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Introduction: Various therapeutic procedures, such as cleft palate surgery, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, nasopharyngoscopy, and nasogastric intubation, rely on the morphometric measurements of the hard palate. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in passive speech articulation. Therefore, understanding the morphological and osteological diversity of the hard palate holds clinical significance. Aim: To assess the normal and aberrant morphology and morphometry of the hard palate. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was initiated in December 2017 and completed in December 2021. It was conducted on 100 dry adult human skulls collected from the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. The palate was analysed to determine the mean palatal length, breadth, and height. Additionally, the palatal index and palatal height index were calculated. Different osteological parameters of the lesser palatine foramen, including its number, distance from the greater palatine foramen, palatomaxillary suture, and interpalatine suture, were measured. Mean, standard deviation, range, and p-value were calculated for the metric parameters. Results: The mean palatal length, breadth, and height were 46.16±4.18 mm, 33.01±2.67 mm, and 11.06±1.88 mm, respectively. In the present study, 83% of skulls belonged to the leptostaphyline type, 10% to the mesostaphyline type, and 7% to the brachystaphyline type. The number of lesser palatine foramen varied from 0-2 on both sides, with predominance of a single foramen on both sides. The distances of the lesser palatine foramen from the greater palatine foramen, palatomaxillary suture, and intermaxillary suture were found to be 3.55±1.56 mm, 11.45±2.42 mm, and 17.57±3.06 mm on the right side, and 3.38±1.57 mm, 10.90±2.39 mm, and 17.47±2.99 mm on the left side, respectively. Conclusion: The data provided by this study will be helpful in various disciplines of medical, dental, and anthropometrical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this review is to update the reader with practical knowledge concerning the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. Exclusive data is available on the association between these two chronic diseases till date. Articles published on this relationship often provide the knowledge of definitions of diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases, prevalence, extent, severity of periodontal disease, complications of diabetes along with the possible underlying mechanisms. The authors reviewed human epidemiological studies, cross-sectional observations and longitudinal cohort, case control that evaluated variables exclusively over the past 30 years and the predominant findings from the "certain" articles are summarized in this review. This review clarifies certain queries such as 1) Do periodontal diseases have an effect on the metabolic control of diabetes? 2) Does diabetes act as a risk factor of periodontitis? 3) What are the possible underlying mechanisms relating the connection between these two chronic diseases? 4) What is the effect of periodontal intervention on metabolic control of diabetes? After a thorough survey of literature, it was observed that diabetes acts as a risk factor in development of periodontitis as periodontitis is significantly aggravated in patients suffering from diabetes having long term hyperglycemia. Different mechanisms underlying the association between the accelerated periodontal disease and diabetes are emerging but still more work is required. Major efforts are required to elucidate the impact of periodontal diseases on diabetes. At the same time, patients are needed to be made aware of regular periodontal maintenance schedule and oral hygiene.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of improvement in inflammatory oxidative stress by periodontal therapy (NSPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) subjects. Methods: 50 stable subjects of CKD (stage III-IV) and having chronic periodontitis were enrolled for the present study. Group A (control group) subjects who did not receive NSPT and Group B (test group) subjects who received NSPT. Oral hygiene instructions were given to both groups, malondialdehyde *IDA) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum, albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), urine protein creatinine ratio (UPCR), pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plague index (PI), gingival index (Gl), Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1 13), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in serum were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results: There was a significant difference observed in PD, CAL. PI, Gl and MDA-GCF, hs-CRP, IL-113 in serum following NSPT in the test group compared to the control group at 6 months follow up. Within the limitations of the study, the results revealed that NSPT can be used as an effective method to reduce inflammatory oxidative stress in CKD subjects and improve renal health. Further well-designed longitudinal trials with larger sample size and longer follow ups are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate Indian diabetic risk score and its association with body mass index and HBA1C levels in mixed urban and rural population of Western U.P. Material and methods:The present prospective study was conducted in the department of Medicine at Autonomous State Medical College & SNM Hospital, Firozabad (U.P.)from September 2021 to June 2022. The study group was consisted of 500 patients, aged between 25 and 70 years. HbA1c was also measured as one the diagnostic parameter for the confirmation of diabetes. The patients were interviewed that requests for the demographic, socioeconomic status, medical history and previous history of taking any medications and supplements. Diabetes mellitus, physical activity and Diabetic score using IDRS and data was collected based on the questionnaire pattern. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, and waist circumference were measured. Results: High, moderate and low diabetes risk score was found among 52.2% (261), 42.4% (212) and 5.4% (27) of the subjects respectively. Most of the obese, overweight and normal subjects belonged to high risk, moderate risk and no risk diabetes category with statistically significant difference as p<0.01.Significant association was found between subjects with higher risk score and HbA1c. Conclusion: Our study fully supports the validity of IDRS as it can be used as a cost-effective tool for mass screening of diabetes. This scoring system can be used for strict monitoring for diabetes and obesity so that timely intervention can be done to reduce the early development of diabetes complications and severe obesity comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inferior alveolar nerve block is a usual practice by a dental practitioner. Panoramic radiography is a widely used technique in dentistry to get a clear and comprehensive view before planning any treatment. The study aimed to compare the morphometric localization of mandibular foramen (MF) on dry bones and orthopantomogram. The study was designed in two phases: a morphometric study on dry human mandibles (phase I) and orthopantomograms of the same dry human mandibles (phase II). The study materials were 200 dry north Indian human mandibles belonging to unknown sex obtained from the Department of Anatomy. Descriptive statistics, including range, mean±standard deviation, paired t-test to compare dry bones and orthopantomogram, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and measurement error, were used. T-test was applied separately to compare the right and left sides of dry bones. The distance of mandibular foramen from the posterior border and lower border is shorter on the right side than on the left. Its distance from the anterior border and the mandibular notch was greater on the right side. On panoramic radiographs, the distance of MF from nearby anatomical landmarks on the mandible was highly unreliable except for the mandibular notch. Our findings demonstrate a statistically significant difference between distances on dry bone and OPG but no statistically significant difference between MF-notch on both sides and MF-AB on the right side. As a result, a surgeon can rely upon a mandibular notch to locate mandibular foramen during clinical procedures. Magnification is an inbuilt property of OPG; for precise localization of MF, it is advisable to proceed with advanced three-dimensional techniques to protect viable anatomical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greater palatine foramen is located in posterior part of hard palate. Knowledge of anatomical limitations of greater palatine foramen are crucial for injecting anaesthetic drugs along greater palatine nerve and for maxillary nerve block. Aim: Aim of the study was to provide anatomical data regarding number, possible shape, variability in location of greater palatine foramen and its relation to nearby landmarks. Material and methods: Study included 100 dry human skulls that assessed 200 greater palatine foramina. Various parameters were measured by using digital Vernier caliper. Results: Shape of GPF was oval in 57% on right & 51% on left side. It was directed anteromedial in 56% & 44% on right & left sides. Its position was at 3rd molar in 49% on right and 56% on left side. Mean of anteroposterior, transverse diameters & penetrability were 4.96mm, 3.37mm & 13.07mm on right and 4.78mm, 3.17mm & 12.15mm on left side respectively. Mean of distance between GPF of two sides was 31.23mm. The mean of distance of GPF from IF, IPS and PPB were 38.76, 15.58mm and 4.68mm on right side and 38.46mm, 15.33mm and 4.41mm on left side respectively. Conclusion: All metric observations were more on right as compared with left side. Present study will provide the required baseline data for various dental procedures and development of tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With sudden changes in the worldwide education system due to COVID-19 impact and limited available resources, nurse educators have been suffering from online teaching stress in this year, which is thought to affect their quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to ascertain the index of online teaching stress and QOL among nurse educators during COVID-19. Subjects and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 162 nurse educators were recruited through a convenient sampling technique. Online survey was employed using socio-demographic questionnaire, online teaching stress scale, and World Health Organization QOL BRIF-26 to collect data. IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Among all participants, 22% and 51% of participants reported severe and moderate level of online teaching stress respectively. The highest and lowest overall QOL was reported in the social relationship (70.29 ± 20.5) and physical health (54.54 ± 13.73) domain. Online teaching stress scores were significantly associated with gender (P = 0.012), teaching experience (P < 0.001), salary (P < 0.001), job satisfaction (P < 0.001), satisfaction with organization (P < 0.001). Online teaching stress scores were significantly negative correlated with all four domains of QOL. Marital status and monthly salary were the indicators of online teaching stress. Teaching experience, salary, and job satisfaction appeared to be robust predictors for domains of QOL (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that effective interventions primarily focusing on improving the availability of resources, training, and empowerment activities are necessary to decrease the negative effect of stress on QOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood stream infections are the common infectious consequence in neutropenic patients suffering from the hematological malignancies. These infections are usually caused by a diverse group of microbes. Material and methods: A pair of blood culture was executed in the febrile neutropenic patients suffering from hematological disorders, to observe the microbiology of the blood stream infections. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed as per standard microbiological procedures. Results: In the present study, 27% of blood culture positivity (27/100) was observed among the enrolled febrile neutropenic patients. Gram-positive cocci including Staphylococcus aures (n=15), Coagulase negative staphylococci (n=8), Enterococcus fecalis (n1) were the predominance in comparison to Gram negative microbes (one each isolate of Klebsiella pneumonaie, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). All the isolated Gram-positive microbes were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. 65.2% of isolated Staphylococci were methicillin resistant (15/23). One MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was also isolated, having a susceptibility to only carbapenem and polymyxin B. Conclusion: Blood culture and susceptibility testing should be performed in each case of febrile neutropenia as blood stream infections among these patients are caused by a divergent group of microbes having a varied susceptibility pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]