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To improve machining capability of diamond turning of hierarchical structured surfaces, fast-tool-servo (FTS) turning using a sharp point diamond cutting tool (tool tip width

A common casualty of modern open-pit mine optimization is the assurance that the resulting design is actually achievable. Optimized mine plans that consider value and a bare minimum of precedence constraints do not, in general, translate into practical, operational mine designs that can be used in the field. Ultimate pits may come to a sharp point at the bottom. Schedules may require taking small parcels of material from many disparate areas of the pit in a single period, and grade control polygons may be ragged, narrow, and not minable with realistic equipment. In this paper, all of these problems are addressed by encoding these three fundamental open-pit mine optimization problems as maximum satisfiability problems. Maximum satisfiability provides a useful framework for problems that are non-linear and may guarantee the optimality that metaheuristics cannot.

In this presentation, we will describe our results with field-emission type source and drain contacts in which the metal electrodes are tapered to a sharp point or an array of sharp points. The enhanced electric field as a consequence of this geometry results in more facile injection of charges from the metal to the band states of the semiconductor. The on-resistance of short channel TFTs is lowered and the channel lengths of TFTs can be reduced below 100 nm without adversely affecting the shape of the current-voltage characteristics.

Introduction Spinal anesthesia involves the administration of a dose of local anesthesia into the intrathecal space of the lumbar spine, using spinal needles with varying characteristics and design. When completing the administration of spinal anesthesia, you may check the volume of fluid remaining inside the spinal needle. Objective To measure and compare the volume of residual fluid following the administration of spinal anesthesia using three different brands of 27 gauge spinal needles. Methods This is an observational analytical cross-section trial for which tree types of 27 gauge commercial needles were selected: BD Whitacre pencil point, Spinocan Quincke sharp point, and Disposable spinal needle. Following the administration of spinal anesthesia, the same operator, without detaching the syringe from the needle, deposited the residual volume into a collection tube so that a second operator quantifies the volume using a precision micropipette. Results The residual volume obtained from the 27G spinal needles showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the BD Whitacre needles (P Conclusions The BD Whitacre pencil point proved to lodge less residual volume following spinal anesthesia. No clinical implications can be made from this finding and new studies are required to ratify these results.

The subsequent anisotropic yield behavior of 45 steel was predicted by the distortional yield surface constitutive model, which can describe the anisotropic subsequent yield and the cross effect of metal associating with loading history. The yield characteristics and plastic hardening behaviors of the 45 steel were simulated under three preloading paths including pre-torsion, pre-tension, and pre-tension&ndash, torsion. Based on the comparison between the experimental yield stresses and the simulation by the classical Chaboche model, the proposed model can describe the remarkable anisotropic yield behavior related to the loading history, which can effectively describe the sharp point of yield surface in pre-loading direction and the smaller curvature near its opposite direction. It was successfully simulated by the constitutive model proposed that the subsequent distortional yield surface defined by small offset strain and the degradation process of the distortion feature defined by large offset strain.

Defined by the multiplicity of functions encapsulated in one device, the technological system of smartphones can be described as a “Swiss Army Knife technology” (Fagan 2010). Brian Fagan (2010) introduced the concept of Swiss Army Knife technology when describing the carving tools in the Gravettian tool-making culture of the European Upper Paleolithic. These carving tools are composed of a blade with a sharp point and blunt back and stand out for their versatility. They are easily combined with other artifacts in assemblages of technological systems and used for a myriad of purposes.

This paper presents the design of a wideband Hilbert fractal antenna for the purpose of detecting and classifying different common partial discharge (PD) types in an oil-paper insulated system. Three common types of PDs are considered for the multi-class classification problem, namely, PD from a sharp point to ground plane, surface discharge, and PD from a void in the insulation. The different PD types showed variation in the detected frequency contents. The collected samples were processed using pattern recognition techniques to identify their corresponding PD types. A recognition rate of 95% was achieved when K-nearest neighbors was used as the classifier.

Large-scale expansion of failure areas in rocks surrounding underground cavities causes severe destruction of the underground space and may trigger serious disasters. To study the large-scale failure mechanism and expansion laws of rocks surrounding underground cavities, we performed a theoretical study of the distribution characteristics of the stress field around a circular cavity and determined the directional sharp-point failure mechanism by analysing the stress destructive power using the three elements of the Mohr circle. Results showed that, along the circumferential direction, the stress destructive power increases first and then decreases, showing a sharp-angular distribution. Rock with any properties will suffer priority damage at the stress sharp point. The direction criterion of the stress sharp points was proposed, and the direction of these points showed a convergent behaviour in the radial direction of the cavity, tending to be stable at 40°-50° beyond five times the cavity radius. In addition, the results were verified by FLAC3D numerical simulation. The theoretical analysis for the ideal circular cavity may provide references to study the damage laws of rocks surrounding other irregular-shaped space, as well as providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of underground engineering disasters.

