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Seasons shape infrastructures, temporalities, and life worlds in fundamental ways. Urbanites have long recognized the seasonality of their environments, but seasons have been little studied by historians. This special section explores the diverse ways that urban seasonality affects urban life, focusing on cities in temperate zones across the globe, from North America to Europe to Japan. This collection of essays shows how seasonal rhythms, differentiated from weather (with its transient nature) and climate (with its vast scales) can reveal new areas of inquiry for historians concerned with how urban environments are located in time and space. Taken together, these collected essays move beyond seasonal descriptions to frame seasonality as an analytical and methodological tool, suggesting new ways of thinking about everything from childhood to potholes, social solidarity, style, sewage and human-animal relations. This introduction is an effort to focus our attention on urban seasonality as generative of often surprising ways of approaching familiar topics in urban history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Open surgeries are associated with significant morbidities post operatively such as pain and restricted ambulation causing delayed recovery. A multimodal analgesic approach combining different analgesia modes with local or regional anaesthesia to maximise effectiveness is essential. Among the various regional anaesthesia techniques quadrates lumborumblock(QLB) is found to be an effective alternative. Aims: In this study we aim to assess the post operative analgesic efficacy of USG guided quadratuslumborum block in open urosurgical procedures. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients of ASA Grade I or II undergoing open urological procedures under GA were divided into 2 groups one group receive USG guided QLB(Group Q) and other control (Group C). Each patient was assessed for the duration of analgesia, (time to first rescue analgesic), total dose of rescue analgesics required in 24hrs, VAS score post operatively(1,2,4,6,8,12,18,24hrs) at PACU and the incidence of any adverse events post operatively. Results: The mean VAS score was higher in control group compared to both the study groups which was statistically significant(p value<0.0001). The mean time of demand for first rescue analgesia(duration of analgesia)was 4.87±1.01hrs in QLB group compared to control group 1.40± 0.50hrs which was statistically significant(p value<0.0001). The total rescue analgesic requirement was low in the study groups compared to control group(p value<0.0001). There was no incidence of any side effects found. Conclusion: Ultrasound guided QLB provide effective analgesia, decrease intraoperative and postoperative opiod consumption and is beneficial to shorten hospital stay in patients undergoing open urological procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The UN Sustainable Development Goals ("SDGs") aim to create a more peaceful, just, and environmentally sustainable global community. The SDGs target seventeen areas that demand immediate action by the [...]

Non arteritis Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) is mentioned as loss of blood supply to the optic nerve further causing sudden onset and painless vision loss in eye. Exact mechanism, leading to reduced or loss of flow of blood to an optic nerve in NAION, is unknown but there are certain risk factors responsible for NAION like diabetes, malignant hypertension, Hypercholesterolaemia, platelet polymorphism, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, hyperhomocysteinemia, nocturnal hypotension, sleep apnoea, contribute to it. This case report is about a 40-year-old male patient who presented with a complaint of sudden onset vision loss in one eye which was further diagnosed as NAION on fundus examination. This shows association of malignant hypertension and NAION. Early diagnosis of the condition led to complete recovery of vision loss. Early management of blood pressure and timely management of NAION using antihypertensives and steroids in this patient found to be fruitful and patient regained his vision back. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The elderly in India form a heterogeneous subset of the population with significant disease burden variations. However, there are no data available regarding the type of research studies conducted in an elderly population in India. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the research studies conducted in the elderly population in India based on data from the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI). Settings and Design: This was an "audit" of available data on the CTRI website. Participants and Methods: Following exemption from the Institutional Ethics Committee, all studies in the elderly population registered in CTRI from its inception (July 2007 to August 2019) were reviewed. Data captured with respect to geographical distribution, study designs used, therapy area, trial registration, and funding. Statistical Analysis Used: The variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics using SPSS version 16.0. Results: Out of a total of 21,400 studies in CTRI, a total of 99 (0.46%) studies involved only elderly patients. Of these studies, 60 (60.6%) were interventional, whereas 39 (39.4%) were observational. Of all the interventional studies, 17 (28%) tested drugs, 26 (43%) tested a lifestyle intervention, and the rest were nutraceuticals, Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy, and physiotherapy. Postgraduate theses constituted 60 (60.6%) studies. Eighty-seven (87.9%) were academic projects, eight (8.1%) were government-funded studies, and only four (4%) were pharmaceutical-sponsored studies. The most commonly studied therapy area was the central nervous system, followed by community medicine and orthopedics. Conclusions: This study depicts the underrepresentation of the geriatric population in clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]