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Background Oxidative stress (OS) can contribute to the development of several diseases, including depressive disorders (DD). Antioxidant therapy been an important tool to depressive disorders or to side effects of the current therapy. This systematic review aimed to correlate the biochemical and molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses with depressive disorders, through the evaluation of clinical studies. Methods The literature were obtained from the PubMed, Scielo, VHL, Medline and Scopus databases with the descriptors [depressive disorders], [vitamin antioxidants], [vitamin C], [retinol palmitate], [vitamin A] and [depression], combined. Results Several biomarkers of oxidative damage that affect biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids and antioxidant defense biomarkers were analyzed in 28 articles selected by the the inclusion criteria. The biomarkers found were 8-OHdG, 3-NT, PCC, F2-Iso, 4-HNE, 8-Iso, MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx and vitamins A and C. Conclusions Most of the studies found significant associations between these biomarkers, depressive disorders. Thus, there are many perspectives for further studies that can clarify the relation of these biomarkers with depressive disorders. Limitations The scarce literature that fit the inclusion criteria may have limited this review.

Introduction Increased DNA damage is associated with early events in carcinogenesis. The foetus may be more susceptible to effects of environment by transplacental exposure. We aimed to evaluate DNA damage in cells from umbilical cord (arteries and vein) and maternal blood from pregnant women. Methods Fifty eight pregnant women and their offspring were included in this study. They were submitted to an interview to obtain information about personal history, clinical history, and lifestyle habits. Other Information was obtained from medical records. The samples were prepared for Single Cell Gel/Comet assay and Cytokinesis-block Micronucleus Cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay. Results Correlation between DNA damage frequency by Comet assay from newborns and their mothers was statistically significant and was significantly associated with nulliparity and more than 1 h of second stage of labour (umbilical vein and maternal blood). A positive MNi relationship was noticed for age (mother's blood) and inappropriate birth weight for gestational age (maternal blood). When multivariate statistical analyses were applied to measure the degree of association between variables that influenced DNA damage markers in the first evaluation, inadequate birth weight and pregnant weight gain were associated with MNi frequency in maternal and newborns blood, respectively. Discussion Significant associations between DNA damage in newborns and pregnant women, and birth and pregnancy events suggest molecular evidence of transplacental genotoxic effects. However, a potentially increased risk of degenerative diseases, such as cancers, in this population should be carefully investigated by further prospective cohort studies.

Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (AT) is a multisystem, complex and rare disease inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Homozygous individuals have a variety of pathological manifestations, however, heterozygotes only present a higher risk of developing cancer. We evaluated the background levels of DNA damage (basal damage) and cell response to bleomycin or ionizing radiation using Comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) test in individuals with AT, their parents and controls. To evaluate DNA repair, the challenge experiment with ionizing radiation was performed using Comet assay, and different recovery times were evaluated. Results showed that basal MN frequencies differ between patients, parents and controls. Meanwhile, using the Comet assay, the results from the basal analysis do not differ between the groups, but monitoring the kinetics of DNA repair, we verified that the group of patients showed a delay in repair, compared to controls. Another finding was the nuclear bud (NBUD) frequency: spontaneous and induced cell cultures (with bleomycin and radiation) showed clear differences between patients, parents and controls. The CBMN assay and repair measurement with the Comet assay can help in the diagnosis of AT patients and ATM gene carriers, as complementary methods. The use of genomic instability evaluation techniques for the identification of the heterozygotes in families, where at least one member is affected, may be of great clinical importance.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of genomic instability in patients with celiac disease and to establish a relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in these patients. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide (NOx), thiobarbituric acid, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and DNA damage were evaluated in peripheral blood samples from 47 celiac disease patients and 31 controls. Patients with celiac disease presented higher levels of DNA damage in comparison to controls (p=0.023). This difference was also observed for markers of oxidative stress, such as CAT (p=0.011) and SOD (p=0.013), and inflammatory markers such as MPO (p < 0.001) and NOx (p=0.009). Positive correlations were found between DNA damage levels and the values of CAT (r=0.405; p=0.009) and SOD (r=0.516; p < 0.001). Positive correlations were also found between GPx and NOx (r=0.349; p=0.030) and MPO and NOx (r=0.239; p=0.039). CAT and NOx showed a negative correlation (r= −0.315; p=0.042). In conclusion, intestinal inflammation can have systemic effects, causing an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant markers, which may promote increased levels of DNA damage.

The effects of chronic exposure to pesticides can lead to the development of several diseases, including different types of cancer, since the genotoxic and mutagenic capacity of these substances can be observed. The objective of this study is to investigate the relation between the occupational exposure to various pesticides and the presence of DNA damage and oxidative stress. Blood samples from 50 rural workers (41 men and 9 women) exposed to pesticides, 46 controls (20 men and 26 women) from the same city (Antonio Carlos, Santa Catarina state, Brazil) and 29 controls (15 men and 14 women) from another city (Florianopolis, Santa Catarina state, Brazil), were evaluated using the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) technique for genetic damage, and the test of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase (CAT) activity for the oxidative stress. Cholinesterase activities were also determined, but there was no statistical difference among exposed workers and controls. Significant differences were found in DNA damage among groups. The comet assay performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of these individuals had a significantly higher DNA damage index in the exposed group comparing to controls (p < 0.0001). MNi (p < 0.001), NBUDs (p < 0.005) and NPBs (p < 0.0001) were also found to be significantly higher in the exposed group. The TBARS values were significantly higher comparing to the Florianopolis control group (p < 0.0001). Even though CAT values were higher than controls, there was no statistical difference. Thus, it is concluded that the exposed individuals, participants of this study, are more subject to suffer genetic damage and, consequently, more susceptible to diseases resulting from such damages.