Changes in the morphology of the radula in the giant key-hole limpet (GKL) were analyzed including radula length, width, number of rows, and the morphology of the teeth in each row through ontogeny. In postlarvae with a shell length (SL) of 700 mm, the radula is ∼240 mm long and composed of about 30 rows of teeth. Each row has a central rachidian tooth, which has a pointed tip similar to the three pairs of lateral teeth on either side. These are flanked by five pairs of marginal teeth. In GKL with an SL of ∼2 mm, the teeth are larger, the rachidian tooth no longer has a triangular tip and lies flat along the radular ribbon except for a curled cusp. The most distal lateral tooth is larger than the other lateral teeth and has a sharply pointed tip, and the number of marginal pairs has increased from 18 to 20. InGKLwith an SL of 6–8 mm, the radula is∼2mmlong. The large, flat rachidian tooth overlaps and covers the laterals except the fifth lateral, which is now much larger and tapers to a sharp point. By the time GKL have an SL of 11 mm, the radula is about 3 mm long and tooth morphology is the same as in larger animals except for a gradual increase in tooth size and differentiation of the marginal tooth tips into three varieties. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrates that the radula is not mineralized and signs of wear and breakage are common on teeth in the first five to seven rows, the rows that are actually extended out of the mouth during a feeding motion.

This paper addresses classifying different common partial discharge (PD) types under different acoustic emission (AE) measurement conditions. Four types of PDs are considered for the multi-class classification problem, namely; PD from a sharp point to ground plane, surface discharge, PD from a void in the insulation, and PD from semi parallel planes. The collected AE signals are processed using pattern classification techniques to identify their corresponding PD types. The measurement conditions include the influences of various PD locations, oil temperatures, and having a barrier in the line-of-sight between the PD source and the AE sensor. A recognition rate of 94% is achieved when classifying the different PD types measured at the same conditions. In addition, it has been found that the different PD source locations, oil temperatures, and barrier insertion have an impact on the recognition rate. However, by including AE samples at these different conditions in the training process, a recognition rate around 90% for all cases is achieved.

The effects of differential speed rolling (DSR) on the texture of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets were investigated, which were achieved by tailoring deformation temperature, reduction, and speed ratio. The results show that the intensity of basal texture weakens with DSR. With the increase of the rolling temperature, the intensity of basal texture decreased first and then increased, which had a relation with the change of the orientation of the new grains of dynamic recrystallization during rolling. The effect of the reduction on the basal texture was made with the changing degree of sharp point of texture. With increasing the deformation at the same rolling temperature, the intensity of basal texture decreased, and the extending of contour lines decreased in the transverse direction, which was close to the circular distribution. Differential speed ratio has a greater impact on the intensity of the basal texture and has a less effect on the basal deflection.

The foliar micromorphology of Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees (Asteraceae) was observed with the JEOL (JSM-6390LV) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces were characterized by anisocytic stomata which were more prevalent on the abaxial surface than the adaxial surface. The leaves have only one type of multicellular non-glandular trichomes that are long and cylindrical, tapering to a sharp point and running parallel to the leaf surface in the direction of the apices. Crystal deposits were also observed on the surfaces of the leaves near the stomata. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-SEM shows that Na, Al, Si, and K were the major constituents of the crystal analyzed. Since no glandular trichomes were present on the leaves of this herb, the bioactive components present in this plant may be produced in some other tissues in the leaf other than the trichomes.

Excavated jades dating to the Western Zhou period (1050―771 BCE) from the Xi'an area in Shaanxi Province, China, and contemporaneous jades in the collections of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution have been studied to learn about the jade and stone materials and how they were worked during the Western Zhou period. Materials identification was carried out using a combination of techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffrac- tion. Tool marks were studied using stereomicroscopy and examination of mold impressions using scanning electron microscopy. All of these objects were pro- duced through simple processes involving solid drilling, riffling, and sharp point abrasion; and no evidence was found for the use of rotary tools for incising or sawing.

