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5. An Approach for Theft Detection and Alerting System

Author

Manujakshi, B. C., Ramesh, K. B., Garg, Lalit, Shashidhar, T. M., Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Garg, Lalit, editor, Sisodia, Dilip Singh, editor, Kesswani, Nishtha, editor, Vella, Joseph G, editor, Brigui, Imene, editor, Xuereb, Peter, editor, Misra, Sanjay, editor, and Singh, Deepak, editor

Published
2023
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6. Simulation of Internet of Things Network for Big Data Analytics

Author

Manujakshi, B. C., Ramesh, K. B., Garg, Lalit, Shashidhar, T. M., Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Garg, Lalit, editor, Sisodia, Dilip Singh, editor, Kesswani, Nishtha, editor, Vella, Joseph G, editor, Brigui, Imene, editor, Xuereb, Peter, editor, Misra, Sanjay, editor, and Singh, Deepak, editor

Published
2023
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10. FARIP: Framework for Artifact Removal for Image Processing Using JPEG

Author

Shashidhar, T. M., Ramesh, K. B., Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, and Silhavy, Radek, editor

Published
2019
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15. Pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers

Author

Wilkinson, JL, Boxall, ABA, Kolpin, DW, Leung, KMY, Lai, RWS, Galban-Malag, C, Adell, AD, Mondon, Julie, Metian, M, Marchant, RA, Bouzas-Monroy, A, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Coors, A, Carriquiriborde, P, Rojo, M, Gordon, C, Cara, M, Moermond, M, Luarte, T, Petrosyan, V, Perikhanyan, Y, Mahon, CS, McGurk, CJ, Hofmann, T, Kormoker, T, Iniguez, V, Guzman-Otazo, J, Tavares, JL, de Figueiredo, FG, Razzolini, MTP, Dougnon, V, Gbaguidi, G, Traore, O, Blais, JM, Kimpe, LE, Wong, M, Wong, D, Ntchantcho, R, Pizarro, J, Ying, GG, Chen, CE, Paez, M, Martınez-Lara, J, Otamonga, JP, Pote, J, Ifo, SA, Wilson, P, Echeverrıa-Saenz, S, Udikovic-Kolic, N, Milakovic, M, Fatta-Kassinos, D, Ioannou-Ttofa, L, Belusova, V, Vymazal, J, Cardenas-Bustamante, M, Kassa, BA, Garric, J, Chaumot, A, Gibba, P, Kunchulia, I, Seidensticker, S, Lyberatos, G, Halldorsson, HP, Melling, M, Shashidhar, T, Lamba, M, Nastiti, A, Supriatin, A, Pourang, N, Abedini, A, Abdullah, O, Gharbia, SS, Pilla, F, Chefetz, B, Topaz, T, Yao, KM, Aubakirova, B, Beisenova, R, Olaka, L, Mulu, JK, Chatanga, P, Ntuli, V, Blama, NT, Sherif, S, Aris, AZ, Looi, LJ, Niang, M, Traore, ST, Oldenkamp, R, Ogunbanwo, O, Ashfaq, M, Iqbal, M, Abdeen, Z, O'Dea, A, Morales-Saldaña, JM, Custodio, M, de la Cruz, H, Navarrete, I, Carvalho, F, Gogra, AB, Wilkinson, JL, Boxall, ABA, Kolpin, DW, Leung, KMY, Lai, RWS, Galban-Malag, C, Adell, AD, Mondon, Julie, Metian, M, Marchant, RA, Bouzas-Monroy, A, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Coors, A, Carriquiriborde, P, Rojo, M, Gordon, C, Cara, M, Moermond, M, Luarte, T, Petrosyan, V, Perikhanyan, Y, Mahon, CS, McGurk, CJ, Hofmann, T, Kormoker, T, Iniguez, V, Guzman-Otazo, J, Tavares, JL, de Figueiredo, FG, Razzolini, MTP, Dougnon, V, Gbaguidi, G, Traore, O, Blais, JM, Kimpe, LE, Wong, M, Wong, D, Ntchantcho, R, Pizarro, J, Ying, GG, Chen, CE, Paez, M, Martınez-Lara, J, Otamonga, JP, Pote, J, Ifo, SA, Wilson, P, Echeverrıa-Saenz, S, Udikovic-Kolic, N, Milakovic, M, Fatta-Kassinos, D, Ioannou-Ttofa, L, Belusova, V, Vymazal, J, Cardenas-Bustamante, M, Kassa, BA, Garric, J, Chaumot, A, Gibba, P, Kunchulia, I, Seidensticker, S, Lyberatos, G, Halldorsson, HP, Melling, M, Shashidhar, T, Lamba, M, Nastiti, A, Supriatin, A, Pourang, N, Abedini, A, Abdullah, O, Gharbia, SS, Pilla, F, Chefetz, B, Topaz, T, Yao, KM, Aubakirova, B, Beisenova, R, Olaka, L, Mulu, JK, Chatanga, P, Ntuli, V, Blama, NT, Sherif, S, Aris, AZ, Looi, LJ, Niang, M, Traore, ST, Oldenkamp, R, Ogunbanwo, O, Ashfaq, M, Iqbal, M, Abdeen, Z, O'Dea, A, Morales-Saldaña, JM, Custodio, M, de la Cruz, H, Navarrete, I, Carvalho, F, and Gogra, AB