Background Red blood cell genes are highly polymorphic with the distribution of alleles varying between different populations and ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to investigate gene polymorphisms of blood groups in the state of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Methods Three hundred and seventy-three unrelated blood donors and 31 transfusion-dependent patients were evaluated to investigate polymorphisms of the Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego blood group systems in a population from the state of Santa Catarina. The subjects, from seven regions that comprise the blood-banking network of the state, were assessed between August 2011 and March 2014. The genotypes of the Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems were determined using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction techniques. Results The genotype frequencies in this study were significantly different when populations from different regions of Santa Catarina were compared. Furthermore, there were also significant differences in the genetic frequencies compared to other Brazilian states. The genotype frequencies of the Kell and Kidd blood groups are similar to European populations from Naples, Italy and Zurich, Switzerland. Conclusion This article reports for the first time the frequency of polymorphisms of blood group systems in blood donors from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil.

Prediabetes (intermediate hyperglycemia) is a high-risk state for diabetes that is defined by higher than normal glycemic levels that are below the level required for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes is characterized by oxidative stress, yet the associated DNA damage and cytotoxicity remain unknown to date. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between glycemic alterations, DNA damage and cytotoxicity in the lymphocytes of individuals with pre-diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels were quantified and used as inclusion criteria. Anthropometric parameters were also evaluated. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN Cyt) was used to evaluate DNA damage and cytotoxicity. FPG correlated with A1C (r=0.562, p=0.002). Because A1C is the best predictor of diabetes complications, the association between A1C and the evaluated variables was assessed. The waist-hip ratio correlated with A1C (p

Predicting the individual response to chemotherapy is a crucial challenge in cancer treatment. DNA damage caused by antitumor therapies evokes different repair mechanisms responses, such as Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), whose components are being studied as prognosis biomarkers and target therapies. However, few reports have addressed DNA damages in pediatric Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL). Hence, we conducted an observational follow-up study with pediatric patients to assess DNA damage (by Comet Assay) and gene expression from NER pathway during chemotherapy induction. Bone marrow samples from diagnosis, 15th(D15) and 35th (D35) days of the treatment were collected from 28 patients with ALL. There was no increase in damage index. However, there was a reduction of cells with low damages on D35 compared with diagnosis. NER pathway expression remained the same, however, in a single patient, a significant decrease was observed, maybe due to silencing or downregulation of repair pathways. DNA damage levels and repair may influence the clinical outcome, being involved in drug resistance and risk of relapse. In pediatric ALL, we analyzed for the first time DNA damage and repair behavior in BM samples. Monitoring patient’s outcomes will help to access the implication of our findings in survival and relapse rates.

A 10-year-old speechless, mentally deficient male, with low arylsulfatase A (ARSA) activity, and presumably, methachromatic leukodystrophy, underwent genetic evaluation. As the clinical picture was not compatible with this diagnosisan ARSA gene and chromosome analysis were performed, showing the presence of a pseudodeficiency ARSA allele and a de novo apparently balanced t(16;22)(p11.2;q13) translocation. A deletion on the long arm of chromosome 22 encompassing the ARSA gene, as shown by FISH and array-CGH, indicated a 22q13 deletion syndrome. This case illustrates the importance of detailed cytogenetic investigation in patients presenting low arylsulfatase A activity and atypical/unspecific clinical features.

For some X-linked disorders the expressivity and penetrance in females are almost similar to those ones found in males. For mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), there are no studies in the literature trying to identify subtle signs and symptoms of this disease in heterozygotes. The objective of this study was to compare heterozygotes and non-heterozygotes for MPS II, in order to test the hypothesis that heterozygotes may present subtle manifestations of the disease. In this observational and transversal study we collected data on 40 Brazilian women with a positive familial history for MPS II that included clinical and physical exam, karyotype, pattern of X-inactivation, iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) activity in leukocytes and plasma, urinary glycosaminoglycans levels, computerized tomography scans (CT) of abdomen and spine, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. The Results showed the follow-ing: According to DNA analysis, 22 women were classified as heterozygote and 18 as non-heterozygotes. We did not find any abnormality on physical examination, karyotype, or spine CT. Also the pattern of X-inactivation was not different between the groups. Applying the Bonferroni’s correction, both groups were found to differ only in relation to IDS activity in plasma and in leukocyte, which were lower in heterozygotes. In our investigation we did not find any evidence of subtle clinical manifestations of MPS II in heterozygotes. Our findings suggest there is no relation between the absence of clinical signs in these women and the occurrence of a favorable skewing pattern of X-inactivation.

