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Now a days the chemistry of Benzo[1,3]oxazine-2,4-dione moiety enhanced important due to their marvelous activities in medicinal field. Hence, some novel benzo[1,3]oxazine-2,4-dione derivatives were synthesized by various methods including eco-friendly methods like microwave irradiation and mortar pastel. These methods are then compared with conventional method. Comparatively study of % yield and reaction time in different method and solvents is described. The structure characterization of synthesized compound was carried out by 1H NMR, IR and mass spectrometry. From the result, it is observed that the microwave irradiation method is superior than the other two method to the synthesis of Benzo[1,3] oxazine-2,4-dione derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frequently isolated in clinical settings and environmental sources, members of the Mycobacterium aviumintracellulare complex (MAIC) comprising genetically distinct species and subtypes holds significant agents responsible for opportunistic infections. The work is focused on molecular identification of a novel Mycobacterium species within the MAIC isolated from an aged dog suffering from pulmonary infection in a rural area of Meghalaya, India. Methods & Materials: The dog's nasal swabs were collected and after decontamination inoculated into Lowenstein Jensen Media. Since phenotypic characteristics were inconclusive and time consuming, molecular analysis was decisively adopted for the study. Genus confirmation was done on the basis of hsp65 gene amplification which was then subjected to PRA (PCR-Restriction Enzyme Pattern Analysis) using enzymes BstEII and HaeIII. To further speciate the isolate and determine its phylogenetic status, two important additional housekeeping genes rpoB, and 16S rRNA gene were included. Results: At the end of three months a smooth, single, nonpigmented colony was observed showing strong acid fast bacilli and amplified the genus-specific hsp65 gene. PRA-hsp65 profiles could only infer the isolate to be a Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM). The dog was instantly prescribed anti-tuberculosis drug and is currently undergoing therapy. BLAST analysis in NCBI exhibited no homology in the three genes with comparatively low similarity cut-offs. The 16S rRNA gene depicted 99% closeness to the reference strain of M. yongonense, rpoB gene showed 97% similarity to M. Indicus pranii, while non-MAIC member M. genevense was the closest hit for hsp65 with 97% similarity. All the three genes were individually subjected to phylogenetic analysis in MEGA6 taking together the reference ATCC sequences of MAIC and the closest BLAST hits which also presented similar ambiguous output with no conclusion on the isolate's species. Concatenation of the three sequences ultimately presented higher lucid discrimination and determined the isolate (HNP-1) as a novel entity within the MAIC (Figure 1). Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis indicate the isolate as a distinct new member within MAIC with a unique clinical manifestation in the present dog's case by way of being less lethal as compared to other reported cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post operative pain is very unpleasant. Adequate analgesia during post operative period gives good patient satisfaction. To assess the adequacy of post operative analgesia in patients undergoing caesarean section. This prospective study was carried out in Lumbini Medical College, Palpa in the year, and April 2011 to October 2011. A total of 60 caesarean section cases of ASA grading I or II were selected for the study. All patients received an intrathecal injection of 0.5% (2.5 ml) hyperbaric Bupivacaine with 100 microgm and 200 microgm of preservative free morphine. Patients were monitored for 12 hours for adequacy of analgesia. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (21) software. The median age of the patients was 22.75 (SD = 4.309).The duration of analgesia was prolonged with the patients who had 200 microgm of morphine and less with the 100 microgm of morphine which was statistically not significant (p = 0.09). The incidence of pruritus, nausea and vomiting was more with 200 microgm of morphine as compared to 100 microgm of morphine and was statically not significant (p value 0.09 and 0.373 respectively). Intrathecal morphine provides satisfactory analgesia. By decreasing the dose than what is recommended we can safely acheive adequate analgesia.

Monocrotophos administration at intervals induced variable responses in phosphatases, transaminases and aldolase of liver and plasma. Hepato-toxicity was aggravated under protein deficient state. A weak resistance to toxicity was observed in rats on low protein diet (5%). However, animals fed on protein enriched diet (20%) indicated an elevation in tissue defense mechanism and were able to combat toxic stress of monocrotophos, though partially. A higher protein level may prove efficient and significant for alleviating pesticide toxicity.

Signaling pathways activated by the tachykinin substance P (SP) were investigated in pig coronary artery endothelial cells (PCAECs). Single cells were obtained after enzymatic digestion of coronary arteries. Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was measured from fura-2 fluorescence while membrane potential or ionic current was measured using patch-clamp techniques. In physiological saline solution, SP induced hyperpolarizations or outward currents which coincided with biphasic [Ca2+]i increases representing store release of Ca2+ and Ca2+ influx. Single channel recording protocols showed that both sources of Ca2+ activated a small conductance K+ channel, resulting in cell hyperpolarization. When outward currents were blocked by d-tubocurare, Cs+, or BAPTA, an inward current was unmasked. Ion substitution protocols showed that the SP-induced inward current was (1) carried by a mixture of Ca2+ and Na+, (2) blocked by La3+, and (3) inactivated by high extracellular [Ca2+]. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors also blocked the inward current. The same current was activated by bath application of BHQ, an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, or by cell dialysis with IP3. These results suggest that the plateau phase of the agonist-activated [Ca2+]i increase in PCAECs reflects Ca2+ entry through a depletion-activated Ca2+ channel. The characteristics of this channel are compared to those of Ca2+ channels found in other nonexcitable cells.