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In this paper, we study mixed alphabet codes over two alphabets Z 2 , and its extension Z 2 [ u ] = Z 2 + u Z 2 , u 2 = 0. We define new Gray maps, using which we study cyclic codes and obtain the properties of their generators. Further, we construct constacyclic codes, and linear codes, and observe the useful properties of their generators. Finally, we present some examples of cyclic codes and binary linear codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Background: Omitting breakfast occurs when you don't eat it at least three times a week. Eating breakfast is recommended as part of a balanced diet since it is linked to getting enough macro and micronutrients and keeping your body mass index where it should be. Material and Methods: The study was an observational one done at the Department of Physiology, Father Colombo Institute of Medical Sciences, Warangal, Telangana, India. The Physiology lab was responsible for recording physiological indicators, conducting clinical examinations, and conducting mental tasks. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after eating in the Department of Physiology. Research was performed from June 2023 to November 2023. Results: We found that among the people who admitted to skipping breakfast at random, more women than men participated. Numerous studies have found that men and women eat breakfast differently. Our research confirms that women are more likely than males to forgo breakfast. Girls may be more likely to skip breakfast than boys because of the widespread belief that doing so will help them lose weight. This finding suggests that efforts to improve breakfast consumption should concentrate on women. Conclusion: Skipping breakfast is connected with poor performance in the digit span task. Blood sugar levels were found to be inversely related to the number of hours spent sleeping. In breakfast skippers, a low blood sugar level was correlated with poor performance on a digit span test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common form of chronic systemic inflammatory arthritis. Research participants with a recent diagnosis of RA will have their cardiovascular autonomic functioning assessed by measuring their resting heart rate variability. Materials & Methods: The present study was a case-control investigation undertaken at the Neurophysiology laboratory, specifically within the Department of Physiology, GMC Siddipet, Telangana, India. The study was conducted from June 2022 to May 2023. A total of 20 individuals who had just received a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis were selected for participation in this study. These individuals were recruited from the Rheumatology outpatient department at the GMC Siddipet, Telangana, India. Result: In RA patients, the heart rate and systolic blood pressure were higher. Patients with RA had significantly lower SDNN, SDSD, RMSSD, NN50, LF and HF power in nu and total power than healthy controls. Seropositive patients had higher LF power in the normalized unit than seronegative individuals. When compared to seronegative patients, the LF/HF ratio rose in seropositive patients. Seropositive participants had lower HF power in the normalized unit than seronegative subjects did. We also noticed that the study group had higher RF, CRP, and platelet counts, which were related to higher sympathovagal imbalance. This shows how significant these factors are in the development of cardiovascular risk in RA patients. Conclusion: The standard basic investigation of RA can include the straightforward, noninvasive resting HRV analysis. Regular evaluation of the biomarker's platelet count, CRP and RF may aid in the early detection of cardiovascular complications in RA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: A survey was conducted to analyze the prevalence and incidence of dental anomalies in relation to maxillary lateral incisors in the Odisha population. A multidisciplinary approach for aesthetic management of a geminated tooth is described. Material and Methods: A total of 1062 subject, aged between 15- 30 years (724 males and 338 Females) were randomly screened at Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India. Each subject was examined clinically and radiovisuographically for dental anomalies in relation to maxillary lateral incisors. In the related case described, endodontic management and aesthetic correction of geminated maxillary lateral incisors was done. Results: Five dental anomalies i.e. gemination, fusion, missing lateral incisors (both unilateral and bilateral), peg shaped incisors (unilateral and bilateral), and dens in dente were observed. Anomalies found were Peg shaped; 2.82%, Missing;1.88%, Gemination;0.28%, Fusion;0.18% and Dens in Dente;0.18%. Conclusion: Comparison of these results with that of other studies indicated that anomalies in lateral incisors occur at different frequencies among various countries and communities in the world. In the case since maxillary lateral incisors are in the aesthetic zone, recognizing these anomalies will facilitate a successful treatment.

Aim: To determine the prevalence and frequency of rubber dam usage for endodontic procedures among general practitioners, specialized practitioners, undergraduate final year students and Endodontists in the state of Odisha, India. Methodology: A pre-piloted questionnaire was distributed among 737 subjects. Dentists and final year students were surveyed in relation to their prevalence of rubber dam usage. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square/Fisher Exact tests have been used to find the significance of study parameters on categorical scale between two or more groups. Results: Overall response rate was 71%. While about 94% of the subjects knew the use of rubber dam, 30% have used it for root canal cases and 23% use them for all cases of root canal treatment. Use of rubber dam was 15.4% in paediatric patients and 34.4% in adult patients. 68% of subjects received knowledge about rubber dam usage in undergraduate school. 75% felt that rubber dam should be compulsory before endodontic treatment & 90% were willing to gain knowledge through training and continuing dental education programs. Conclusion: Whilst rubber dam is used frequently for root canal treatment than operative treatment, in the present survey there is a low prevalence of its usage during endodontic therapy. This presents quality issues, as well as medico-legal and safety concerns for the professional and patients alike. Greater emphasis should be placed on the advantages of using rubber dam in clinical dentistry at dental school and through continuing dental education for practitioners to update their knowledge.

