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2. FaceCoresetNet: Differentiable Coresets for Face Set Recognition

Author

Shapira, Gil and Keller, Yosi

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

In set-based face recognition, we aim to compute the most discriminative descriptor from an unbounded set of images and videos showing a single person. A discriminative descriptor balances two policies when aggregating information from a given set. The first is a quality-based policy: emphasizing high-quality and down-weighting low-quality images. The second is a diversity-based policy: emphasizing unique images in the set and down-weighting multiple occurrences of similar images as found in video clips which can overwhelm the set representation. This work frames face-set representation as a differentiable coreset selection problem. Our model learns how to select a small coreset of the input set that balances quality and diversity policies using a learned metric parameterized by the face quality, optimized end-to-end. The selection process is a differentiable farthest-point sampling (FPS) realized by approximating the non-differentiable Argmax operation with differentiable sampling from the Gumbel-Softmax distribution of distances. The small coreset is later used as queries in a self and cross-attention architecture to enrich the descriptor with information from the whole set. Our model is order-invariant and linear in the input set size. We set a new SOTA to set face verification on the IJB-B and IJB-C datasets. Our code is publicly available., Comment: Accepted to AAAI-24

Published
2023

3. Impacts of Performance‑Based Financing on Health System Performance: Evidence From The Democratic Republic of Congo (Published: 04 October 2023)

Author

Shapira, Gil, primary, Clarke‑Deelder, Emma, additional, Booto, Baudouin Makuma, additional, Samaha, Hadia, additional, Fritsche, György Bèla, additional, Muvudi, Michel, additional, Baabo, Dominique, additional, Antwisi, Delphin, additional, Ramanana, Didier, additional, Benami, Saloua, additional, and Fink, Günther, additional

Published
2023
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5. Knowing When to Quit: Selective Cascaded Regression with Patch Attention for Real-Time Face Alignment

Author

Shapira, Gil, Levy, Noga, Goldin, Ishay, and Jevnisek, Roy J.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Facial landmarks (FLM) estimation is a critical component in many face-related applications. In this work, we aim to optimize for both accuracy and speed and explore the trade-off between them. Our key observation is that not all faces are created equal. Frontal faces with neutral expressions converge faster than faces with extreme poses or expressions. To differentiate among samples, we train our model to predict the regression error after each iteration. If the current iteration is accurate enough, we stop iterating, saving redundant iterations while keeping the accuracy in check. We also observe that as neighboring patches overlap, we can infer all facial landmarks (FLMs) with only a small number of patches without a major accuracy sacrifice. Architecturally, we offer a multi-scale, patch-based, lightweight feature extractor with a fine-grained local patch attention module, which computes a patch weighting according to the information in the patch itself and enhances the expressive power of the patch features. We analyze the patch attention data to infer where the model is attending when regressing facial landmarks and compare it to face attention in humans. Our model runs in real-time on a mobile device GPU, with 95 Mega Multiply-Add (MMA) operations, outperforming all state-of-the-art methods under 1000 MMA, with a normalized mean error of 8.16 on the 300W challenging dataset., Comment: Accepted to the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM 21)

Published
2021
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11. Introduction

Author

de Walque, Damien, primary, Kandpal, Eeshani, additional, Wagstaff, Adam, additional, Friedman, Jed, additional, Neelsen, Sven, additional, Piatti-Fünfkirchen, Moritz, additional, Sautmann, Anja, additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, and Van de Poel, Ellen, additional

Published
2022
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12. Policy Alternatives to Performance-Based Financing

Author

de Walque, Damien, primary, Kandpal, Eeshani, additional, Wagstaff, Adam, additional, Friedman, Jed, additional, Neelsen, Sven, additional, Piatti-Fünfkirchen, Moritz, additional, Sautmann, Anja, additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, and Van de Poel, Ellen, additional

Published
2022
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13. Conclusion and Operational Implications

Author

de Walque, Damien, primary, Kandpal, Eeshani, additional, Wagstaff, Adam, additional, Friedman, Jed, additional, Neelsen, Sven, additional, Piatti-Fünfkirchen, Moritz, additional, Sautmann, Anja, additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, and Van de Poel, Ellen, additional

