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Aquaporins superfamily of hydrophobic integral membrane proteins constitutes water channels essential to the movement of water across the cell membrane maintaining homeostatic equilibrium. During the passage of water between the extracellular and intracellular sides of the cell, aquaporins act as ultra-sensitive filters. Owing to their hydrophobic nature, aquaporins self-assemble in phospholipids and if a proper choice of lipids is made then the aquaporin biomimetic membrane can be used in the design of artificial kidney. In combination with graphene, aquaporin biomimetic membrane finds practical application in desalination and water recycling using mostly Escherichia coli AqpZ. Recently, human aquaporin 1 has emerged as an important biomarker in renal cell carcinoma. At present, the ultra-sensitive sensing of renal cell carcinoma is cumbersome and hence we are discussing usage of epitopes from monoclonal antibody as a probe for point-of-care device for sensing renal cell carcinoma by immobilizing the antibody on the surface of a single-layer graphene as a microfluidic device for sensing renal cell carcinoma which is pursued in our laboratories.

Mobile app providers have access to, and gather, large amounts of personal data. The exact data varies by app provider and is described in lengthy privacy policies with varying levels of transparency. Privacy policies with a low level of transparency hamper users from making educated decisions about the data that they want to share with third parties. In this paper, the Privacy Policy Benchmark Model is presented based on existing literature and applied to a selection of 20 mobile applications and their privacy policies. The Privacy Policy Benchmark Model is used for evaluating the transparency and quantity of data that is collected. The model consists of two aspects: the amount of data mobile app provides collect and the transparency of those privacy policies. The examined providers are transparent about what they collected and how they use it. They are less transparent about other topics such as the location of the stored information and how information is processed after removal, making privacy and usage considerations more difficult for users on those specific matters.