Hyperglycemia induces a higher rate of activation pathways responsible for inflammation which leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications, oxidative stress as well as apoptosis. In the pathological manifestation of hyperglycemic events, a raised level of inflammatory markers such as: IL6, TNF-α and C-reactive protein occurs which in turn promotes acute-phase of inflammation leading to signaling impairment of insulin function and insulin resistance. On the other hand, enhanced systemic inflammation due to periodontal diseases mediated by the release of IL-6 and TNF-α happens when associated with hyperglycemia. This review article deals with assessment on hyperglycemia and its correlation to dental pathologies with special reference to periodontitis and vice versa. Studies show that the paradigm shift in the oral microbiota due to hyperglycemic condition resulting in the increase in the pathogenicity of associated pathogenic microbes which results in increased inflammation and bone loss in periodontal pathologies. The extensive studies about the association between inflammatory periodontal disease and diabetes show the cyclic relationship between the two. Diabetes predisposes the individual to periodontal infections and also the later exacerbates or worsens the glycemic control in diabetic patients. Routine periodontal examination provides an insight for the early diagnosis of diabetes in undiagnosed patients and may reduce the worsening of metabolic control thereby preventing serious complications. Also the oral health of diabetic patients may be improved and well maintained with proper management of blood glucose levels. Although there are evidences in literature to establish correlation between Diabetes Mellitus associated with periodontitis and vice versa, still the outcomes are not conclusive. Therefore large-scale prospective epidemiological analysis are the only sought after approach to clearly bring in the connectivity between Diabetes and Periodontal disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most common consequences of trauma is the crown fracture, mainly maxillary anterior tooth due to its forward positioning in the arch. Understanding the outcome of the planned treatment gives an idea regarding the prognosis of that particular treatment. Various options are available for the treatment of fractured tooth. Among all reattachment of fractured coronal segment to that tooth provides instant esthetic, as it restores the original form, colour, contour, surface texture and also gives a psychological comfort to the patient. This clinical case report focuses on the successful reattachment of two fractured coronal crowns using glass-fibre reinforced composite post. Since, both of the fractured teeth were of complex type, endodontic treatment was performed for both of the cases. At the end, a natural-looking restoration is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review was designed to answer the following question: Does chitosan provide better smear layer removal and antimicrobial efficacy than other root canal irrigants? A literature search was done using electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCO host, Grey Literature Report, and Open Grey from inception to June 18, 2024. The reference lists of included articles were also hand-searched. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies' eligibility based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed data extraction. Two reviewers independently evaluated the risk of bias in the selected studies. The search retrieved 2330 studies. After analysis, 36 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included, with 19 involving smear layer removal, 16 involving antibacterial efficacy, and 1 involving both. The overall risk of bias of the included studies was medium. Chitosan removed the smear layer more effectively than citric acid and acetic acid, similar to MTAD and Qmix, with conflicting results against EDTA. In addition, chitosan demonstrated comparable antibacterial efficacy to chlorhexidine, propolis, and photodynamic therapy but was less effective than sodium hypochlorite. Based on available evidence, it was found that chitosan provided better smear layer removal and antimicrobial efficacy than most root canal irrigants compared in this systematic review. There was substantial heterogeneity in the methodology of included studies. As a result, this review highly recommends further research using standardized methods to assess the effectiveness of chitosan as a root canal irrigant in in-vitro studies to validate its clinical use., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Society of The Nippon Dental University.)

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of eye dominance on color perception, and shade matching., Materials and Methods: A total of 104 participants were selected for the study. There were 3 groups: Group I: 3rd and 4th year dental students and interns ( n = 40); Group II: postgraduates ( n = 34); Group III: senior residents and faculty members (≥ 6 years of clinical experience) ( n = 30). All participants were evaluated for congenital color blindness with Ishihara plates, their dominant eye with Mile's test, and their color perception with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test. The shade guide test was used for shade matching with a second corresponding set of Vitapan classical shade guides., Results: The results of Mile's test revealed that 60.6% were right-eye dominant and 39.4% were left-eye dominant. There was a statistically significant difference among all participants between the dominant eye and the non-dominant eye in shade matching., Conclusions: The dominant eye has a positive effect on shade matching and the ability to match shades becomes better with an increase in clinical experience., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2023. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.)

