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Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe, life-endangering, necrotising, gas-producing infection affecting the kidney and perinephric tissue. It is associated with renal loss, high morbidity, and mortality. Diabetes, obstructive uropathy, female gender and hypertension are the most common risk factors. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis are the most common pathogens causing Emphysematous pyelonephritis. EPN presents as a clinical triad of fever, flank pain, and nausea. Non-contrast CT scan is the mainstay of early diagnosis of EPN. It is diagnosed by demonstrating gas in renal parenchyma and perinephric tissue. Huang and Sang's classification is used for the classification and management of EPN. Treatment of EPN progressed from early nephrectomy to minimally invasive treatments including newer and advanced antibiotics and percutaneous drainage along with Percutaneous nephrostomy and DJ stenting. Early nephrectomy was the treatment of choice in the last century however newer studies suggest conservative treatment is associated with renal preservation, decreased morbidity and mortality. The initial use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as Third-or fourth generation cephalosporins and carbapenems is recommended. Emergency drainage is indicated with a larger-sized pigtail catheter as pus is thick and frequent blockage of tubes is common. Nephrectomy should be done for those patients who fail to respond to conservative therapy i.e., antibiotics and percutaneous drainage. This review aims to provide comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of this life-threatening urological infection Emphysematous pyelonephritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Several progresses have been made in the field of text recognition/Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in recent years, but the task of font recognition remains a significant challenge. ProblemStatement: With a variety of fonts available in numerous shapes and styles, and several fonts with only minor differences in characteristics, font identification becomes complex. The most difficult part is distinguishing the small differences between these similar fonts. Conventional OCR text recognition systems exhibit low recognition rates and several errors, struggling to differentiate between different text fonts. This has made font recognition a persistent challenge. Modern text recognition systems should be able to recognize text and font information across a variety of fonts with high accuracy. Approach/Method: The proposed work aims to precisely recognize font shapes and styles of text in images by employing a method based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). This approach is tuned for multi-classification and involves two primary steps. The first step involves splitting the dataset in a 3:1 ratio for training and testing purposes, followed by the training of the CNN-based model. The second step involves feeding the model an image to identify the font. The dataset comprises five classes: Lato, Raleway, Roboto, Sansation, and Walkway, with 100 randomly generated string images per class. Results and Findings: The final model achieves an accuracy of 98.93%, with improved precision, recall, and F1 score. Conclusion: The proposed CNN-based method demonstrates a high accuracy in font recognition, addressing the challenges of distinguishing between similar fonts and improving the performance of text recognition systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mullerianosis of the urinary bladder is a rare bladder lesion with fewer than 30 cases reported in the literature. It describes the ectopic presence of endocervical, endometrium, and endosalpingial tissues inside the urinary bladder. It is diagnosed when at least two of three Mullerian tissues, endometriosis, endocervicosis, and endosalpingiosis, are identified. Mullerianosis presents in females of the reproductive age group, especially after pelvic surgery. Treatment involves resection of the bladder mass and ruling out malignant pathology. Follow-up of Mullerianosis is vital, as recurrence is common. Medical therapy is also indicated when a diagnosis is established after the histopathological examination of the tumor. We report a 31-year-old female presenting with recurrent lower abdominal pain. Cystoscopy showed a mass of 3 × 3 cm in the urinary bladder. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor was resected, and histopathology suggested a combination of endometriosis, endocervicosis, and endosalpingiosis. Pain was resolved after surgery, but the lesion recurred at 3 months, which was subsequently resected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different temperature zones have significant impact on the population dynamics of Plutella xylostella. Effective management of P. xylostella requires the knowledge of temperature tolerance by different life stages. In the current study, fitness parameters of diamondback moth were reported by using age-stage, two-sex life table traits at four constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 °C). The life cycle of P. xylostella was significantly longer at 15 °C. The 20 °C level of temperature was found optimal for fecundity, gross reproductive rate (51.74 offspring) and net reproductive rate (44.35 offspring per individual). The adult pre-oviposition period was statistically at par at all four level of temperatures. However, the survival was maximum at 20 °C as compared to other three temperature ranges. Based on the current study, it was concluded that temperature has a great role in population build-up of P. xylostella and effective management tactics should be applied to prevent significant damage to cabbage and other cruciferous crops when the temperature in the field is near 20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A duplex real‑time PCR was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection of Brucella and bovine alphaherpesvirus‑1 (BoHV‑1) from bovine clinical specimens. The bcsp31 gene of Brucella and gB gene of BoHV‑1 were used as targets in the assay. The limit of detection for BoHV‑1 was 0.03 TCID50 of virus and 10 plasmid copies containing the target gene while for Brucella it was 4.1 × 101 CFUs. Intra‑assay and inter‑assay values showed high repeatability and reproducibility of the assay. The diagnostic sensitivity (dsn) and diagnostic specificity (dsp) of the duplex assay were determined by screening 443 clinical specimens and comparing the results with the respective individual assays. The dsn and dsp for detection of Brucella were found to be 95.24% and 95.65%, respectively whereas for BoHV‑1, the dsn (100%) and dsp (99.47%) were slightly higher. The duplex assay had a very good degree of agreement with the respective individual real‑time PCR test {kappa value 0.97 for Brucella and 0.95 for BoHV‑1}. The results of the current study suggest that the duplex assay would be a cost‑effective and time‑saving alternative for the individual real‑time PCR assay for the detection of Brucella and BoHV‑1.