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Objective: To compare and evaluate the cephalometric hard and soft tissue changes of mandible after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolar.

INTRODUCTION: The mandibular buccal shelf area is an extra‑alveolar anchorage site that has high quality and quantity of bone, provides biomechanical benefits and has low failure rates. It is essential to place the implant in the region of bone with optimal thickness. The aim of this study was to determine the suitable site of the mandibular buccal shelf for bone screw insertion at 90 degrees and 30 degrees angles of insertion and various heights, angulations, areas of the buccal shelf in prognathic and retrognathic mandibles, and vertical and horizontal growth patterns. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 48 patients in the age range of 18–30 years, divided into four groups. Seven sectional sites were examined at 3, 5, and 7 mm from the alveolar crest at 90 degrees and 30 degrees. The angulation and area of the buccal shelf were examined. RESULTS: Cortical bone thickness increased distally from the first to the second molar in all four groups. CONCLUSIONS: The preferred site for buccal shelf implant placement was distal to the mandibular second molar. The maximum amount of cortical bone was observed distal to the second molar, 7 mm vertically from the alveolar crest, when the buccal shelf implant was placed at 30 degrees angulation to the long axis of the tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Bimaxillary protrusion is a common condition observed irrespective of race and ethnicity and is a chief concern for patients who seek orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate changes in soft tissue structures and incisor positions in class I bimaxillary protrusion subjects undergoing orthodontic therapy when friction and frictionless mechanics were used. Methods: Two groups with a total of 40 patients aged 18-30 years diagnosed with class I bimaxillary protrusion treated by extracting first premolars were considered for this study. Patients treated with friction mechanics were included in Group 1 and those treated with frictionless mechanics in Group 2. The digital lateral cephalograms were calibrated and analyzed using Nemoceph software. Selected landmarks were marked on pre- and post-treatment cephalograms and assessed for intra- and inter-group soft tissue and incisor position changes. Student's t-test was used to analyze the collected data using SPSS 20 software. Result: Intragroup comparison revealed significant changes in both groups. Inter-group comparison of the selected parameters between groups 1 and 2 showed differences but without any statistical significance, except for the inter-incisal angle. Conclusion: Pre- and post-treatment comparison analysis revealed significant soft tissue changes in both groups. However, the comparison between friction and frictionless mechanics showed no statistically significant changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this review article is to discuss the current role of Clear Aligners in treating various malocclusions and the effectiveness of aligners when compared with braces using recent literature. Materials and Methods: Literatures pertaining to production of aligners, efficacy and treatment outcome of aligners, root resorption in aligners, periodontal health during aligner treatment, and comfort levels during aligner treatment were reviewed from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases and included selected systematic reviews. Results: The literature cited during the initial days of aligners showed contrasting results when compared with articles cited recently. It was mainly observed in improvement in the scope of treating various malocclusions. However, the results show that aligners still do not possess the ability to create an extensive range of movements when compared with braces. Conclusion: Despite the claims, evidence for the effectiveness of clear aligners is generally lacking. In mild-to-moderate instances, shorter treatment duration and chair time appear to be the only substantial benefits of transparent aligners over conventional systems supported by current evidence. Advantages of clear aligner therapy were reported for better aesthetics, comfort at an early stage, easier oral hygiene maintenance, and improved periodontal health. Based on the available evidence, clear aligner therapy is definitely effective in managing minor malocclusion and shows acceptable results with moderate malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Dental tissues possess multipotent stem cells with varying biological properties. The present study was aimed to establish a primary culture of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) and periodontal ligamentderived stem cells (PDLSCs) from periodontally healthy subjects and compare their biological characteristics. Materials and Methods: Gingival and periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues were collected from extracted premolar teeth of five healthy subjects and primary cultures were established. Basic biological characteristics, such as cell morphology, viability, proliferation capacity, and colony-forming units, and in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential were performed at passage 3 of GMSCs and PDLSCs. This was followed by immuno-phenotyping and flow cytometric analysis for identification of positive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers, such as CD73, CD90, and CD105, and negative markers CD45 and CD34. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Primary cultures of GMSCs and PDLSCs were successfully established. Cells exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology with a homogeneous population at passage 3. Cells derived from both tissues were highly viable (>95%), proliferative, and capable of forming colonies. Both cells did not exhibit any noticeable differences in cellular properties. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analyses showed positivity for MSC markers, CD73, CD90, and CD105, and negativity for CD34 and CD45. Furthermore, GMSCs and PDLSCs were capable of differentiating in vitro into osteocytes as evidenced by Alizarin red-S staining, and adipocytes as demonstrated by oil red O staining. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that both GMSCs and PDLSCs have similar cellular characteristics and mesenchymal differentiation potential. Therefore, they may serve as an equally potent source of stem cells for use in cell-based periodontal therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the changes in maxillary and mandibular third molar inclinations in individuals with class II div 1 malocclusion, before and after orthodontic treatment with extraction of all four first premolars. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study consisted of the pretreatment and posttreatment records of 30 patients that were obtained from the archives of the department of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics in A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences. The maxillary third molar’s relation to the palatal plane and the mandibular third molar’s relation to the mandibular plane were measured. The paired t test was used to calculate pre- and posttreatment changes. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The maxillary third molars showed a mean correction of 6.15° (P < 0.001) and the mandibular third molars showed a mean correction of 5.10° (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Maxillary third molars showed more uprighting when compared to the mandibular third molars and that both maxillary and mandibular third molars showed an improvement in their angulations to their respective planes after extraction of the first premolars. However, the results of the study cannot be analyzed to state if the third molars do become fully functional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization among school children aged 9 to 12 years in virajpet, Karnataka. Method: This cross-sectional descriptive study consisted of 1600 school children aged 9-12 years selected by stratified cluster sampling procedure. The European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria were followed for MIH diagnosis. Chi-square test was used toanalyze the categorical data. P ≤ 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. Results: The prevalence of MIH is 13.12 % with no gender predilection. 10 year old children showed the highest prevalence (15%) among all the age group.Majority of children with MIH (70.2%) have lesions in both molars and incisors with demarcated opacities and atypical restorations being the most frequent defect type. Conclusion: Prevalence of MIH was 13.12% in the 9-12 year child population in Virajpet. There is a need for a properplanned preventive and restorative program with regard to the increasing prevalence of MIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The introduction of intraosseous screws as temporary orthodontic anchorage devices has proved successful in achieving sufficient molar distalization without major anchorage loss in Class II malocclusions. Bone-anchored pendulum appliance is used to obtain an effective and compliance-free molar distalization without anchorage loss. Aims And Objectives: This prospective study was designed to evaluate and compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects produced by 2 types of pendulum appliance with different anchorage modalities - the Bone anchored pendulum appliance (BAPA) and Conventional pendulum appliance (CPA) in subjects with Angle's Classl I malocclusion. Materialsand Methods: BAPAgroup consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.4±1.5years. The CPA group consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.6±1.1 years. Lateral cephalograms & dental casts were obtained at pre-treatment stage& after achieving Class I molar relation. Dentoalveolar, skeletal, soft tissue measurements and dental cast measurement were recorded & compared between the groups. Results and Conclusions: Successful distalization was achieved in both groups in a mean period of 6.2 months for BAPA and 5.2 months for CPA. It was concluded that, both theBAPA and CPA were effective for the distalization of maxillary molars. Though the distal molar movements obtained were similar between the BAPA and the CPA groups, anchorage loss was observed with the CPA in the form of premolar mesialization& incisor proclination, whereas absence of anchorage loss, significant spontaneous distal premolar movement, and distal incisor movement was observed with the BAPA, making it a viable choice compared to the CPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess and determine the perception of facial profile attractiveness by orthodontists and general public using Silhouette method. In addition, the orthodontists and the general public (laypeople) compared the facial profile components that they considered desirable for malesand females Methodology: 30 Subjects in the age group of 18-25 years who met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria's were selected from a local Dakshina Kannada Population. After examining each subject for his/her dental occlusion and facial profiles, profile photographs of the subjects were taken. These photographs were shown to Orthodontists and laypeople for their approval, and a subject with the most pleasing profile was selected. After the subject was selected, a lateral cephalogram was taken and various angular and linear measurements were recorded. Using the average values recorded, an androgynous facial Silhouette was constructed. These facial Silhouettes (30) were evaluated by 50 Orthodontists and 50 laymen from local population. Results: Perception differences were noted between males and females or among Orthodontists and laypeople. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was reported in all series of profiles selection for most preferred and least preferred profile among Orthodontists and laypersons and between males and female profiles. Conclusions: This study showed the perception of well balanced and imbalanced faces. In some of the variables, there was a clear contrast in preference of profiles for males and females by the Orthodontists and laypeople, while in some variables it was not. A universal standard of facial aesthetic is not applicable to diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess the changes in the oropharyngeal airway (OAW) dimensions in individuals with retrognathic mandible treated with Forsus FRD and Twin Block appliance to correct the skeletal Class II mal relationship. Methodology: 40 individuals, with Class II skeletal pattern were selected as per inclusion criteria. Pre-treatment lateral cephalograms and hand wrist radiographs were obtained and analyzed. Group 1 with 20 individuals were treated with Forsus FRD and Group 2 with 20 individuals were treated with conventional Twin Block Appliance. Post treatment records were taken after the Class I molar relationship had been obtained. Pre and post treatment cephalograms were compared and analyzed. The data obtained was statistically evaluated using paired t test and unpaired t test. Results: On comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment cephalograms, increase in Oropharyngeal Airway (OAW) measurements, such as Superior posterior airway space (SPAS), Middle airway space (MAS) and Inferior airway space (IAS) was very highly significant. Conclusion: Our results suggest the existence of a relationship between functional-orthopaedic treatment and increases in OAW dimensions in skeletal Class II growing subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The mandibular buccal shelf area is an extra-alveolar anchorage site that has high quality and quantity of bone, provides biomechanical benefits and has low failure rates. It is essential to place the implant in the region of bone with optimal thickness. The aim of this study was to determine the suitable site of the mandibular buccal shelf for bone screw insertion at 90 degrees and 30 degrees angles of insertion and various heights, angulations, areas of the buccal shelf in prognathic and retrognathic mandibles, and vertical and horizontal growth patterns., Methods: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 48 patients in the age range of 18-30 years, divided into four groups. Seven sectional sites were examined at 3, 5, and 7 mm from the alveolar crest at 90 degrees and 30 degrees. The angulation and area of the buccal shelf were examined., Results: Cortical bone thickness increased distally from the first to the second molar in all four groups., Conclusions: The preferred site for buccal shelf implant placement was distal to the mandibular second molar. The maximum amount of cortical bone was observed distal to the second molar, 7 mm vertically from the alveolar crest, when the buccal shelf implant was placed at 30 degrees angulation to the long axis of the tooth., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Orthodontic Science.)

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a product in the manufacture of Bis-GMA, which is commonly used in dentistry, and is known to have a number of adverse effects., Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice based on exposure and handling of BPA containing materials among dental surgeons for better understanding about the level of care rendered to the patients., Material and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted on 400 dental surgeons in Southern India. The questionnaire consisted of 20 objective type questions out of which ten questions assessed knowledge and five questions assessed the attitude and five questions to understand the practice related measures taken by the dentist. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 23., Results: A total of 402 responses were collected for this online questionnaire survey over a period of 2 months. It was found that females showed higher knowledge and attitude towards exposure to BPA which was statistically significant when compared to males. It showed that dentists with more than 20 years of practice had a higher level of knowledge. Though most of the groups agreed fairly on safety practice to be undertaken related to BPA exposure in their clinics, the ones with experience more than 20 years displayed the least positive attitude and dentists with 6-10 years of practice had the least positive behaviour among all., Conclusions: In spite of having a good knowledge regarding the harmful effects of BPA, dental surgeons are not very cautious while using materials containing them on a regular basis. Therefore, there is a need to enhance the awareness with the help of Continuing Dental Education programs or proper instructions on the packaging., Competing Interests: None, (© Copyright by the National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute.)