Abstract

Significance Despite growing evidence of the deleterious effects on ecological and human health, little is known regarding the global occurrence of pharmaceuticals in rivers. Studies assessing their occurrence are available for 75 of 196 countries, with most research conducted in North America and Western Europe. This leaves large geographical regions relatively unstudied. Here, we present the findings of a global reconnaissance of pharmaceutical pollution in rivers. The study monitored 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries of all continents, thus representing the pharmaceutical fingerprint of 471.4 million people. We show that the presence of these contaminants in surface water poses a threat to environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations globally.

Published
2022

23. Enhanced biogeogenic controls on dichromate speciation in subsoil containment

Author

Shashidhar T and Sangeetha Cj

Subjects
Chromium, Bioaugmentation, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, 0211 other engineering and technologies, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Bacterial growth, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Groundwater, Soil Microbiology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Bacteria, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, Human decontamination, Contamination, Pollution, Soil contamination, Speciation, Biodegradation, Environmental, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Microcosm, Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract

In general, lab-based Cr (VI) reduction studies do not often corroborate the prevailing biogeochemical controls for on-site pollution abatement. To promulgate its importance, herein, we investigate the existing biogeogenic parameters of a contaminated site to attenuate the underground Cr (VI) toxicity. This study significantly assesses the speciation of dichromate by biogenic agents that are inherent and self-sustaining to treat the contaminated soil. Herein, a group of bacteria exposed to high concentrations of chromium (≥3500 mg/L) plays a vital role as an enhanced biogeogenic control for the detoxification of toxic Cr (VI). All identified bacteria were screened based on their ability to differentiate from extracellular speciation and harvested in a Cr (VI)-enriched molasses to achieve dichromate concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/L in 168 h. Under low O2 condition, the bacterial growth rate and doubling time were monitored to establish the half-life period of Cr (VI) for adequate containment treatment. Furthermore, to understand the soil decontamination, Cr (VI) reactive transport was demonstrated to facilitate the contaminant reduction under both saturated and unsaturated groundwater conditions. Herein, Cr (VI) speciation to Cr (III) by the influence of abiogenic factors are unlikely or less probable as studied in existing geogenic conditions. Moreover, the evidence of biogenic reduction of Cr (VI) in microcosm suggests its effectiveness in enhanced detoxification of Cr (VI) up to ≤ 0.1 mg/L, within the reaction period of 144 h and 192 h, for saturated and unsaturated flow conditions, respectively.