Aim: The aim was (1) to study the cytotoxicity of novel Bioactive Caries-detecting Dye solution (BCD) and its antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans , Lactobacillus acidophilus , Actinomyces naeslundii , and Candida albicans and (2) comparative assessment of BCD and Carie-Care for efficient removal of caries (stereomicroscope) and dentin tubule occlusion (scanning electron microscope [SEM])., Materials and Methods: For BCD cytotoxic study (direct contact method), colorimetric MTT assay, and cell line study(L929 mouse fibroblast NCTC clone 929 strain L) was performed. Xenetix 350, chitosan, nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), BCD, and Carie-Care solutions were subjected to the antimicrobial activity through blood agar well diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. On 20 extracted human carious teeth a comparative pilot study was done for BCD (Group A, n = 10) and Carie-Care (Group B, n = 10), and evaluated visually and radiographically. After mechanical excavation of caries with a spoon excavator, teeth sectioned longitudinally and stereomicroscopically were evaluated (8x-40x) by two observers. The percentage of dentinal tubule occlusion was evaluated with SEM for both solutions. Statistical kappa analysis of agreement was 0.7-0.8 ( P < 0.01). Mann-Whitney test ranks and Wilcoxon signed-rank test ( P = 0.01) were applied., Results: Cytotoxicity test revealed BCD to be nontoxic and biocompatible. Antimicrobial tests (zone of inhibition) showed BCD > chitosan > chlorhexidine > Carie-Care > Xenetix 350 > nHA. MIC and MBC values suggested chlorhexidine > BCD > Carie-Care. Stereomicroscopic analysis showed effective mechanical removal of caries in BCD without residual dye in the dentinal tubules as compared to Carie-Care. Dentinal tubule occlusion (SEM analysis) was 80%-85% for BCD and 10% for Carie-Care., Conclusions: Profound synergistic effect for BCD was observed with advantage of radiographic assessment., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Conservative Dentistry.)

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the antifungal efficacy of three endodontic sealers (AH Plus, Apexit Plus, and MTA Fillapex) with and without the incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles against Candida albicans., Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer method. C. albicans were cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates. Filter papers ( n = 10) were placed in the cultured Petri dishes and the sealers were mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions and placed on the top of the filter papers. Group division of sealers is as follows: Group I - AH Plus, Group II - Apexit Plus, and Group III - MTA Fillapex. Group IC, Group IIC, and Group IIIC were the addition of 2% chitosan nanoparticles with respective sealers. Plates were incubated for 18 h, and the zone of inhibition was measured with a measuring scale and values (in millimeter) were recorded. Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc multiple pair-wise comparisons., Results: All the tested groups showed statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05) from each other. Two percent chitosan-incorporated groups showed superior zone of inhibition compared to sealers used alone. Group IC (16.35 ± 0.71 mm) had the highest zone of inhibition followed by Group I (13.8 ± 0.86 mm). For the remaining groups, the zone of inhibition was in the following order: Group IIC > Group II > Group IIIC > Group III., Conclusion: AH Plus sealer mixed with 2% chitosan showed significantly higher antifungal property. Mixing of 2% chitosan with endodontic sealer provides an added advantage so that endodontic re-infections can be minimized and will be helpful in retreatment cases., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Conservative Dentistry.)

