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A set of lab-scale experiments were designed and conducted to remedy Direct Blue 15 (DB15) dye using nontoxic halloysite nanotubes (HNT) with the view to be utilized in a textile industrial effluent (TIE). The DB15 adsorbed-HNT “sludge” was used as a reinforcing agent and plastic waste to fabricate the composite. To advance the knowledge and further understand the chemical phenomena associated with DB15 adsorption on HNT, different factors like pH value, adsorbate initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on the composite were affected experimentally tested. To estimate the adsorption capacity of HNT, nine isotherm models were applied, and it was identified that the Brouers–Sotolongo adsorption isotherm model represented the best accuracy for predicting the adsorption behavior of the HNT. Likewise, the pseudo-second-order reaction was the predominant mechanism for the overall rate of the multi-step dye adsorption process. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the mass transfer during the process is diffusion-controlled, and thermodynamic assessments showed that the process is physisorption.

The first-ever use of halloysite nanotube (HNT), a relatively low-cost nanomaterial abundantly available with minor toxicity for removing brilliant green dye from aqueous media, is reported. The factors affecting adsorption were studied by assessing the adsorption capacity, kinetics, and equilibrium thermodynamic properties. All the experiments were designed at a pH level of around 7. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm model fits best amongst the nine isotherm models studied. The kinetic studies data confirmed a pseudo model of the second order. Robotic investigations propose a rate-controlling advance being overwhelmed by intraparticle dispersion. The adsorbent features were interpreted using infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Process optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) through a dual section Fractional Factorial Experimental Design to contemplate the impact of boundaries on the course of adsorption. The examination of fluctuation (ANOVA) was utilized to consider the joined impact of the boundaries. The possibilities of the use of dye adsorbing HNT (“sludge”) for the fabrication of the composites using plastic waste are suggested.

Nanotechnology is the fastest growing field of 21st century due to this reason that the nanomaterials synthesis finds more importance in field of research. The nanomaterials can be synthesized by physical, chemical and biological methods. The biological methods are more advantageous than the other two methods because of manipulation of the size and morphology of nanostructures by microbes and plants. The Penicillium sps. Fuzarium Oxysporum was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles and the synthesis was extracellular. The nanoparticles were characterized for various studies using UV spectrophotometer, XRD, Zetasizer Nano S90, SEM, EDAX and AFM. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to have size in range 30-45 nm confirmed by SEM and AFM analysis. The XRD pattern confirms FCC structure of silver nanoparticles. Further, the antibacterial activity of the silver nanoparticles was tested against several antibiotics by conjugating them with antibiotics, with the help of zone of inhibition. Among several antibiotics used the efficiency of erythromycin increased by 3 fold

Pandemics are epidemics or disease outbreaks, which rampage across countries and continents. The ongoing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a full-fledged pandemic for over a year now. With the death count mounting above two million, COVID-19 has globally impacted the economy, society, public health and all spheres of human life. COVID-19 is the third type of coronavirus disease outbreak after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. This review paper discusses the medical perspectives of COVID-19 along with a recount on the numerous pandemics that have wreaked havoc in the past. AIDS which is ongoing, and cholera, influenza and plague have been recurring pandemics and merciless killers. Even with tremendous advancement in medical science, new pathogens continue to cause uncontrollable infections and deaths worldwide. Research in the fields of medicine, health and social sciences, psychology and so on is soaring as the world battles with COVID-19. Additionally, scientometric analysis has been performed using the Web of Science platform, a global citation database, to project the impact of COVID-19 on research in terms of scientific publications. As of 04th April 2021, 98,020 scientific works have been published of which 28 % are from the USA. Medical and health sciences have been the major focus of research globally, as the world works tirelessly to develop the ‘right’ vaccine that will make COVID-19 a disease of the distant past.