O rio dos Sinos, no sul do Brasil, é poluído tanto por descargas industriais como por resíduos urbanos não tratados. Os biomarcadores de genotoxicidade em peixes são parâmetros valiosos para a determinação de risco ambiental. Neste estudo, utilizamos o ensaio cometa em sangue periférico de um peixe nativo (Hyphessobrycon luetkenii) para detectar a genotoxicidade devido a múltiplas fontes de poluição. Além disso, analisamos a possível influência da contaminação por alumínio, chumbo, cromo, cobre, níquel, ferro e zinco sobre o dano de DNA. Amostras de água foram coletadas sazonalmente em três pontos de coleta e os peixes foram expostos sob condições de laboratório. A análise química da água mostrou níveis elevados de alumínio e ferro na maioria das amostras dos pontos 2 e 3, localizados nos cursos médio e inferior do rio, respectivamente. O índice de dano de DNA estimado pelo ensaio cometa não demonstrou diferenças significativas tanto entre estações como entre pontos de coleta, enquanto que a frequência de células com dano de DNA apresentou valores superiores nas amostras de água coletadas durante a primavera nos pontos 1 e 2. Nenhum dos metais estudados parece estar associado com o aumento na frequência de células com dano de DNA observado durante a primavera. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o rio dos Sinos está contaminado com substâncias genotóxicas para os peixes, incluindo as águas próximas à nascente do rio. The Sinos River, in southern Brazil, is polluted by industrial discharges and untreated urban wastes. Fish genotoxicity biomarkers are valuable parameters for environmental risk assessment. In this study, we used the comet assay to detect genotoxicity due to multiple sources of pollution in the peripheral blood of a native fish species (Hyphessobrycon luetkenii). In addition, we analysed possible DNA damage from aluminum, lead, chromium, copper, nickel, iron and zinc contamination. Water samples were collected seasonally from three sampling sites and the fish were assessed under laboratory conditions. Water chemical analysis showed an increased level of aluminum and iron in most of the samples at sites 2 and 3, located in the middle and lower river course, respectively. The index of DNA damage assessed by the comet assay demonstrated no significant differences in different seasons or at the different sampling sites, while the frequency of cells with DNA damage was higher in water samples collected at sites 1 and 2 during the spring season. None of the metals studied seems to be associated with the increase in the frequency of cells with DNA damage observed during the spring season. The results of this study indicate that the Sinos River is contaminated with substances that are genotoxic to fish, including the waters near the river spring.

CONTEXTO: A doença de Alzheimer de início precoce (DAIP) representa 5% de todos os casos de doença de Alzheimer e está relacionada a mutações gênicas. OBJETIVO: Apresentar a influência de mutações gênicas na DAIP. MÉTODOS: Revisão da literatura, a partir de 1992, empregando o banco de dados PubMed. RESULTADOS: O alelo E*4 do gene da apolipoproteína E interfere na DAIP. No gene da proteína precursora da amiloide, foram descritas 20 mutações, que causam cerca de 10% a 15% dos casos de DAIP. Mutações no gene das presenilinas 1 e 2 causam 30% a 70% dos casos de DAIP. No gene da PSN1, há 30 mutações de troca de aminoácidos e três inserções/deleções. O gene da PSEN2 apresenta seis mutações de troca de aminácidos. No gene MAPT, apenas uma mutação se relaciona exclusivamente com a DA. CONCLUSÕES: O uso de informações genéticas para a detecção precoce de possíveis pacientes com DAIP ainda é bastante limitado. A heterogeneidade genética é ampla. Algumas mutações descritas nesta revisão foram responsáveis pela doença de Alzheimer em apenas algumas poucas famílias. A aplicação clínica desses métodos no rastreamento de indivíduos em risco para a DAIP ainda exige cautela.BACKGROUND: Early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) represents 5% of all cases of Alzheimer's disease, and it is connected to genic mutations. OBJECTIVES: To present the influence of genic mutations in EOAD. METHODS: Review of current literature, starting from 1992, utilizing the PubMed data bank. RESULTS: The E*4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene interferes in EOAD. In the gene of the Amyloid Precursor Protein, 20 mutations were described, causing 10% to 15% of the cases of EOAD. Mutations in the gene of presenilins 1 and 2 cause 30% to 70% of the cases of EOAD. In PSN1 gene, 30 aminoacid change mutations and 3 insertions/deletions are known. In the PSEN2 gene, there are 6 aminoacid change mutations. Only one mutation in the MAPT gene is selectively associated with Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS: The use of genetic information for early detection of possible pacients of EOAD is still very limited. Genetic heterogeneity is broad. Some mutations described in this review were responsible for Alzheimer's disease only in a few families. The clinical utilization of these methods for screening individuals at risk for EOAD still asks for caution.

CONTEXTO: A doença de Alzheimer de início tardio (DAIT) representa a maior parte dos casos de doença de Alzheimer (DA). OBJETIVO: Revisar resultados relevantes para genes candidatos e de suscetibilidade para a DAIT. MÉTODOS: Revisão bibliográfica, a partir de 1990, empregando os bancos de dados PubMed e SciELO. RESULTADOS: Polimorfismos genéticos são mais relevantes para a DAIT que mutações, sendo que o alelo E*4 do gene APOE é o maior fator de risco conhecido até o momento. No entanto, outros genes vêm sendo investigados e existem dados disponíveis sobre a relação com DAIT para os genes da apolipoproteína CI, alfa-1-antiquimiotripsina, receptor sigma tipo 1, enzima conversora de angiotensina, alfa 2-macroglobulina, proteína relacionada ao receptor de LDL, interleucina 1 alfa e beta, paraoxonase, transportador de serotonina e receptores de serotonina. CONCLUSÕES: A DAIT tem etiologia multifatorial e um grande número de marcadores genéticos influencia em seu desenvolvimento. Essas variantes precisam ser investigadas na população brasileira, cuja formação étnica é distinta daquela de populações norte-americanas e europeias. Somente assim será possível a determinação do perfil genético de risco, que facilitará a detecção de indivíduos com maior probabilidade de desenvolver a doença.BACKGROUND: Late Onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) represents the majority of cases of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES: To review relevant results to candidate and susceptibility genes related to LOAD. METHODS: Bibliographic review, starting from 1990, utilizing PubMed and SciELO data banks. RESULTS: Genetic polymorphisms are more relevant for LOAD than mutations, and E*4 allele of APOE gene is the major risk factor known until now. Neverthless, other genes are being investigated and data are available about the relation with LOAD to the genes coding for apolipoprotein CI, antichymotrypsin, sigma receptor type 1, angiotensin converting enzyme, alfa 2-macroglobulin, LDL receptor related protein, interleucin 1 alfa and beta, paraoxonase, serotonin transporter and serotonin receptors. CONCLUSIONS: LOAD presents multifactorial etiology, and a broad number of genetic markers interferes with its development. They should be further pursued in the Brazilian population, in which ethnic background is distinct from North-american and European populations. Only with this data, a determination of the genetic risk profile will be feasible, and will improve the detection of the individuals at greater probability of developing the disease.