Published
2020

24. Seed and yield parameters as influenced by season and plant growth regulators in dolichos bean [Lablab purpureus L. (Sweet)].

Author

Pramoda, Sajjan, Ashok S., Malabasari, T. A., and Shashidhar, T. R.

Subjects
SEED yield, PLANT regulators, PLANT yields, CROP growth, BEANS, SEED pods, FAVA bean
Abstract

Field experiments were conducted in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during 2016-17. The field experiment consisted of 18 treatment combinations involving two seasons viz., kharif 2016 and rabi 2016-17 and plant growth regulators viz., G1: Control, G2: GA3 @ 50 ppm, G3: NAA @ 40 ppm, G4: Cycocel @ 100 ppm, G5: Mepiquat chloride @ 50 ppm, G6: Nitrobenzene @ 200 ppm, G7: TIBA @ 50 ppm, G8: Brassinosteroids @ 200 ppm, G9: GA3 @ 5 ppm + IAA @ 5 ppm and experiment was laid out in Factorial RBD with three replications. The more number of pods per plant (117.19), number of seeds per pod (4.25), dry pod yield per plant (118.53 g), dry pod yield per plot (2.07 kg), seed yield per plant (114.48 g), pod length (5.66 cm), seed yield per plot (2.32 kg), seed yield per hectare (1,281 kg) was recorded in rabi season than kharif. Among the plant growth regulators more number of pods per plant (120.44), number of seeds per pod (4.44), dry pod yield per plant (120.17 g), dry pod yield per plot (2.21 kg), seed yield per plant (117.60 g), seed yield per plot (2.55 kg), seed yield per hectare (1,360 kg) and pod length (6.04 cm) was recorded in NAA @ 40 ppm, followed by nitrobenzene @ 200 ppm, (119.78, 4.35, 119.54, 2.11, 116.76, 2.42, 1,299 kg and 5.93 cm, respectively). The interaction effect was found to be non-significant for majority of the characters studied. However, foliar spray of NAA @ 40 ppm during rabi season recorded higher crop growth, seed yield and quality parameters as compared to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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30. An epidemiological study of female pattern hair loss at a referral centre in South India

Author

Shilpashree P Ravikiran, Shashidhar T, and Clarify Syrti

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, business.industry, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, medicine.anatomical_structure, Hair loss, Scalp, Epidemiology, medicine, Age of onset, Risk factor, Family history, medicine.symptom, business, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Back ground and Objectives: Female pattern hair loss (FPHL), also called as female androgenic alopecia, is one of the common causes of diffuse hair loss in women, characterized by widened midline part in the front of the scalp. Studies have revealed that the FPHL is more common than previously thought and the data pertaining to the same is lacking in the Indian literature. The present study was undertaken to extrapolate the demographic variables and clinical features of FPHL and also to identify the possible risk factors associated with it. Material and Methods: This study was done at our department, involving 100 women with FPHL. Details pertaining to the epidemiological variables, clinical features and risk factors were noted. Results: In the present study, FPHL accounted for 15.3% of diffuse hair loss in women. Mean age and mean age of onset of FPHL among the 100 women was 31.26±9.85 years and 28.03±8.05 years respectively. A positive family history was noted in 51% of patients, with no difference in the age of onset of FPHL in patients with family history positive or negative. The most common pattern of hair loss was diffuse hair loss over the vertex (72%), followed by Oslen pattern (16%) and Hamilton pattern (12%). The age specific frequency of the hair loss severity showed an increase in the severity of FPHL with advancing age (Sinclair grade V was 5.8% in third decade to 74.5% in fifth decade). Polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypothyroidism and BMI more than 25 (overweight and obesity) were noted in 23%, 15% and 65% of patients respectively. Conclusion: FPHL is certainly more frequent than perceived among Indian women. Diffuse hair loss over vertex is the most common pattern of hair loss encountered and the family history does not influence the age of onset and the severity. Overweight and obesity is one of the important risk factor for FPHL. Keywords: Female pattern hair loss, Family history, Obesity

Published
2016

32. Impact of female pattern hair loss on the quality of life of patients.

Author

Shilpashree, P., Clarify, Syrti, Jaiswal, A. K., and Shashidhar, T.