The upsurge of immunocompromised patients has led to extensive study of fungal infections with Candida albicans being the frontline model of pathogenic yeast in humans. In the quest to find novel antifungal agents, this study reports the potential usage of wild-type C. albicans strain C86 to biosynthesise silver nanoparticles by microwave assisted technique. Visual colour change and UV-spectrophotometer were used for primary detection of silver nanoparticles. Additionally, the FTIR peaks confirm the particles’ formation and surface characterisation techniques such as FESEM and EDX suggests that the silver nanoparticles were sized in the range of 30–70 nm. Furthermore, pioneering work of homologous recombination technique was systematically employed to delete uncharacterized gene orf19.3120 (CNP41) in the C86 strain creating the deletion strain C403 of C. albicans. To amalgamate the two significant findings, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were subjected to antifungal studies by disk diffusion assay on the strain C403 that lacks the gene orf19.3120 (CNP41) of C. albicans. As a synergetic approach, combinational effect was studied by incorporating antifungal drug fluconazole. Both individual and enhanced combinational antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles and fluconazole were observed on genetically modified C403 strain with 40% increase in fold area compared to wild-type C86 strain. This can be attributed to the synergetic effect of the bonding reaction between fluconazole and AgNPs. Taken together, this first-ever interdisciplinary study strongly suggests that the CNP41 gene could play a vital role in drug resistance in this fungal pathogen.

Biodiesel is an unparalleled alternative fuel source envisioned to encompass the significance of diesel fuel and reduce greenhouse gas emissions because to its locked carbon cycle. However, it increases the nitrogen oxide emission, regular engine parts replacement due to clogging, and is not suitable in cold weather conditions. The addition of nanoparticles (metallic, non-metallic, oxygenated, organic and amalgamation) with diesel-biodiesel emulsion fuels results in an enhancement in the engine performance, thermo-physical properties, enrichment in the heat transfer rate, the equilibrium of the fuel mixtures and drop in the exhaust emissions reliant on the prescription of nanoparticle additives. The review intends to demonstrate the most recent nanoparticle additives used in diesel-biodiesel fuels.

The nanoparticles can be synthesized by biological, physical and chemical routes, among these three routes the biological synthesis is more effective, convenient, cost effective, eco-friendly and result uniform size nanoparticles though many researches have been conducted on this area there is very less work reported on silver nanoparticles synthesis from Cinnamon zeylanicum as a green approach. In this research work experimental investigation is done on synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Cinnamon zeylanicum plant extract as a green approach, followed by characterization was done by UV-Spectrophotometer, XRD, FTIR, AFM and SEM analysis. The silver nanoparticles synthesis was monitored with double beam UV spectrophotometer with the scan range 200 – 800 nm, the highest absorbance at 460 nm indicated the presence of AgNPs. Further synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to be of size 20-40 nm by SEM and AFM analysis. The silver nanoparticles were later treated with 4 different antibiotics wherein Penicillin showed three-fold increments in its efficiency.The nanoparticles can be synthesized by biological, physical and chemical routes, among these three routes the biological synthesis is more effective, convenient, cost effective, eco-friendly and result uniform size nanoparticles though many researches have been conducted on this area there is very less work reported on silver nanoparticles synthesis from Cinnamon zeylanicum as a green approach. In this research work experimental investigation is done on synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Cinnamon zeylanicum plant extract as a green approach, followed by characterization was done by UV-Spectrophotometer, XRD, FTIR, AFM and SEM analysis. The silver nanoparticles synthesis was monitored with double beam UV spectrophotometer with the scan range 200 – 800 nm, the highest absorbance at 460 nm indicated the presence of AgNPs. Further synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to be of size 20-40 nm by SEM and AFM analysis. The silver nanoparticles were later treated with 4 different antibiotics whe...

The recent research in nanoparticles synthesis field utilizes biological synthesis rather than chemical and physical methods in order to get uniform size and non-toxic of nanoparticles, further in biological synthesis the microbial synthesis is time consuming and requires sterilized conditions wherein green synthesis can overcome these drawbacks. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from many plant extracts finding quit attraction to many research scholars though very minute work has been done by using Hibiscus leaf extract. In this research work comparative experimental investigation is done on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from three extracts Hibiscus leaf extract, followed by characterization was done by UV-Spectrophotometer, XRD, FTIR, AFM and SEM analysis. The silver nanoparticles of size 25-50 nm were synthesized by Hibiscus leaf extract. The silver nanoparticles were later treated with 4 different antibiotics wherein erythromycin showed three-fold increments in its efficiency.

Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized biologically by means of microbes and plants since they offer eco-friendly, non-toxic and uniform nanoparticles, though many researchers have done major work on biosynthesis there is very less research carried out on synthesis of nanoparticles by Panchakavya. Panchakavya is an Indian eco friendly fertilizer. Silver nitrate is treated with panchakavya to synthesize silver nanoparticles where in panchakavya acts as a reducing agent. The synthesized silver nanoparticles are monitored by UV-spectrophotometer then subjected to structural and morphological studies by XRD, SEM and AFM and silver nanoparticles of size 20–35 nm were obtained. The silver nanoparticles are then used against napkins containing urine sample for antimicrobial studies. Then the napkins are examined for the growth of colonies by carrying out bacterial culture method. The comparison study was done between the napkin without silver nanoparticles and with silver nanoparticles by using colony counting process. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles were traced for two weeks and found same activity which was shown initially. Hence antimicrobial activity of AgNPs lasted even after weeks in napkin used.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesised by many plant extracts so far. In this novel study we have synthesised AgNPs from Putranjivaceae leaf extract. The new plant Putranjivaceae was discovered in 2017 (Krishna et al., 2017) in West Bengal, India. The AgNO3 is treated with the leaf extract and subjected to microwave irradiation to get AgNPs. The nanoparticles were synthesised in just 10 minutes and subjected to characterisation for structural and morphological studies. The synthesis was rapid and shape of nanoparticles found uniform in nature by SEM and TEM analysis observed to of 20-25nm. The primary confirmation of AgNPs was done by UV-visible-spectrophotometer and EDAX. The synthesised silver nanoparticles were optimised by several parameters like pH, salinity and substrate concentration to observe the maximum production. The silver nanoparticles were then conjugated with several antibiotics for antibacterial studies out of which erythromycin showed three fold increments in its efficiency.

Nanomaterials can be synthesized by physical, chemical and biological methods. The biological method of synthesis of silver nanoparticles have more advantage and gives high purity. Silver nanoparticles are having antibacterial properties and can be synthesized by any microbes and plants with minimal effort. The present study includes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from penicillium notatum which is well known producer of penicillium antibiotic. The produced nanoparticles of silver are then characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer for primary confirmation, XRD for structural analysis, FTIR for functional group, SEM, TEM and AFM for morphological analysis. The SEM and AFM results revealed that the size of silver nanoparticles were of range 55-65 nm. TEM result reveals the spherical shape of silver nanoparticles. Optimization of silver nanoparticles method is also performed to understand the maximum yield at specific substrate concentration, pH and salt concentration. The silver nanoparticles are then conjugated with six antibiotics for antibacterial activity by zone of inhibition method. The result indicated that silver nanoparticles increased the efficiency of streptomycin 2 fold and erythromycin by 3 fold.

Nanofluids can be considered to be the next-generation heat transfer fluids as they offer exciting new possibilities to enhance heat transfer performance compared to pure liquids. In this paper preparation of Ethylene Glycol (EG) based graphite nanofluid by two step method using PVP as surfactant is studied. Four different volume concentrations of 0.05%, 0.2%, 0.86% and 2% nanoparticles are suspended in the EG base fluid by ultrasonication for 5 hours. The effect of shear rate from 10-100s−1 on viscosity of nanofluid is performed at a fixed temperature. The nanoparticle size considered for analysis of viscosity is

Cellulose is a very widely available biomass found in nature. Cellulose can be isolated from regular filaments; its dynamic and structural association enables various types of nanostructured celluloses called nanocrystalline cellulose or microstructure cellulose. More recently, literature survey reveals that cellulose nanoparticles have been separated and utilised for a few applications in various fields. Thus, there is a growing interest among the scientific research community to understand nanocrystalline cellulose and tap it for its usage in diverse scientific fields. The vast majority of the examinations in the course of the most recent couple of years have demonstrated that nanocrystalline cellulose can be utilised as filler materials to improve the mechanical and barrier properties of biocomposites. Their importance of nanocrystalline to enhance the mechanical properties is being investigated; with extensive research being focussed to discover inventive answers for effective and manageable frame works. This paper plans to give an unmistakable outline of nanocrystalline cellulose of 44 references by depicting their readiness, portrayal, behaviour, importance and applications.