Hydroxyurea (HU) is an antineoplastic drug widely used in the clinical management of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), and many questions related with its use remain unresolved. Given the severity of SCD, HU benefits, although not thoroughly confirmed, seem to outweigh its potential carcinogenicity. This study aimed to assess the genotoxicity associated with HU dose and treatment length by evaluating mutagenicity in patients with SCD treated with HU (SCHU) using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) in white cells. The study was conducted with 35 individuals in the SCHU group and 34 controls matched according to age, sex and smoking habit. CBMN results showed an increase (p=0.032) in the number of micronuclei (MN), but not of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) or nuclear buds (NBUD) in the SCHU group. The increased frequency of MN in the SCHU group was significantly correlated with treatment length and final HU dose, which confirms that patients with SCD treated with HU should be carefully monitored to reduce the risk of carcinogenicity.

BACKGROUND: Late Onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) represents the majority of cases of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES: To review relevant results to candidate and susceptibility genes related to LOAD. METHODS: Bibliographic review, starting from 1990, utilizing PubMed and SciELO data banks. RESULTS: Genetic polymorphisms are more relevant for LOAD than mutations, and E*4 allele of APOE gene is the major risk factor known until now. Neverthless, other genes are being investigated and data are available about the relation with LOAD to the genes coding for apolipoprotein CI, antichymotrypsin, sigma receptor type 1, angiotensin converting enzyme, alfa 2-macroglobulin, LDL receptor related protein, interleucin 1 alfa and beta, paraoxonase, serotonin transporter and serotonin receptors. CONCLUSIONS: LOAD presents multifactorial etiology, and a broad number of genetic markers interferes with its development. They should be further pursued in the Brazilian population, in which ethnic background is distinct from North-american and European populations. Only with this data, a determination of the genetic risk profile will be feasible, and will improve the detection of the individuals at greater probability of developing the disease. CONTEXTO: A doença de Alzheimer de início tardio (DAIT) representa a maior parte dos casos de doença de Alzheimer (DA). OBJETIVO: Revisar resultados relevantes para genes candidatos e de suscetibilidade para a DAIT. MÉTODOS: Revisão bibliográfica, a partir de 1990, empregando os bancos de dados PubMed e SciELO. RESULTADOS: Polimorfismos genéticos são mais relevantes para a DAIT que mutações, sendo que o alelo E*4 do gene APOE é o maior fator de risco conhecido até o momento. No entanto, outros genes vêm sendo investigados e existem dados disponíveis sobre a relação com DAIT para os genes da apolipoproteína CI, alfa-1-antiquimiotripsina, receptor sigma tipo 1, enzima conversora de angiotensina, alfa 2-macroglobulina, proteína relacionada ao receptor de LDL, interleucina 1 alfa e beta, paraoxonase, transportador de serotonina e receptores de serotonina. CONCLUSÕES: A DAIT tem etiologia multifatorial e um grande número de marcadores genéticos influencia em seu desenvolvimento. Essas variantes precisam ser investigadas na população brasileira, cuja formação étnica é distinta daquela de populações norte-americanas e europeias. Somente assim será possível a determinação do perfil genético de risco, que facilitará a detecção de indivíduos com maior probabilidade de desenvolver a doença.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high production of reactive oxygen species, which may cause oxidative DNA damage. High levels of genomic damage have been associated with renal failure and hemodialysis. However, no information is available in the literature concerning the levels of DNA damage in T2DM individuals who are dependent on hemodialysis. This study used the comet assay to assess the levels of DNA damage before, immediately after and 48 h after the hemodialysis session in 25 patients with T2DM and in a group of 20 healthy individuals, selected according to mean age, sex and smoking habit. Our results showed increased levels of DNA damage in hemodialysis-dependent T2DM individuals (12.36 ± 8.04) when compared with healthy individuals (7.35 ± 7.41) (p = 0.014). Damage levels increased immediately after the hemodialysis session (19.76 ± 12.40) (p = 0.04), which suggests a possible action of pro-oxidative factors related to the therapy, with a genotoxic effect on cells. Results obtained 48 h after hemodialysis (6.44 ± 5.99) evidenced damage removal (p = 0.001), which may be suggestive of DNA repair.

The Associação dos Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) is an institution for mentally retarded patients located at Caxias do Sul in the south of Brazil. A genetic diagnostic survey of 202 individuals from this institution is presented. The patients had a male:female ratio of 1.3:1 and their ages varied from 1 month to 47 years with a mean of 5.5 years. Using personal and family data, careful clinical examination and laboratory investigation, the authors established a definitive diagnosis in 132 patients (65.34%). A constitutional disorder was present in 111 patients (54.95%). Down's syndrome patients represented 32.15%, while 1.98% had other chromosomal anomalies. In 25 patients (12.37%) a disorder of Mendelian inheritance was diagnosed. In 8 patients (3.96%) a multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome was recorded. Eight patients (3.96%) had a central nervous system (CNS) malformation. An acquired condition was observed in 21 patients (10.39%), including pre- or post-natal infections. In the remaining 70 patients (34.65%) a conclusive diagnosis was not possible.

