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Electrocatalytic water splitting is a feasible method for large‐scale hydrogen production. Recently, layered double hydroxides (LDH) have been identified as a possible candidate for accelerating the water splitting process. Nevertheless, certain structural alterations are necessary for immaculate LDH because of their weak electrocatalytic activity. These structural changes alter the local reaction environment by modulating the electronic structure of the metal center present in the LDH. This electronic structure tailoring is accomplished by a variety of processes, including heteroatom doping, single atom inclusion, cationic defect, oxygen vacancy creation, and heterostructure formation. Recently, there has been an uptick of advancement in this field, and it is necessary to summarize these developments. This review provides a concise summary of the current reports on the electronic structure manipulation of layered double hydroxide. The review begins by examining the local environmental changes of LDH resulting from the insertion of single atoms. Subsequently, we explore the charge transfer that occurs at the interface between LDH and other transition metal heterostructures. In addition, we explored the impact on the metal center near the vacancies on the basal plane of LDH. Finally, we presented a future perspective and guidance for advancing this field in electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen spillover effect has recently garnered a lot of attention in the field of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions. A new avenue for understanding the dynamic behavior of atomic migration in which hydrogen atoms moving on a catalyst surface was opened up by the setup of the word "hydrogen spillover." However, there is currently a dearth of thorough knowledge regarding the hydrogen spillover effect. Currently, the advancement of sophisticated characterization procedures offers progressively useful information to enhance our grasp of the hydrogen spillover effect. The understanding of material fabrication for hydrogen spillover effect has erupted. Considering these factors, we made an effort to review most of the articles published on the hydrogen spillover effect and carefully analyzed the aspect of material fabrication. All of our attention has been directed toward the molecular pathway that leads to improve hydrogen evolution reactions performance. In addition, we have attempted to elucidate the spillover paths through the utilization of DFT calculations. Furthermore, we provide some preliminary research suggestions and highlight the opportunities and obstacles that are still to be confronted in this study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive loss is one of the biggest health problems for older people. The incidence of dementia increases with age, so Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent type of dementia, is expected to increase. Patients with dementia find it difficult to cope with their daily activities and resort to family members or caregivers. However, aging generally leads to a loss of orientation and navigation skills. This phenomenon creates great inconvenience for autonomous walking, especially in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or those suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The loss of orientation and navigation skills is most felt when old people move from their usual environments to nursing homes or residential facilities. This necessarily involves a person's constant presence to prevent the patient from moving without a defined destination or incurring dangerous situations. Methods: A navigation system is a support to allow older patients to move without resorting to their caregivers. This application meets the need for helping older people to move without incurring dangers. The aim of the study was to verify the possibility of applying the technology normally used for video games for the development of an indoor navigation system. There is no evidence of this in the literature. Results: We have developed an easy-to-use solution that can be extended to patients with MCI, easing the workload of caregivers and improving patient safety. The method applied was the use of the Unity Vuforia platform, with which an augmented reality APK application was produced on a smartphone. Conclusions: The model differs from traditional techniques because it does not use arrows or labels to identify the desired destination. The solution was tested in the laboratory with staff members. No animal species have been used. The destinations were successfully reached, with an error of 2%. A test was conducted against some evaluation parameters on the use of the model. The values are all close to the maximum expected value. Future developments include testing the application with a predefined protocol in a real-world environment with MCI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient design approaches have been developed to create electrocatalysts with the aim of enhancing both the number of active sites and the inherent activity of each individual active site. There is a requirement for more universally applicable approaches to thoroughly understand the activity of electrocatalysts. Particularly in this regard, heterointerfaces that exhibit a strong coupling effect have significantly improved the reaction kinetics of electrocatalysis. The electronic redistribution that takes place between the two phases through the interface is the cause of the increased catalytic activity that is exhibited by the heterostructures. Electrophilic and nucleophilic sites are generated on the surface of the catalyst as a result of the electronic redistribution that occurs from one phase to another phase. These sites have the ability to catalyze both the HER and the OER simultaneously. However, a comprehensive debate is required regarding the mechanistic route that is responsible for the acceleration of the reaction rate experienced by the reallocation of electrons.This review summarizes the electron redistribution phenomenon happening after the strong contact between two interfaces. We have explained the charge distribution phenomenon in semiconductor‐semiconductor heterojunctions and metal‐semiconductor heterojunctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]