value of the substrate materials. The gains achieved were at 3.338 dB, 4.660 dB, and 5.083 dB for Design-1, Design-2 and Design-3 respectively. The efficiency of the antennas also showed that TLC-30 gave the best efficiency at 75.70% when compared to FR-4 which was at 60.13% and RT-5880 which was at 61.51% efficiency. All the proposed antennas have a bandwidth above 100 MHz where Design-1 had a bandwidth of 247.1 MHz whilst Design-2 had a bandwidth of 129.7 MHz and finally, Design-3 had a bandwidth of 177.2 MHz.

In this paper, a compact microstrip patch antenna for 5G Millimeter wave technology has been proposed. By developing wide bandwidth characteristics, long ranges of data transfer are covered with better quality of signal transmission in 5G communication system. Modification of antenna element; patch width structured has influenced the frequency bandwidth. The design, analysis and optimization of the proposed work along with parametric analysis were performed using CST Microwave Studio. A microstrip patch antenna has been designed with high bandwidth millimeter wave, compact dimension, consistent radiation patterns and relatively higher gain at 28 GHz (mm-wave) band. FR-4 substrate has been employed in this work with a dielectric constant value of 4.3, thickness value of 1.6 mm and loss tangent value of 0.025.The proposed antenna has achieved high bandwidth which is 14.674 GHz with a reflection coefficient of -40.14 dB, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) value of 1.1098 dB and maximum gain of 5.29 dB with high directivity of 7.465 dBi. The antenna results of this work proved to be useful in fulfilling the requirements of wider bandwidth and higher gain particularly at 28 GHz for 5G applications.