This paper presents the design of a Hilbert fractal antenna for the purpose of detecting and classifying different partial discharge (PD) types in an oil-paper insulated system. Three common types of PDs are considered for the multi-class classification problem, namely; PD from a sharp point to ground plane, surface discharge, and PD from a void in the insulation. The designed antenna is connected to a high frequency spectrum analyzer to acquire PD samples in the frequency domain. The different PD types showed unique frequency patterns for each type. In addition, the collected samples are processed using pattern recognition techniques to automatically identify their corresponding PD types. A recognition rate of 95% was achieved when classifying the different PD types.

The object being passed around the classroom attracts the keen interest of my students. Long and thin, it spans almost ten inches from end to end but measures just over an inch at its fat test. The head of the object, which is about three and a quarter inches long, is made of gold colored metal. One side of the head is solid and rounded, and the other has thirty-three thin metal spikes that stick out about three-quarters of an inch and taper to a sharp point. They are even and orderly, each spaced precisely one-sixteenth of an inch apart from the next. The metal head rests snugly on a one-inch metal pole, also gold colored, which itself fits into a silver metal cap. The cap is rounded on top, curves in around the short pole, and fits tightly against a black laminated wood shaft. The rounded shaft

International audience; This paper will try to show how the book purports to be digging for the past, aiming at uncovering and recovering trauma, both collective and individual, thanks to recapturing the past for a character, for a reader, for a nation. The Wars, a novel by Timothy Findley, tries to make sense for the narrator but also for the reader of a founding image which opens the book and of other allegedly material images, photographs, interviews, archives. Robert Ross, a Canadian soldier who held a controversial role in the first World War, the war to end all wars, stands at the centre of this memorial reconstruction.Photographs, as described in the text, give rise to ekphraseis which often appeal to the reader’s sensitivity thanks to a detail which might correspond to what Roland Barthes described as the punctum. That is the sharp point which shoots from the photograph and pierces the ordinariness of the gaze, the studium. It leaves the horizontal plane of the image and rises up. It is the point of exchange between reception and emission and it introduces confusion in the spectator’s place. This is when image comes under view and when the traumatic symptom pierces the calm of everyday life with the eruption of the violence of an inhuman collective and personal past.

The experimental and simulated optical emissions of an air discharge at atmospheric pressure propagating in a point-to-plane geometry with a sharp point and a high overvoltage are compared. A conical discharge structure is observed. A good agreement on the maximum diameter of the discharge and its propagation velocity is obtained.

Purpose: We present a method for acquiring and correcting upright images using the on board CBCT imager. An upright imaging technique would allow for the introduction of upright radiation therapy treatments, which would benefit a variety of patients including those with thoracic cancers whose lung volumes are increased in an upright position and those who experience substantial discomfort during supine treatment positions.Methods: To acquire upright CBCT images, the linac head was positioned at 0 degrees, the KV imager and detector arms extended to their lateral positions, and the couch placed at 270 degrees. The KV imager was programmed to begin taking continuous fluoroscopic projections as the couch rotated from 270 to 90 degrees. The FOV was extended by performing this procedure twice, once with the detector shifted 14.5 cm towards the gantry and once with it shifted 14.5 cm away from the gantry. The two resulting sets of images were stitched together prior to reconstruction. The imaging parameters were chosen to deliver the some dose as that delivered during a simulation CT. A simulation CT was deformably registered to an upright CBCT reconstruction in order to evaluate the possibility of correcting the HU values via mapping.Results: Both spatial linearity and high contrast resolution were maintained in upright CBCT when compared to a simulation CT. Low contrast resolution and HU linearity decreased. Streaking artifacts were caused by the limited 180 degree arc angle and a sharp point artifact in the center of the axial slices resulted at the site of the stitching. A method for correcting the HUs was shown to be robust against these artifacts.Conclusion: Upright CBCT could be of great benefit to many patients. This study demonstrates its feasibility and presents solutions to some of its first hurdles before clinical implementation.--------------------------Cite this article as:Fave X, Yang J, Balter P, Court L. Upright CBCT: A novel imaging technique. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(2):020221. DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0202.21

Transmission electron microscope observation was carried out to analyze the behavior of dislocations in epitaxially lateral overgrown (ELO) GaN, with special attention to the effect of mask size. In ELO-GaN grown on a mask of (W/T) = (5/5) μm, dislocations lying on (0001), or horizontal dislocation (HDs), are formed, where (W/T) is the sizes of window and terrace. In case of (W/T) = (2/2) μm, the number of HDs is small. This implies that these HDs are generated by a certain multiplication such as the Frank-Read mcchanism. Actually, a network of HDs is observed near the sharp point of a void on the mask terrace where an internal stress is concentrated.