Background: Intellectual disability (ID), characterized by impairments in intellectual function and adaptive behavior, affects 1-3% of the population. Many studies investigated its etiology, but few are cohort studies in middle-income countries. Aims: To estimate prevalence, etiology, and factors related to ID among children prospectively followed since birth in a Southern Brazilian city (Pelotas). Methods: In 2004, maternity hospitals were visited daily and births were identified. Live-born infants (n = 4,231) whose family lived in the urban area have been followed for several years. At the age of 2 and 4 years, performances in development and intelligence tests were evaluated using the Battelle Developmental Inventory and Wechsler Intelligence Scale, respectively. Children considered as having developmental delay were invited to attend a genetic evaluation. Results: At 4 years of age, the prevalence of ID was 4.5%, and the etiology was classified into 5 groups: environmental (44.4%), genetic (20.5%), idiopathic (12.6%), neonatal sequelae (13.2%), other diseases (9.3%). Most children presented impairment in two or more areas of adaptive behavior. There was no difference in prenatal care attendance or maternal schooling among the groups. Conclusion: For about 40% of children, ID was attributed to nonbiological factors, suggesting that the rate may be reduced with appropriate interventions early in life.

Glioblastoma multiforme is the main and most frequent tumor in adults' central nervous system. With a survival average of 5% two years after diagnosis, this type of cancer is a main health problem. Substances like the chalcones have been tested in order to develop new treatments. Here, we studied the effects of three synthetic chalcones (A23, C31 and J11) on A172 and surgery obtained-glioma cells. All chalcones showed a decrease in cell viability, mainly C31. An increase in apoptosis levels with no further increase of necrosis was observed. This augmentation may be linked to the high oxidative effect found, caused by the increased presence of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production. Cell cycle distribution showed an arrest at G0/G1 and S phases, suggesting that C31 interferes in cell cycle control. Our results shall aid in directing future research with this substance and its antitumor effect.

Recent research suggests that crack cocaine use alters systemic biochemical markers, like oxidative damage and inflammation markers, but very few studies have assessed the potential effects of crack cocaine at the cellular level. We assessed genome instability by means of the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus technique in crack cocaine users at the time of admission to a rehabilitation clinic and at two times after the beginning of withdrawal. Thirty one active users of crack cocaine and forty control subjects were evaluated. Comparison between controls and crack cocaine users at the first analysis showed significant differences in the rates of DNA damage (p = 0.037). The frequency of micronuclei (MN) (p &lt, 0.001) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) (p &lt, 0.001) was increased, but not the frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) (p = 0.089). DNA damage decreased only after the end of treatment (p &lt, 0.001). Micronuclei frequency did not decrease after treatment, and nuclear buds increased substantially. The results of this study reveal the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of crack cocaine use in human lymphocytes and pave the way for further research on cellular responses and the possible consequences of DNA damage, such as induction of irreversible neurological disease and cancer.

Cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CB-MN) assay and single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) were employed to analyze leukocytes from 14 Fanconi anemia (FA) patients, 30 Down syndrome (DS) patients, and 30 control individuals, to examine the sensitivity of these techniques to detect genomic instability in these 2 diseases. The DS patients presented increased DNA damage as measured by SCGE in relation to controls. The frequencies of micronuclei and dicentric bridges were similar to those of controls. Micronucleus frequency, dicentric bridge frequencies, and DNA damage were higher in FA patients than in controls. The high frequency of micronuclei observed in FA patients seems to be due to clastogenic events, because an increase in the frequency of dicentric bridges was also observed. Micronuclei are expressed mutations and need cell division to appear. The damage detected by SCGE is repairable, and does not require cell division. Under alkaline conditions, SCGE assesses double- and single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites. The 2 methods are efficient for monitoring mutagenic events in exposed populations or in individuals with genetic instability. While the damage measured by micronucleus analysis is accumulated over a long period of time, DNA damage measured by SCGE reflects recent, unrepaired events.

The impact of DNA damage in human diseases is gaining attention since the mid-1990s. DNA damage and oxidative stress are known factors for the origin and progression of cancer. DNA damage and oxidative stress have also been implicated in so diverse diseases such as brain injury, pulmonary diseases, and other chronic inflammation-related disorders. This special issue contains eight papers, covering several aspects of the implication of DNA damage and oxidative stress. Three papers focus on brain, colorectal, and skin cancers and one paper focuses on the genomic stability and oxidative stress in the cancer-predisposing genetic syndrome ataxia telangiectasia. One paper discusses the implication of nutrients in genomic stability in cell cultures. Two papers discuss the effect of a vitamin and a neuroprotectant on diabetes and traumatic brain injury, respectively. Another paper focused on the impact of autophagy on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. “The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms in Turkish brain cancer patients” by B. Toptas et al. provides evidence for the first time that the risk of meningiomas might be related to polymorphisms in the nuclear receptor of vitamin D, an important factor for the regulation of cell division and proliferation. In “Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer: cause or consequence?” M. Persˇe reviews the interplay between the several risk factors that have been implicated in colorectal cancer, a very common type of cancer in Western countries, which has a complex etiology. N. C. Jenkins and D. Grossman show, in “Role of melanin in melanocyte dysregulation of reactive oxygen species,” that the presence of melanin in the skin appears to be a double-edged sword: it protects melanocytes as well as neighboring keratinocytes in the skin through its capacity to absorb UV radiation, but its synthesis in melanocytes results in higher levels of intracellular ROS that may increase melanoma susceptibility. L. B. Ludwig et al. provide that ionizing radiation is more efficient than bleomycin to induce chromosomal instability in ataxia telangiectasia patients and that this instability is not related to a systemic increase in oxidative stress. In “The influence of micronutrients in cell culture: a reflection on viability and genomic stability,” A. L. V. Arigony et al. addresse the effect of several vitamins and minerals by reviewing their role in metabolic routes related to DNA homeostasis. The paper presents lines of evidence whether while in deficiency or excess in cell culture the micronutrients reviewed can reduce or increase the level of DNA damage and influence cell proliferation and viability. Finally, the authors advocate which nutrients should deserve more attention in future studies focusing on the increase of genomic stability and cell fitness under culture conditions. “Vitamin C intake reduces the cytotoxicity associated with hyperglycemia in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes” by S. I. R. Franke et al. compares the levels of vitamin C intake, which is among the most abundant antioxidants obtained from diet, with the levels of markers of hyperglycemia, DNA damage, and cytotoxicity in subjects with type 2 diabetic or with risk of developing the disease. The authors observe that vitamin C intake slightly higher than the dietary recommendation for healthy individuals can be beneficial to the subjects by preventing the cell death of white blood cells that have been reported in the literature to be associated with diabetes complications. In “Therapeutic time window for edaravone treatment of traumatic brain injury in mice,” K. Miyamoto et al. deal with the edaravone administration postcontrolled cortical impact (CCT) resulting in a significant reduction in the injury volume and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that edaravone could prove clinically useful to ameliorate the devastating effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI). “Self-eating: friend or foe? The emerging role of autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,” by G. A. Margaritopoulos et al. highlights some key issues regarding the process of autophagy and its possible association with the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics are allowing researchers to gain an increased understanding of the function and regulation of genes and to identify pathways that are affected. Currently, the search for biomarkers related to disease is gaining increasing attention and especially biomarkers for oxidative stress and DNA damage became more and more valuable instruments for unraveling disease pathogenesis and facilitating prediction, prevention, and treatment of diseases.