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the intensity of pain after unintentional extrusion of resin-based and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH] 2 )-based endodontic sealers as well as their influence on the periradicular tissues., Materials and Methods: A total of 120 single-rooted teeth exhibiting extrusion of sealer in the postoperative radiographs were included in the study. According to the sealers used, the teeth were divided into four groups ( n = 30): Group I - AH Plus ® , Group II - Resino Seal, Group III - Sealapex™, and Group IV - Apexit ® Plus. Postoperative pain was assessed at 0-6 h, 6-12 h, 12-24 h, and 24-48 h of obturation using Visual Analog Scale. Radiographs were taken at 3, 6, and ≥9 months to 1-year follow-up and compared with baseline radiographs to assess the dissolution of extruded sealers and healing of periradicular tissues., Statistical Analysis: ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson's Chi-square test were used. Statistical significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05., Results: Postoperative pain intensity was higher in case of AH Plus ® sealer followed by Sealapex™ up to 12 h of obturation and was statistically nonsignificant. Apexit ® Plus at all time intervals showed statistically significant less pain intensity than AH Plus ® and Sealapex™ but not from Resino Seal group. At 9-month follow-up, better healing of periradicular tissues was shown by AH Plus ® (48.1%) followed by Apexit ® Plus (44.4%) and Sealapex™ (41.2%) with statistically nonsignificant difference., Conclusion: In case of periapical extrusion, both resin-based and Ca(OH) 2 -based sealers caused postoperative pain. Both Ca(OH) 2 - and resin-based sealers did not influence the treatment outcome., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a sudden short sharp pain best explained by hydrodynamic theory. Several agents are available throughout the market that can treat DH either by blocking the nerves that helps in conducting pain or by blocking the open dentinal tubules. The aim of the present study was to compare the tubule occluding efficacy of four different desensitizing dentifrices under scanning electron microscope (SEM)., Materials and Methods: Sixty-two dentin blocks measuring 5 mm × 5 mm × 3 mm were obtained from extracted human molar teeth and were randomly divided into five groups: Group 1 - no treatment (control, n = 2); Group 2 - Pepsodent Pro-sensitive relief and repair ( n = 15); Group 3 - Sensodyne repair and protect ( n = 15); Group 4 - Remin Pro ( n = 15); Group 5 - Test toothpaste containing 15% nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) crystals ( n = 15). The specimens were brushed for 2 min/day for 14 days and stored in artificial saliva. After final brushing, specimens were gold sputtered and viewed under SEM at ×2000 magnification. Results obtained were statistically analyzed using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and least significant difference post hoc test., Results: All test groups showed significant increase in dentin tubule occlusion as compared to control group. The highest percentage of tubules occluded was shown by Group 4 and Group 5 which was significantly different from other groups ( P ≤ 0.05), and there was no significant difference in tubule occlusion among them., Conclusion: Newer desensitizing dentifrices containing 15% n-HA and Remin Pro can provide effective tubule occlusion and thereby reduce the pain and discomfort caused by DH., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Nanotechnology is emerging as an interdisciplinary field that is undergoing rapid development and has brought about enormous changes in medicine and dentistry. Nanomaterial-based design is able to mimic some of the mechanical and structural properties of native tissue and can promote biointegration. Nanotechnology has various applications in dentistry, including dentition renaturalization, therapy for dentin hypersensitivity, complete orthodontic realignment in a single visit, covalently bonding diamondized enamel, enhancing properties of root canal sealers, and continuous oral health maintenance using mechanical dentifrobots. A range of synthetic nanoparticles such as hydroxyapatite, bioglass, titanium, zirconia, and silver nanoparticles are proposed for dental restoration. This review focuses on the developments in the field of nanomaterials in dentistry in the form of tissue regeneration materials, implantable devices, nanocomposites, endodontic sealers etc. and issues of patient safety.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of three different pastes containing 5% NovaMin, 8% arginine, and 15% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HA) respectively in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DH)., Materials and Methods: A 4 weeks study was conducted on 45 adult patients with cervical abrasions leading to hypersensitivity of two or more teeth anterior to molars. Patients were divided into three toothpaste groups. Group I: 5% NovaMin, Group II: 8% arginine, Group III: 15% n-HA. Sensitivity was assessed at baseline, immediately after application and after 1-week and 4 weeks. Tactile stimuli response using a visual analog scale and standard cold air blast using Schiff cold air sensitivity scale were used to compare the efficacies of toothpastes after a single application., Statistical Analysis: Two-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey test were used and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: Visual analog scale analysis: Group III and Group II showed statistically significant reduction in DH at all-time intervals when compared with Group I. In SCA analysis there is no statistically significant difference between Group II and Group III immediately after application., Conclusion: Toothpaste containing 15% n-HA was found to be most effective in reduction of DH after a single application up to a period of 4 weeks followed by 8% arginine and 5% NovaMin toothpastes.

Background: The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to compare the effect of the administration of preoperative ibuprofen, ketorolac, combination of etodolac with paracetamol and combination of aceclofenac with paracetamol versus placebo for the potential increased effectiveness of the inferior alveolar nerve block [IANB] anesthesia., Materials and Methods: A total of 100 endodontic emergency patients in moderate to severe pain diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular posterior tooth randomly received, in a double-blind manner, either a drug or placebo 30 minutes before the administration of a conventional IANB. Cold testing was done before administration of anesthesia to determine level of pain using Heft-Parker Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score. Success was defined as no pain or pain (VAS) on access or initial instrumentation., Results: Overall success was 54% for all the groups. Success was highest (70%) for the ketorolac group, 55% for both ibuprofen group and combination of aceclofenac with paracetamol group, 50% for combination of etodolac with paracetamol group, and 40% for the placebo group., Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, the use of preoperative medication did improve the anesthetic efficacy of IANB for the treatment of teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis but not significantly.