The larva and pupa of Culex (Melanoconion) ocossa Dyar & Knab are redescribed and those of Culex (Melanoconion) delpontei Duret and Culex (Melanoconion) pereyrai Duret are described from specimens collected in the states of Sao Paulo and Parana, Brazil. The pupa of Cx. ocossa differs from those of the other two species in having seta 5-IV-VI dark with strongly aciculated branches, and caudolateral angle of segment VIII produced into sharp point, and seta 1-P present; Cx. delpontei can be distinguished from Cx. pereyrai in possessing paddle lightly tanned, trumpet flared, and wing and leg cases lightly tanned, without pattern of dark spots; Cx. pereyrai can be recognized by having wing case with pattern of dark, discontinuously pigmented, longitudinal lines, and trumpet cylindrical, not flared. The larvae of the three species share the presence of seta 2-C placed medially to seta 1-C.

In [18] among other equivalent conditions, it is proved that a square complex matrix A is permutationally similar to a block-shift matrix if and only if for any complex matrix B with the same zero pattern as A, W(B), the numerical range of B, is a circular disk centered at the origin. In this paper, we add a long list of further new equivalent conditions. The corresponding result for the numerical range of a square complex matrix to be invariant under a rotation about the origin through an angle of 2π/m, where m⩾2 is a given positive integer, is also proved. Many interesting by-products are obtained. In particular, on the numerical range of a square nonnegative matrix A, the following unexpected results are established: (i) when the undirected graph of A is connected, if W(A) is a circular disk centered at the origin, then so is W(B), for any complex matrix B with the same zero pattern as A; (ii) when A is irreducible, if λ is an eigenvalue in the peripheral spectrum of A that lies on the boundary of W(A), then λ is a sharp point of W(A). We also obtain results on the numerical range of an irreducible square nonnegative matrix, which strengthen or clarify the work of Issos [9] and Nylen and Tam [14] on this topic. Open questions are posed at the end.

We investigate the shape of the numerical range. A criterion for the numerical range of a matrix to be an elliptical disk is given. The result is applied to show that there exist neither 3-by-3 nor 4-by-4 nilpotent matrices whose numerical range is an elliptical (noncircular) disk. Sufficient conditions for n-by-n tridiagonal matrices to have elliptical numerical range are obtained. The boundary of the numerical range near a sharp point is examined. Finally, the numerical range of a reducible matrix is compressed, and its geometric properties are discussed.

This paper presents a fast point cloud simplification method that allows to preserve sharp edge points. The method is based on the combination of both clustering and coarse-to-fine simplification approaches. It consists to firstly create a coarse cloud using a clustering algorithm. Then each point of the resulting coarse cloud is assigned a weight that quantifies its importance, and allows to classify it into a sharp point or a simple point. Finally, both kinds of points are used to refine the coarse cloud and thus create a new simplified cloud characterized by high density of points in sharp regions and low density in flat regions. Experiments show that our algorithm is much faster than the last proposed simplification algorithm [1] which deals with sharp edge points preserving, and still produces similar results.

Presented here are the results from a field study concerning the measurement of O 3 and N 2 O produced by corona discharge from a grounded metal tube with a sharp point during thunderstorms. We observed as much as a tenfold increase in the 03 concentration as well as a four percent increase in the N 2 O concentration as a result of corona discharge. The concentrations of both O 3 and N 2 O returned to the original ambient levels after the thunderstorm ended.

Through the linearization of a matrix polynomial P(λ), the symmetry and the sharp points of the numerical range ω(P(λ)) are studied.

In this paper, a preprocessing technique involving removal of duplicate points, normalization, interpolation of missing points, sharp point detection, removing hook and smoothing is applied for recognition of online handwritten Gurmukhi numerals. Above stages are performed on the data collected from different persons. It is observed that our preprocessing technique improves feature extraction rate by increasing the accuracy in recognition of some features like hole and junction.

We construct clusters of classical Heisenberg spins with two-spin $\vec{S}_i.\vec{S}_j$-type interactions for which the ground state manifold consists of disconnected pieces. We extend the construction to lattices and couplings for which the ground state manifold splits into an exponentially large number of disconnected pieces at a sharp point as the interaction strengths are varied with respect to each other. In one such lattice we construct, the number of disconnected pieces in the ground state manifold can be counted exactly., Comment: Accepted for publication in Physica A; 6 pages, 4 figures

Well-intentioned and highly developed whites often set out to develop black communities. It can't be done for reasons revealed in this story. What they can do is encourage and facilitate the development of others.