The hyperglycaemia seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is associated with increased oxidative stress and production of reactive oxygen species, both of which are factors that can provoke DNA damage. Notwithstanding, other factors, including medications and individual susceptibility, can also induce this type of DNA lesion. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the influence of glycaemic control, oral antidiabetic drugs (metformin and glibenclamide) and polymorphisms of the XRCC1 and XRCC3 genes on the frequency of DNA damage in DM2 patients, which was accessed by the cytokinesisblock micronucleus cytome and the comet assays on the ex vivo mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes. The 53 people recruited to take part in the study were already on treatment with metformin and were followed for 5 months. Ten of these patients were put on combined treatment with the addition of glibenclamide. It was observed that the greater the plasma metformin concentration, the lower the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in the sample total (P = 0.009) and also that the subset of patients using combined treatment including glibenclamide had a significantly higher MN rate 90 days after starting combined treatment (P = 0.024). In the subset who only took metformin, the rate of MN was significantly higher among car riers of the 399Gln allele on the XRCC1 gene (P = 0.008). In addition, homozygotes for the 241Thr allele exhibited a significant increase in MN in the combined treatment group (P = 0.008). Our results suggest that different combinations of oral antidiabetic drugs and polymorphisms on genes involved in the DNA damage repair system could influence the frequency of this type of chromosome lesion, which can be a useful biomarker for assessing the risk of developing cancer.

The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and the genotoxic potential of water samples collected in the upper, middle, and lower courses of the Sinos River, southern Brazil. The comet assay was performed in the peripheral blood of fishHyphessobrycon luetkeniiexposed under laboratory conditions to water samples collected in summer and winter in three sampling sites of Sinos River. Water quality analysis demonstrated values above those described in Brazilian legislation in Parobé and Sapucaia do Sul sites, located in the middle and in the lower courses of the Sinos River, respectively. The Caraá site, located in the upper river reach, presented all the physicochemical parameters in accordance with the allowed limits in both sampling periods. Comet assay in fish revealed genotoxicity in water samples collected in the middle course site in summer and in the three sites in winter when compared to control group. Thus, the physicochemical parameters indicated that the water quality of the upper course complies with the limits set by the national guidelines, and the ecotoxicological assessment, however, indicated the presence of genotoxic agents. The present study highlights the importance of combining water physicochemical analysis and bioassays to river monitoring.

Environmental pollution by pesticide residues is a major environmental concern due to the extensive use of these substances in agriculture. The insecticide beta-cyfluthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid widely used in agricultural and other domestic activities. The aim of the present study was to assess the genotoxic effects of a sublethal exposure of the fish Bryconamericus iheringii (Characidae) to a commercial formulation of beta-cyfluthrin using the comet assay. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations (4.2 and 5.6 microg/L) of beta-cyfluthrin under static conditions during 24- and 48-h exposure periods. Fish in tap water were used as negative controls. Results obtained by the comet assay revealed genotoxic effects of the pyrethroid in the higher concentration and at the longer exposure period. The mean DNA damage index of fish exposed to 5.6 microg/L beta-cyfluthrin for 48 h was significantly higher (145.9 +/- 51.8) than in the control group (69.3 +/- 39.5). These findings indicate that native fish species might be at risk for genotoxic damage in waters contaminated with beta-cyfluthrin.

The risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) is related to lifestyle (e.g. diet, physical activity and smoking) as well as to genetic factors. This study aimed at evaluating the association between CVD risk factors and DNA damage levels in children and adolescents. Anthropometry, diet and serum CVD risk factors were evaluated by standard procedures. DNA damage levels were accessed by the comet assay (Single cell gel electrophoresis; SCGE) and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assays in leukocytes. A total of 34 children and adolescents selected from a population sample were divided into three groups according to their level of CVD risk. Moderate and high CVD risk subjects showed significantly higher body fat and serum CVD risk markers than low risk subjects (P

This study evaluated the association between primary DNA damage and chromosomal damage with iron intake and red blood cell parameters of iron status in a sample of healthy children and adolescents from a low-socioeconomic community.The level of primary DNA damage was assessed using an alkaline comet assay and the level of chromosomal damage was assessed using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. A automated complete blood count was used to evaluate red blood cell status. The intake of iron was measured using a food-recall questionnaire.According to hemoglobin levels, only 1 of the 30 subjects evaluated was anemic. Nevertheless, 43% of the sampled subjects showed decreased mean corpuscular volume in addition to an increased amount of primary DNA damage (P0.05). Mean corpuscular volume was negatively correlated with primary DNA damage (r = -0.429, P = 0.020) but not with chromosomal damage. The association between iron and primary DNA damage showed a U-shaped curve, indicating that an intake of approximately 15 mg of iron per day (up to two-fold of the dietary recommended intake) could minimize primary DNA damage in this age group. The frequency of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges, indicators of chromosomal breakage/loss and chromosomal end-fusions, respectively, showed a negative correlation with iron intake. These results indicate that an intake of iron15 mg/d could increase genomic stability in binucleated lymphocytes of the same group.An intake of iron ≥ 15 mg/d can decrease DNA damage in young subjects.

Background and aims Hypertriglyceridemia is an important independent risk factor for coronary artery diseases and is determined by a wide range of factors, both genetic and exogenous. The A5 apolipoprotein, which is associated with the synthesis and removal of triglycerides (TG), is encoded by the APOA5 gene. One of the polymorphisms of this gene that has been the focus of a large number of studies, and which appears to be associated with increased TG, is S19W (rs 3135506). In this study, we examined the influence of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on TG levels of a sample of southern Brazilians. Methods and results Samples obtained from 567 people of European descent were genotyped; interactions between this variant and anthropometric variables were analyzed, and the effects of lifestyle, sex, menopause, and variations of the APOE gene were evaluated. We found that the 19W allele is associated with increased TG ( p = 0.025) and that this influence was modulated by sex ( p = 0.003), menopause ( p = 0.022) and the presence of the E*4 allele ( p = 0.027). Conclusion Our data showed, for the first time, the importance and magnitude of the influence of the S19W variant in a southern Brazilian population.

Free radicals may damage lipids, proteins and DNA, which may lead to critical diseases in the aging. This work evaluated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and DNA damage by comet assay (SCGE) in older adults that do exercises regularly.110 females, aged 66.3+/-8 years were divided into sedentary (n=54), walking (n=36) and muscle building (n=20) groups. Levels of MDA, GPx and SCGE were measured in venous blood before and after exercise.MDA levels were higher (P0.005) and GPx levels were lower (P0.005) in active groups than in sedentary group. SCGE index after physical activity was greater than at baseline (muscle building: P=0.004; walking: P=0.002).Exercise reduces the diseases risk, but may promote the production of free radicals. It remains unclear whether cell adaptations responsible for health benefits are associated with such events. However we may suggest the existence of a different biochemical pattern for older adults that do exercise regularly.

Nutrigenetics is a new field with few studies in Latin America. Our aim is to investigate the way in which different genes related to the lipid profile influence the response to specific dietary habits. Eight polymorphisms on seven genes were investigated in a sample (n = 567) from Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. All the volunteers completed a food diary that was then assessed and classified into nine food groups. A number of nutrigenetic interactions were detected primarily related to the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene. For example, frequent consumption of foods rich in polyunsaturated fat resulted in the beneficial effect of increasing HDL-C only in individuals who were not carriers of the E*4 allele of the APOE gene, whereas variations in eating habits of E*4 carriers did not affect their HDL-C (P = 0.018). Our data demonstrate for the first time nutrigenetic interactions in a Brazilian population.

Hydroxyurea (HU) plays an important role in the treatment of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Although HU has been associated with an increased risk of leukemia in some patients with myeloproliferative disorders, the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of HU has not been established. This study investigated levels of DNA damage using the alkaline (pH13) comet assay to analyze peripheral blood leukocytes sampled from 28 patients with SCD treated with HU (SCHU) and from 28 normal individuals. The damage index (DI) in the SCHU group was significantly higher than in controls (p0.05). Gender, smoking or age were not associated with DNA damage in controls or SCHU individuals. In the group of SCHU individuals, mean HU dose and DI were positively correlated, and individuals who received a mean dose of20 mg/kg HU (DI=24.9+/-5.5) showed significantly more DNA damage than those who receivedor =20 mg/kg HU (DI=14.6+/-1.8) (p0.05). Individuals treated foror =42 months (DI=23.1+/-4.2) showed significantly greater DNA damage than those treated for42 months (13.6+/-1.9) (p0.05). DI was inversely correlated with body mass index in the SCHU group.