Published
2022
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14. Front Matter

Author

de Walque, Damien, primary, Kandpal, Eeshani, additional, Wagstaff, Adam, additional, Friedman, Jed, additional, Neelsen, Sven, additional, Piatti-Fünfkirchen, Moritz, additional, Sautmann, Anja, additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, and Van de Poel, Ellen, additional

Published
2022
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15. Overview

Author

de Walque, Damien, primary, Kandpal, Eeshani, additional, Wagstaff, Adam, additional, Friedman, Jed, additional, Neelsen, Sven, additional, Piatti-Fünfkirchen, Moritz, additional, Sautmann, Anja, additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, and Van de Poel, Ellen, additional

Published
2022
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16. Effective Coverage: A Framework Linking Coverage and Quality

Author

de Walque, Damien, primary, Kandpal, Eeshani, additional, Wagstaff, Adam, additional, Friedman, Jed, additional, Neelsen, Sven, additional, Piatti-Fünfkirchen, Moritz, additional, Sautmann, Anja, additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, and Van de Poel, Ellen, additional

Published
2022
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20. Quality of Care: A Framework for Measurement

Author

de Walque, Damien, primary, Kandpal, Eeshani, additional, Wagstaff, Adam, additional, Friedman, Jed, additional, Neelsen, Sven, additional, Piatti-Fünfkirchen, Moritz, additional, Sautmann, Anja, additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, and Van de Poel, Ellen, additional

Published
2022
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21. GPU-Based Computation of 2D Least Median of Squares with Applications to Fast and Robust Line Detection

Author

Shapira, Gil and Hassner, Tal

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

The 2D Least Median of Squares (LMS) is a popular tool in robust regression because of its high breakdown point: up to half of the input data can be contaminated with outliers without affecting the accuracy of the LMS estimator. The complexity of 2D LMS estimation has been shown to be $\Omega(n^2)$ where $n$ is the total number of points. This high theoretical complexity along with the availability of graphics processing units (GPU) motivates the development of a fast, parallel, GPU-based algorithm for LMS computation. We present a CUDA based algorithm for LMS computation and show it to be much faster than the optimal state of the art single threaded CPU algorithm. We begin by describing the proposed method and analyzing its performance. We then demonstrate how it can be used to modify the well-known Hough Transform (HT) in order to efficiently detect image lines in noisy images. Our method is compared with standard HT-based line detection methods and shown to overcome their shortcomings in terms of both efficiency and accuracy.

Published
2015

22. What made primary health care resilient against COVID-19? A mixed-methods positive deviance study in Nigeria

Author

Neill, Rachel, primary, Peters, Michael A, additional, Bello, Segun, additional, Dairo, Magbagbeola David, additional, Azais, Viviane, additional, Samuel Jegede, Ayodele, additional, Adebowale, Ayo Stephen, additional, Nzelu, Charles, additional, Azodo, Ngozi, additional, Adoghe, Anthony, additional, Wang, William, additional, Bartlein, Rebecca, additional, Liu, Anne, additional, Ogunlayi, Munirat, additional, Yaradua, Saudatu Umma, additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, Hansen, Peter M, additional, Fawole, Olufunmilayo I, additional, and Ahmed, Tashrik, additional

Published
2023
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23. Healthcare utilization and maternal and child mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in 18 low- and middle-income countries: An interrupted time-series analysis with mathematical modeling of administrative data

Author

Ahmed, Tashrik, Roberton, Timothy, Vergeer, Petra, Hansen, Peter M., Peters, Michael A., Ofosu, Anthony Adofo, Mwansambo, Charles, Nzelu, Charles, Wesseh, Chea Sanford, Smart, Francis, Alfred, Jean Patrick, Diabate, Mamoutou, Baye, Martina, Yansane, Mohamed Lamine, Wendrad, Naod, Mohamud, Nur Ali, Mbaka, Paul, Yuma, Sylvain, Ndiaye, Youssoupha, Sadat, Husnia, Uddin, Helal, Kiarie, Helen, Tsihory, Raharison, Mwinnyaa, George, de Dieu Rusatira, Jean, Amor Fernandez, Pablo, Muhoza, Pierre, Baral, Prativa, Drouard, Salomé, Hashemi, Tawab, Friedman, Jed, and Shapira, Gil