The sediment and water inter-phase layer in aquaculture ponds is a dynamic zone that plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of the pond system. An accurate sediment profile of the soft-watery layer that includes several important parameters can only be determined by using an adequate sampling technique. Because most of the commercially available grabs and soil corers currently used do not fulfill these requirements, a new, simple device for sediment sampling was designed in the framework of the European Union (EU)-funded ASIARESIST project. The sampler was used to collect samples from the upper 5 to 10 cm soil layer for bacteriological analysis from aquaculture ponds in Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. The sampler consisted of a three-piece PVC pipe that could be sterilized and had a total length of 230 cm. Each section was threaded at the end except for the top of the first and last section that tapered into a sharp point at an angle of 45°. When dismantled into sections, the sampler was convenient to transport and to reassemble at the site of sampling. The sediment sampler proved to be effective in obtaining intact profiles of bottom sediment, including soft sediments, was user-friendly and could be easily constructed at low cost.

To adhere an artificial retinal implant onto the epiretinal surface of the eye, our group has designed retinal microtacks. The microtacks were fabricated by first bonding titanium foil to a silicon wafer; the tacks were then machined using an ultra-high precision micromilling technique with a 150-μm end-mill. The versatility of the micromilling technique allowed a partially conical, tapered tip to be added to the Ti tack, which created a sharp point. The Ti tacks average overall length and width were measured to be within 1% and 6%, respectively, of the design. Additionally, the grip width, stop thickness, and the tip taper angle of the Ti tacks were within 3%, 9%, and 4%, respectively, of the design.

A 3-D streamer model that incorporates photoionization phenomena in atmospheric pressure air has been developed. It is applied to both point-plane and plane-plane electrode configurations in order to examine phenomena that have no cylindrical symmetry. The role of spontaneously distributed plasma spots in the propagation path of a streamer in discharge branching is then analyzed. Streamer advancement that ignites from a sharp point electrode is also presented in a full 3-D simulation. Images of the electron density evolution in the interelectrode space for the aforementioned configurations when the plasma spots interact with the streamer head are presented.

The system of two charged conducting spheres connected by a long wire is often used as an example to explain the effect of a sharp point on a conductor. In fact, there is charge on the wire. The result of the example is inappropriate. In order to improve this example, the model of two contacting spheres is considered.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Rhodotorula genus and its member species. The cells of this genus are spheroidal, ovoidal, or elongate, and reproduction occurs by multilateral or polar budding. Ballistoconidia are not formed, and some strains synthesize red or yellow pigments in malt agar cultures. Most, but not all, species lack the ability to assimilate inositol, and when inositol is utilized, D-glucuronate is not assimilated. Starch-like substances are not synthesized by any of the species, and fermentative ability is lacking. The member species of this genus include Rhodotorula acheniorum, Rhodotorula acuta, Rhodotorula araucariae, Rhodotorula armeniaca, Rhodotorula aurantiaca, Rhodotorula auriculariae, and Rhodotorula bacarum. The cells of Rhodotorula acheniorum, after undergoing growth in 5% malt extract for three days at 25° C, appear as ellipsoidal, mostly of which elongate, and contain conspicuous fat globules. The cells of Rhodotorula acuta, after undergoing growth in 5% malt extract for three days at 25° C appear as ovoidal to ellipsoidal, where some cells taper to a sharp point.

During compulsory examination of 25 years old soldier in psychiatric clinic, as psychopathy features were observed in him, intracranial foreign metal body - sewing needle was found out. The patient and his parents had no any information about existence of intracranial sewing needle till the examination. Parents of the patient could not give any anamnestic information to the doctor in charge on existence of sewing needle in intracranial region. It is clear that sewing needle can be entered into intracranial region only till the period sinciput became firm. The fact that sharp point of the needle is towards down shows once again that the needle was pricked intentionally. In the result of the research the conclusion was reached that as the patient was the only grandson in the family, near relatives enviousle entered sewing needle into his intracranial region form the sinciput while he was baby in order to murder him. The accident was evaluated as the result of unsuccessful crime. So, in the result of the research we can come to the conclusion that instrumental examinations (rentgenography, of skull in two projections, computer tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance examination, etc.) for psychiatric patients are necessary.