Introdução: A síndrome de Turner (ST) é uma doença genética caracterizada pela monossomia do cromossomo X, cujas características incluem alterações no desenvolvimento sexual e malformações congênitas, como baixa estatura. Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de ST em mulheres com suspeita clinica da doença através do cariótipo de sangue periférico, bem como comparar parâmetros hormonais e bioquímicos entre pacientes não portadoras da síndrome e de pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de ST. Metodologia: Foram analisados prontuários de 129 pacientes com idade entre 15 e 45 anos encaminhadas ao Serviço de Genética Médica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre com suspeita clínica de ST. Resultados: Das 129 pacientes avaliadas, 98 (76%) apresentavam cariótipo 46,XX consideradas pacientes não portadoras da síndrome, e 31 (24%) apresentavam cariótipo 45, X / 46,X,i(X) / 46,X,r(X), com diagnóstico confirmado da síndrome. Duas (6,4%) das pacientes com ST faziam uso de hormônio do crescimento (HC), sendo que todas apresentavam estatura diminuída e três (9,6%) tinham ausência de úteros e ovários. Quando comparados os parâmetros hormonais foi verificado que o hormônio folículo estimulante e o hormônio luteinizante estavam aumentados nas pacientes com ST, já o estradiol encontrou-se diminuído (pConclusão: Não foi observada uma frequência maior de alterações nos parâmetros bioquímicos e hormonais devido ao baixo número de mulheres adultas avaliadas, poucas faziam tratamento com HC, e grande parte ainda sem completa reposição estrogênica. Entretanto, foi evidenciada a alteração dos hormônios sexuais e a baixa estatura características de portadoras de ST e uma prevalência de ST que corrobora com dados recentes da literatura através do diagnóstico citogenético.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition characterized by chronic airway inflammation and remodeling, lung parenchymal inflammation, and destruction resulting in expiratory airflow obstruction, hyperinflation of the lung with loss of elastic recoil, and impairment of gas exchange. Skeletal muscles in individuals with COPD generate free radicals at rest, and production increases during contractile activity. Overproduction of free radicals may result in oxidant–antioxidant imbalance in favor of oxidants. This study evaluated the levels of genetic damage in peripheral blood of patients with COPD using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) and the comet assays. The study was conducted with 25 patients with COPD and 25 controls matched for age and sex. Results of both comet and CBMN assays showed an increase in the level of DNA damage. In the group of patients with COPD, the mean frequency of binucleate cells with micronuclei was 6.72 ± 3.02, and in the control group, 4.20 ± 2.08 (p = 0.00233). Mean comet value was 26.84 ± 19.61 in patients with COPD and 7.25 ± 7.57 in the control group (p = 0.00004). The increased frequency of micronuclei in patients with COPD was primarily assigned to clastogenic events and DNA amplification because the frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges and buds was also increased. Oxidative stress in lung cells is a constant source of free radicals that damage genetic material of both lung and circulating cells.

The structure of DNA can be damaged as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. Determining the frequency of chromosome aberrations is a well-known method to estimate the dose of radiation received in acute and chronic exposures. In the past few years, cytogenetic analysis has benefited from the development of new techniques, such as the micronucleus (MN) and comet assays, which provide additional information concerning repair capacity after exposure. The present article discusses the use of peripheral blood lymphocytes for the assessment of populations exposed to ionizing radiation. Also discussed are individual factors that interfere with the frequency of mutations and their impact in the selection of control individuals for the monitoring of radiation exposure and in the interpretation of results.

The mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of genotoxic agents on exposed people have constituted an increasing concern. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess DNA damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to X-radiation using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis), and to compare these two techniques in the monitoring of exposed populations. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay were employed in the monitoring of 22 workers occupationally exposed to X-radiation in a hospital in southern Brazil. The frequency of dicentric bridges was also measured. The results of both assays and the frequency of dicentric bridges revealed a significant increase in genetic effects on the cells of exposed individuals. Age was significantly correlated with micronucleus frequency and damage index in the comet assay. The concomitant analysis of dicentric bridges when determining micronucleus frequency does not require much extra work, and may serve as a reference to the type of mutagenic effect (clastogenic or aneugenic). The combination of the alkaline comet assay with the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test appears to be very informative for the monitoring of populations chronically exposed to genotoxic agents.

A follow-up study was carried out 4 years after an initial evaluation of the micronucleus frequency in 10 healthy individuals who had been occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs in a Brazilian hospital. Upon the first evaluation, these 10 exposed individuals were compared with 10 non-exposed individuals matched for age, sex and smoking habits; the results revealed that the frequency of micronucleated lymphocytes in individuals exposed to antineoplastic drugs was significantly higher (P=0.038) than in controls. The frequency of dicentric bridges was also increased, although not significantly (P=0.0545). After the first analysis, the workers handling antineoplastic drugs were advised to modify their work schedule to limit exposure, and the number of workers in the group was increased from 10 to 12 individuals. In the follow-up study, 12 individuals from the same work area were assessed. In addition to micronucleus frequency, alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis was also used to monitor genetic hazard. This exposed group was compared to 12 non-exposed workers from the same hospital, matched for age, sex and smoking habits. In the follow-up study, no statistical difference was found between exposed workers and controls in terms of micronucleus and dicentric bridge frequency with the Mann–Whitney U-test (P=0.129 and 0.373, respectively). However, the mean value of SCGE analysis was significantly higher in the exposed group than in the controls (P=0.0006). Although the micronucleus analysis seems to be less sensitive to assess DNA damage, it detects chromosome aberrations and not just repairable DNA breakage and alkali-labile sites. Combination of the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis and cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay appears to be commendable to monitor populations chronically exposed to genotoxic agents.

Hydroxyurea (HU) is an antineoplastic drug, which also plays an important role in treatment of sickle cell disease patients (SCD). Short-term HU toxicities primarily include transient myelosuppression, but long-term HU risks have not been defined. The mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of HU is not established, although HU has been associated with an increased risk of leukemia in some patients with myeloproliferative disorders. In the present study we analyzed the presence of DNA damage in patients with SCD treated with HU, in peripheral blood lymphocytes, using micronucleus assay. We analyzed 36 patients with SCD (16 males and 20 females), aged 2–59 years (mean 25,75 ± 14,5), received oral HU median dose of 26,5 mg/Kg/day, for a period of 0.6– 11,8 years (mean 5,01). The control group was composed of 34 healthy individuals (16 males and 18 females), aged 4–52 years (mean 26,61 ± 7,20). The results revealed that frequency of micronucleus was significantly higher in SCD patients using HU than in controls(p=0,0182). This study indicates a possible genotoxicity of the HU, although further works are necessary to evaluate its mutagenicity.