Subjects
BALDNESS, QUALITY of life, PATIENT compliance, DISEASES in women, INTERPERSONAL relations
Abstract

Objective To assess the impact of female pattern hair loss (FPHL) on the quality of life of patients using Modified Women Androgenic Alopecia - Quality of Life (mWAA-QOL) index. Methods A total of 100 patients suffering from female pattern hair loss (FPHL), who themselves were able to understand and complete the mWAA-QOL questionnaire were enrolled in the study. Results The mean mWAA-QOL score in 100 patients of FPHL was 36.1±6.91 with 81% of patients having moderate to severe psychosocial impact due to FPHL. Higher mean responses were noted in relation to feeling unattractive by appearance and continued hair loss despite treatment. Younger, unmarried women with longer duration of disease had poorer QoL. Conclusion The findings confirm the detrimental impact of FPHL on the QoL and suggest a possible role for adjuvant psychological intervention on patients for better compliance in treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016

35. White papules and atrophic plaques on trunk and extremities.

Author

Kumar, Piyush, Debbarman, Panchami, Mondal, Ashim Kumar, Tripathi, Krishnanjali, Shashidhar, T., and Gharami, Ramesh Chandra

Subjects
LICHEN sclerosus et atrophicus, CHRONIC diseases, DISEASES in women, DERMATOLOGY
Abstract

The article describes the case of a 42-year-old woman who was diagnosed with lichen sclerosus. The patient presented with multiple itchy white papules and atrophic plaques over trunk and extremities. Skin biopsy was done from papule over left flank. Lichen sclerosus is a chronic disease of unknown etiology. It affects genitalia more frequently than non-genital skin.