We developed novel multifunction vitreous forceps to decrease the frequency of forceps insertion and enable the removal of the internal limiting membrane and other intravitreal membranes for better surgical results. The basic forceps were conventional continuous curvelinear capsulorrhexis (CCC) forceps. The size of the shaft is 23G and its pointed end measures 500 µp? in diameter. Additionally, there is a platform in its tip. The pointed end with platform helps to hold the membrane because the outer sheath can be moved while the tip of the forceps is fixed in position, and its pen hold type grip helps to reduce hand movement. The most advantageous thing is that the sharp point enables us to make an initial flap easily and the desired area of internal limiting membrane can be peeled off by firmly holding the platform. [Ophthalmol Surg Lasers 2002;33:260-261]

In our brevia “Web-Spinning Caterpillar stalks snails” (22 July 2005, p. [575][1]), we reported a new species of cosmopterigid moth, Hyposmocoma molluscivor a. The species description was given in the Supporting Online Material; however, according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the formal description must appear in print to make the name officially available. The description follows. ![Figure][2] Hyposmocoma molluscivora . Type specimen. ![Figure][2] Male genitalia ventral aspect. Hyposmocoma molluscivora Rubinoff & Haines, new species Male. Length of forewing: 6 mm, ( n = 1). Head. Creamy dull white with scattered fuscous scales. Labial palpi prominent, recurved, mostly black. Antenna uniformly black, unscaled except for small white mark on dorsal side of elongated first basal segment; vertex same color as rest of head. Thorax. Dorsal scaling similar to that of head centrally but with more fuscous scales, abruptly becoming black at periphery where joining at base of costal margin of wing. Underside black toward head, abruptly becoming white with few fuscous scales toward abdomen. Legs. Prothoracic legs mostly black. Mesothoracic legs basally white abruptly becoming black, metathoracic legs same pattern. Tibial spurs prominent, off-white. Forewing: (see left panel of figure) very elongate, narrow, 6 times longer than broad. Ground color a lustrous white overlaid extensively with indistinct pattern of fuscous scales over upper (costal) ⅔ of wing, sometimes dense enough to appear as black spots, posterior ⅓ mostly white, fuscous scales becoming very sparse with distinct, undulating margin, except apical lower ⅓ remaining mostly fuscous like rest of forewing. Hindwing. More lanceolate than forewing, 7 times longer than broad. Subcostal brush (fig. S1) ([1][3]) prominent, dark brown, extending ⅔ the length of hindwing. Lustrous light gray with long concolorous fringe maximum length nearly half as long as hindwing. Abdomen uniformly dark gray. Genitalia as in the right panel of the figure and fig. S2 ([1][3]). Pseuduncus elongate, curved, attenuated distally into sharp point; aedeagus stout, prominent, blunt tipped; anellus lobes ⅓ length of uncus, broadened and setose distally, left lobe with distinctly broader tip; valva broadened distally, with four prominent, broad, uniformly spaced spurs, sequentially longer distally. Male. HOLOTYPE. HAWAII: Maui, Makawao Forest Reserve. Elevation 920 m. GPS coordinates (UTM, NAD83): 04Q 783924, 2305563. Adult emerged III-23-05. (W. Haines, C. King collectors). Deposited in the University of Hawaii Insect Museum, on indefinite loan to the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. Hyposmocoma molluscivora is most similar and may be sympatric with Hyposmocoma lebetella Walsingham in montane wet forest areas of East Maui. The taxa can be easily distinguished by differences in forewing pattern, and the presence of the subcostal brush in H. molluscivora , but absent in male H. lebetella . Hyposmocoma molluscivora larvae form elongate, almost cylindrical cases of silk, algae, and small snail shells. The larvae use silk to attach resting snails to leaves and then force their way out into the snail's shell to feed (fig. S3) ([1][3]). 1. 1.[↵][4]Supporting Online Material is available at [www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5766/1377a/DC1][5]. 2. 2.We thank M. Bryce, F. Starr, and K. Starr for bringing specimens to our attention; B. Holland and R. Cowie of the University of Hawaii for identifying snail specimens; and F. Duvall for access to the Makawao Forest Reserve. J. Powell of UC Berkeley provided very helpful comments. W. Haines was supported by a National Science Foundation GK-12 grant (#DGE-0232016) awarded to the University of Hawaii's Center for Conservation Research and Training, K. Y. Kaneshiro, principal investigator. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1110397 [2]: pending:yes [3]: #ref-1 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [5]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5766/1377a/DC1

The study of point discharge current has been made using an isolated metallic sharp point raised above the earth's surface, A theoretical relation between the point discharge current, wind speed and the potential gradient has been derived and the results have been compared with experimental observations.