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Single-image dehazing is an extensively studied field and an ill-posed problem faced by vision-based systems in an outdoor environment. This paper proposes a dark channel network to estimate the transmission map of an input hazy scene for single-image dehazing. The architecture constitutes two major components—feature extraction layer and convolutional neural network layer. The former extracts the haze relevant features, while latter convolve these features with filter kernels to estimate the true scene transmission. Finally, the estimated transmission map is used to obtain the dehazed image using atmospheric scattering model. The experiments have been performed on synthetic hazy images and benchmark hazy dataset available in the literature. The performance of the proposed architecture outperforms the existing models in terms of standard quantitative metrics—mean square error, structural similarity index, and peak signal-to-noise ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comparative analysis of performance characteristics of the optical code-division multiple-access systems, which are based on spectralamplitude coding (SAC) and are implemented using eight different one-dimensional optical codes and a multi-array laser. We try to find the best code for the SAC systems by taking into consideration such parameters as system requirements for the number of users, the data rate and the type of network suitable for a particular code. Our simulations reveal that the capacity of the SAC systems can be improved when those systems are implemented with a laser rather than incoherent light source. Moreover, we demonstrate that the laser-based SAC system performs well in terms of high data rates, which is followed by improved bit error rates occurring with increasing number of users. As a trade-off among different performance characteristics, different optical codes under analysis can be applied for different specific communication systems. The suggested codes support the maximal data rates up to 12 Gbps for approximately 50 users. The maximal fibre length that supports error-free transmission is equal to 70 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbena officinalis Linn, the common vervain or common verbena, is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to a meter high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed; the delicate spikes hold mauve flowers. This plant prefers limey soils .The aim of this study was to overview its therapeutic effects than its nutritive and industrial effects. This review article was carried out by searching studies in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Iran Medex databases. In this study, studies was accepted for further screening and met all our inclusion criteria [in English, full text, therapeutic effects of Verbena officinalis Linn and dated mainly from the year 1964 to 2015.The search terms were "Verbena officinalis Linn.", lemon balm, "therapeutic properties", "pharmacological effects". It is commonly used for anti-inflammatory effect, ameliorative effect and antitumor, pharmacokinetic effect. antioxidant and antifungal activity, antiradical efficacy, analgesic activity, neuroprotective effects, anti-inflammatory activity, inflammatory, wound healing, anti-trypanosomacruzi activity, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities, antioxidant/anti -inflammatory ,anti-rhinosinusitis, biological activity, anti-skin infection. Verbena officinalis Linn. Possess very therapeutic effects. Nevertheless, it is still required to carry out more studies on this plant to identify its other properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidacloprid (IMI), a potent insecticide, belongs to the neonicotinoid family and is of great concern due to the fact that its persistence in the soil is a threat to both plants and vertebrates. The present study was aimed at the isolation and characterization of a bacterial strain from paddy field soil at Punjab (India), which has a history of 9–10 years of imidacloprid contamination. Among the various isolates, a soil bacterium was selected and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing asEnterobactersp. strain ATA1. It grew well in pH ranging from 6.0 to 7.0 at 37°C, and it was found to be a competent bacterium for the degradation of IMI. The presence of glucose in minimal salt medium (MMG; 0.1%w/v) as compared with any other co-substrate provokes the dissipation of IMI as a co-metabolite. Initially, incubation of IMI for 72 h in the MMG resulted in 30–40% degradation; thereafter, no significant change in its amount was found until 15 days of incubation, which explains the disappearance of any viable cells in the medium. Among the various identified metabolites, imidacloprid urea (m/z= 212) and imidacloprid guanidine (m/z= 211) were found to be the end products of IMI degradation, whereas others remained unidentified (m/z= 99 andm/z= 119). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With possible new use cases and demanding requirements of future 5th generation (5G) and beyond cellular networks, the future of mobile communications sounds promising. However, the propagation medium has been considered a randomly acting agent between the transmitter and the receiver. With the advent of the digital age of wireless communications, the received signal quality is degrading due to the uncontrollable interactions of the transmitted radio waves with the surrounding artifacts. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) and assisted application areas. With the RIS, the network operators can control radio waves' scattering, reflection, and refraction characteristics by resolving the harmful properties of environmental wireless propagation. Further, the RIS can effectively control the wavefront, such as amplitude, phase, frequency, and even polarization, without requiring complex encoding, decoding, or radio wave processing techniques. Motivated by technological advances, the metasurfaces, reflectarrays, phase shift, and liquid crystals are potential candidates for implementing RIS. Thus, they can be considered the front runner for realizing the 5G and beyond network. Furthermore, the current research activities in the evolving field of wireless networks operated by RIS are reviewed and discussed thoroughly. Finally, to fully explore the potential of RISs in wireless networks, the fundamental research issues to be addressed have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptability of an effective access network in optical code division multiple access domain requires an efficient coding scheme which has the abilitiy to provide required communication capacity in terms of cardinality, reach, and data rates. In this paper, an extensive study and investigation has been carried out for adaptability study of a well-known coding scheme diagonal eigenvalue unity (DEU) code at various date rates in passive optical network (PON) environment. DEU code design is based on Jordan block matrix with ideal in-phase cross correlation (IPCC) properties. The numerical and simulation results show the ability of DEU code in supporting synchronized transmissions at different data rates that suits triple play services of video, audio and data (VAD). An algorithm is developed to determine the required chip duration that matches a particular service. It shows that data rate is more influential than code length on pulse duration especially for video applications. In support of the proposed algorithm, 5 Gb/s, 2.5 Gb/s, and 1.25 Gb/s data rate transmissions have been validated for various simultaneous users. In addition, a Poisson's distribution analysis is carried out aiming to study different bit rate scenarios with ad hoc population network. Results have concluded that higher value of average rate of simultaneous users (σ) is preferable for low data rate whereas the lower value of σ is suitable to the higher data rates in accordance with network population. In particular, for video streaming, the traffic running in a continuous fashion requires the highest transmission priority and small value of σ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kalijiri (Centratherum Anthelminticum, Family - Asteraceae) is an herbal plant that has been widely used in India traditional medicine for the treatment of different disorders (eg. Analgesic, Antipyretic, Antihelmintic, Antihyperglycemic, Antimicrobial, Antibacterial and Diuretic). Nevertheless, the available scientific information about this species is scarce and there are no reports related to its possible effect on the CNS. In this work, the effects of Methanolic extract of seeds of Centratherum Anthelminticum (CA) were evaluated in mice using behavioral tests sensitive to clinically effective Antianxiety compounds. The extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) administered i.p. was able to show significant effect on the anxiety as compare to the standard drug i.e. Diazepam (2 mg/kg). Present study confirms that the extract showed significant Antianxiety activity at both dose levels which is comparable with standard Antianxiety drug diazepam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One dimensional encoding in optical communications has limitations in terms of the number of supported users and large bandwidth consumption. This study presents a new algorithm to generate two-dimensional (2D) encoding utilizing permutation vectors (PV) theory for incoherent multiple access network to suppress multiple access interference (MAI) and system complexity. The proposed code design approach is based on spectral/spatial techniques for code generation. All possible combinations of PV code-sets are obtained by utilizing all permutations of the vectors with the repetition of each vector weight (W) times. Furthermore, the 2D-PV code-set is constructed by combining two code sequences of the 1D-PV code. Furthermore, the transmitter–receiver architecture of the 2D-PV spectral/spatial (S/S) code based OCDMA system is presented. The Gaussian approximation is used to analyze the performance of the proposed OCDMA system with 2D- PV code by considering various noise sources (shot, thermal, and PIIN). Results indicate that the 2D-PV code provides increased cardinality by eliminating phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) effects with a minimum likelihood of interference between multiple user data. Simulation implementations validate the proposed system performance for an agreeable bit error rate (BER) of 10–9 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper undertakes the ancillary topic of relation between the transmission capacity of two dimensional optical code division multiple (2D-OCDMA) systems and its economic aspects. A new code called 2D double weight zero cross-correlation (2D-DZCC) is developed and implemented in both spectral-spatial and spectral-temporal 2D-OCDMA systems for a comprehensive techno-economic analysis. In order to determine the most efficient network architecture in terms of system capacity and cost, both models are evaluated for allowed bandwidth in terms of data, and reach. The technological analysis is followed by investigation of capital expenditure (CAPEX) for both architectures in terms of the cost incurred on network components between the transmitter and receiver modules. Evaluation of both models demonstrates that spectral-temporal OCDMA system tends to provide relatively same transmission capacity with ≈ 70 % reduced cost of implementation in comparison with the spectral-spatial system. Consequently, making spectral-spatial systems most suitable for the deployment of passive optical network (PON) at the low cost access domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a new algorithm to generate two-dimensional (2D) permutation vectors' (PV) code for incoherent optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system to suppress multiple access interference (MAI) and system complexity. The proposed code design approach is based on wavelength-hopping time-spreading (WHTS) technique for code generation. All possible combinations of PV code sets were attained by employing all permutations of the vectors with repetition of each vector weight (W) times. Further, 2D-PV code set was constructed by combining two code sequences of the 1D-PV code. The transmitter-receiver architecture of 2D-PV code-based WHTS OCDMA system is presented. Results indicated that the 2D-PV code provides increased cardinality by eliminating phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) effects and multiple user data can be transmitted with minimum likelihood of interference. Simulation results validated the proposed system for an agreeable bit error rate (BER) of 10−9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]