Published
2012

37. Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers

Author

Wilkinson, J. L., Boxall, A. B. A., Kolpin, D. W., Leung, K. M. Y., Lai, R. W. S., Galban-Malagon, C., Adell, A. D., Mondon, J., Metian, M., Marchant, R. A., Bouzas-Monroy, A., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Coors, A., Carriquiriborde, P., Rojo, M., Gordon, C., Cara, M., Moermond, M., Luarte, T., Petrosyan, V., Perikhanyan, Y., Mahon, C. S., McGurk, C. J., Hofmann, T., Kormoker, T., Iniguez, V., Guzman-Otazo, J., Tavares, J. L., De Figueiredo, F. G., Razzolini, M. T. P., Dougnon, V., Gbaguidi, G., Traore, O., Blais, J. M., Kimpe, L. E., Wong, M., Wong, D., Ntchantcho, R., Pizarro, J., Ying, G.-G., Chen, C.-E., Paez, M., Martinez-Lara, J., Otamonga, J.-P., Pote, J., Ifo, S. A., Wilson, P., Echeverria-Saenz, S., Udikovic-Kolic, N., Milakovic, M., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Ioannou-Ttofa, L., Belusova, V., Vymazal, J., Cardenas-Bustamante, M., Kassa, B. A., Garric, J., Chaumot, A., Gibba, P., Kunchulia, I., Seidensticker, S., Lyberatos, G., Halldorsson, H. P., Melling, M., Shashidhar, T., Lamba, M., Nastiti, A., Supriatin, A., Pourang, N., Abedini, A., Abdullah, O., Gharbia, S. S., Pilla, F., Chefetz, B., Topaz, T., Yao, K. M., Aubakirova, B., Beisenova, R., Olaka, L., Mulu, J. K., Chatanga, P., Ntuli, V., Blama, N. T., Sherif, S., Aris, A. Z., Looi, L. J., Niang, M., Traore, S. T., Oldenkamp, R., Ogunbanwo, O., Ashfaq, M., Iqbal, M., Abdeen, Z., O’Dea, A., Morales-Saldana, J. M., Custodio, M., de la Cruz, H., Navarrete, I., Carvalho, F., Gogra, A. B., Koroma, B. M., Cerkvenik-Flajs, V., Gombac, M., Thwala, M., Choi, K., Kang, H., Ladu, J. L. C., Rico, A., Amerasinghe, Priyanie, Sobek, A., Horlitz, G., Zenker, A. K., King, A. C., Jiang, J.-J., Kariuki, R., Tumbo, M., Tezel, U., Onay, T. T., Lejju, J. B., Vystavna, Y., Vergeles, Y., Heinzen, H., Perez-Parada, A., Sims, D. B., Figy, M., Good, D., Teta, C., Wilkinson, J. L., Boxall, A. B. A., Kolpin, D. W., Leung, K. M. Y., Lai, R. W. S., Galban-Malagon, C., Adell, A. D., Mondon, J., Metian, M., Marchant, R. A., Bouzas-Monroy, A., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Coors, A., Carriquiriborde, P., Rojo, M., Gordon, C., Cara, M., Moermond, M., Luarte, T., Petrosyan, V., Perikhanyan, Y., Mahon, C. S., McGurk, C. J., Hofmann, T., Kormoker, T., Iniguez, V., Guzman-Otazo, J., Tavares, J. L., De Figueiredo, F. G., Razzolini, M. T. P., Dougnon, V., Gbaguidi, G., Traore, O., Blais, J. M., Kimpe, L. E., Wong, M., Wong, D., Ntchantcho, R., Pizarro, J., Ying, G.-G., Chen, C.-E., Paez, M., Martinez-Lara, J., Otamonga, J.-P., Pote, J., Ifo, S. A., Wilson, P., Echeverria-Saenz, S., Udikovic-Kolic, N., Milakovic, M., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Ioannou-Ttofa, L., Belusova, V., Vymazal, J., Cardenas-Bustamante, M., Kassa, B. A., Garric, J., Chaumot, A., Gibba, P., Kunchulia, I., Seidensticker, S., Lyberatos, G., Halldorsson, H. P., Melling, M., Shashidhar, T., Lamba, M., Nastiti, A., Supriatin, A., Pourang, N., Abedini, A., Abdullah, O., Gharbia, S. S., Pilla, F., Chefetz, B., Topaz, T., Yao, K. M., Aubakirova, B., Beisenova, R., Olaka, L., Mulu, J. K., Chatanga, P., Ntuli, V., Blama, N. T., Sherif, S., Aris, A. Z., Looi, L. J., Niang, M., Traore, S. T., Oldenkamp, R., Ogunbanwo, O., Ashfaq, M., Iqbal, M., Abdeen, Z., O’Dea, A., Morales-Saldana, J. M., Custodio, M., de la Cruz, H., Navarrete, I., Carvalho, F., Gogra, A. B., Koroma, B. M., Cerkvenik-Flajs, V., Gombac, M., Thwala, M., Choi, K., Kang, H., Ladu, J. L. C., Rico, A., Amerasinghe, Priyanie, Sobek, A., Horlitz, G., Zenker, A. K., King, A. C., Jiang, J.-J., Kariuki, R., Tumbo, M., Tezel, U., Onay, T. T., Lejju, J. B., Vystavna, Y., Vergeles, Y., Heinzen, H., Perez-Parada, A., Sims, D. B., Figy, M., Good, D., and Teta, C.

38. Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers

Author

Wilkinson, J. L., Boxall, A. B. A., Kolpin, D. W., Leung, K. M. Y., Lai, R. W. S., Galban-Malagon, C., Adell, A. D., Mondon, J., Metian, M., Marchant, R. A., Bouzas-Monroy, A., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Coors, A., Carriquiriborde, P., Rojo, M., Gordon, C., Cara, M., Moermond, M., Luarte, T., Petrosyan, V., Perikhanyan, Y., Mahon, C. S., McGurk, C. J., Hofmann, T., Kormoker, T., Iniguez, V., Guzman-Otazo, J., Tavares, J. L., De Figueiredo, F. G., Razzolini, M. T. P., Dougnon, V., Gbaguidi, G., Traore, O., Blais, J. M., Kimpe, L. E., Wong, M., Wong, D., Ntchantcho, R., Pizarro, J., Ying, G.-G., Chen, C.-E., Paez, M., Martinez-Lara, J., Otamonga, J.-P., Pote, J., Ifo, S. A., Wilson, P., Echeverria-Saenz, S., Udikovic-Kolic, N., Milakovic, M., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Ioannou-Ttofa, L., Belusova, V., Vymazal, J., Cardenas-Bustamante, M., Kassa, B. A., Garric, J., Chaumot, A., Gibba, P., Kunchulia, I., Seidensticker, S., Lyberatos, G., Halldorsson, H. P., Melling, M., Shashidhar, T., Lamba, M., Nastiti, A., Supriatin, A., Pourang, N., Abedini, A., Abdullah, O., Gharbia, S. S., Pilla, F., Chefetz, B., Topaz, T., Yao, K. M., Aubakirova, B., Beisenova, R., Olaka, L., Mulu, J. K., Chatanga, P., Ntuli, V., Blama, N. T., Sherif, S., Aris, A. Z., Looi, L. J., Niang, M., Traore, S. T., Oldenkamp, R., Ogunbanwo, O., Ashfaq, M., Iqbal, M., Abdeen, Z., O’Dea, A., Morales-Saldana, J. M., Custodio, M., de la Cruz, H., Navarrete, I., Carvalho, F., Gogra, A. B., Koroma, B. M., Cerkvenik-Flajs, V., Gombac, M., Thwala, M., Choi, K., Kang, H., Ladu, J. L. C., Rico, A., Amerasinghe, Priyanie, Sobek, A., Horlitz, G., Zenker, A. K., King, A. C., Jiang, J.-J., Kariuki, R., Tumbo, M., Tezel, U., Onay, T. T., Lejju, J. B., Vystavna, Y., Vergeles, Y., Heinzen, H., Perez-Parada, A., Sims, D. B., Figy, M., Good, D., Teta, C., Wilkinson, J. L., Boxall, A. B. A., Kolpin, D. W., Leung, K. M. Y., Lai, R. W. S., Galban-Malagon, C., Adell, A. D., Mondon, J., Metian, M., Marchant, R. A., Bouzas-Monroy, A., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Coors, A., Carriquiriborde, P., Rojo, M., Gordon, C., Cara, M., Moermond, M., Luarte, T., Petrosyan, V., Perikhanyan, Y., Mahon, C. S., McGurk, C. J., Hofmann, T., Kormoker, T., Iniguez, V., Guzman-Otazo, J., Tavares, J. L., De Figueiredo, F. G., Razzolini, M. T. P., Dougnon, V., Gbaguidi, G., Traore, O., Blais, J. M., Kimpe, L. E., Wong, M., Wong, D., Ntchantcho, R., Pizarro, J., Ying, G.-G., Chen, C.-E., Paez, M., Martinez-Lara, J., Otamonga, J.-P., Pote, J., Ifo, S. A., Wilson, P., Echeverria-Saenz, S., Udikovic-Kolic, N., Milakovic, M., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Ioannou-Ttofa, L., Belusova, V., Vymazal, J., Cardenas-Bustamante, M., Kassa, B. A., Garric, J., Chaumot, A., Gibba, P., Kunchulia, I., Seidensticker, S., Lyberatos, G., Halldorsson, H. P., Melling, M., Shashidhar, T., Lamba, M., Nastiti, A., Supriatin, A., Pourang, N., Abedini, A., Abdullah, O., Gharbia, S. S., Pilla, F., Chefetz, B., Topaz, T., Yao, K. M., Aubakirova, B., Beisenova, R., Olaka, L., Mulu, J. K., Chatanga, P., Ntuli, V., Blama, N. T., Sherif, S., Aris, A. Z., Looi, L. J., Niang, M., Traore, S. T., Oldenkamp, R., Ogunbanwo, O., Ashfaq, M., Iqbal, M., Abdeen, Z., O’Dea, A., Morales-Saldana, J. M., Custodio, M., de la Cruz, H., Navarrete, I., Carvalho, F., Gogra, A. B., Koroma, B. M., Cerkvenik-Flajs, V., Gombac, M., Thwala, M., Choi, K., Kang, H., Ladu, J. L. C., Rico, A., Amerasinghe, Priyanie, Sobek, A., Horlitz, G., Zenker, A. K., King, A. C., Jiang, J.-J., Kariuki, R., Tumbo, M., Tezel, U., Onay, T. T., Lejju, J. B., Vystavna, Y., Vergeles, Y., Heinzen, H., Perez-Parada, A., Sims, D. B., Figy, M., Good, D., and Teta, C.

40. Pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers.

Author

Wilkinson JL, Boxall ABA, Kolpin DW, Leung KMY, Lai RWS, Galbán-Malagón C, Adell AD, Mondon J, Metian M, Marchant RA, Bouzas-Monroy A, Cuni-Sanchez A, Coors A, Carriquiriborde P, Rojo M, Gordon C, Cara M, Moermond M, Luarte T, Petrosyan V, Perikhanyan Y, Mahon CS, McGurk CJ, Hofmann T, Kormoker T, Iniguez V, Guzman-Otazo J, Tavares JL, Gildasio De Figueiredo F, Razzolini MTP, Dougnon V, Gbaguidi G, Traoré O, Blais JM, Kimpe LE, Wong M, Wong D, Ntchantcho R, Pizarro J, Ying GG, Chen CE, Páez M, Martínez-Lara J, Otamonga JP, Poté J, Ifo SA, Wilson P, Echeverría-Sáenz S, Udikovic-Kolic N, Milakovic M, Fatta-Kassinos D, Ioannou-Ttofa L, Belušová V, Vymazal J, Cárdenas-Bustamante M, Kassa BA, Garric J, Chaumot A, Gibba P, Kunchulia I, Seidensticker S, Lyberatos G, Halldórsson HP, Melling M, Shashidhar T, Lamba M, Nastiti A, Supriatin A, Pourang N, Abedini A, Abdullah O, Gharbia SS, Pilla F, Chefetz B, Topaz T, Yao KM, Aubakirova B, Beisenova R, Olaka L, Mulu JK, Chatanga P, Ntuli V, Blama NT, Sherif S, Aris AZ, Looi LJ, Niang M, Traore ST, Oldenkamp R, Ogunbanwo O, Ashfaq M, Iqbal M, Abdeen Z, O'Dea A, Morales-Saldaña JM, Custodio M, de la Cruz H, Navarrete I, Carvalho F, Gogra AB, Koroma BM, Cerkvenik-Flajs V, Gombač M, Thwala M, Choi K, Kang H, Ladu JLC, Rico A, Amerasinghe P, Sobek A, Horlitz G, Zenker AK, King AC, Jiang JJ, Kariuki R, Tumbo M, Tezel U, Onay TT, Lejju JB, Vystavna Y, Vergeles Y, Heinzen H, Pérez-Parada A, Sims DB, Figy M, Good D, and Teta C

Subjects
Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Wastewater analysis, Wastewater chemistry, Water analysis, Water chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Rivers chemistry, Water Pollution, Chemical analysis, Water Pollution, Chemical prevention & control
Abstract

Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world's rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)

Published
2022
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