Subjects
Medical care -- Utilization, Epidemics -- Influence, Infants -- Patient outcomes, Mothers -- Patient outcomes, Market trend/market analysis, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had wide-reaching direct and indirect impacts on population health. In low- and middle-income countries, these impacts can halt progress toward reducing maternal and child mortality. This study estimates changes in health services utilization during the pandemic and the associated consequences for maternal, neonatal, and child mortality. Methods and findings Data on service utilization from January 2018 to June 2021 were extracted from health management information systems of 18 low- and lower-middle-income countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Uganda). An interrupted time-series design was used to estimate the percent change in the volumes of outpatient consultations and maternal and child health services delivered during the pandemic compared to projected volumes based on prepandemic trends. The Lives Saved Tool mathematical model was used to project the impact of the service utilization disruptions on child and maternal mortality. In addition, the estimated monthly disruptions were also correlated to the monthly number of COVID-19 deaths officially reported, time since the start of the pandemic, and relative severity of mobility restrictions. Across the 18 countries, we estimate an average decline in OPD volume of 13.1% and average declines of 2.6% to 4.6% for maternal and child services. We projected that decreases in essential health service utilization between March 2020 and June 2021 were associated with 113,962 excess deaths (110,686 children under 5, and 3,276 mothers), representing 3.6% and 1.5% increases in child and maternal mortality, respectively. This excess mortality is associated with the decline in utilization of the essential health services included in the analysis, but the utilization shortfalls vary substantially between countries, health services, and over time. The largest disruptions, associated with 27.5% of the excess deaths, occurred during the second quarter of 2020, regardless of whether countries reported the highest rate of COVID-19-related mortality during the same months. There is a significant relationship between the magnitude of service disruptions and the stringency of mobility restrictions. The study is limited by the extent to which administrative data, which varies in quality across countries, can accurately capture the changes in service coverage in the population. Conclusions Declines in healthcare utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic amplified the pandemic's harmful impacts on health outcomes and threaten to reverse gains in reducing maternal and child mortality. As efforts and resource allocation toward prevention and treatment of COVID-19 continue, essential health services must be maintained, particularly in low- and middle-income countries., Author(s): Tashrik Ahmed 1,*, Timothy Roberton 2, Petra Vergeer 1, Peter M. Hansen 1, Michael A. Peters 3, Anthony Adofo Ofosu 4, Charles Mwansambo 5, Charles Nzelu 6, Chea Sanford [...]

Published
2022
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25. Vaccination Utilization and Subnational Inequities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of Administrative Data across 12 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Author

Mwinnyaa, George, primary, Peters, Michael A., additional, Shapira, Gil, additional, Neill, Rachel, additional, Sadat, Husnia, additional, Yuma, Sylvain, additional, Akilimali, Pierre, additional, Hossain, Shahadat, additional, Wendrad, Naod, additional, Atiwoto, Wisdom K., additional, Ofosu, Anthony Adofo, additional, Alfred, Jean Patrick, additional, Kiarie, Helen, additional, Wesseh, Chea Sanford, additional, Isokpunwu, Chris, additional, Kangbai, Desmond Maada, additional, Mohamed, Abdifatah Ahmed, additional, Sidibe, Kadidja, additional, Drouard, Salome’, additional, Fernandez, Pablo Amor, additional, Azais, Viviane, additional, Hashemi, Tawab, additional, Hansen, Peter M., additional, and Ahmed, Tashrik, additional

Published
2023
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26. Availability and use of personal protective equipment in low- and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Drouard, Salomé Henriette Paulette, primary, Ahmed, Tashrik, additional, Amor Fernandez, Pablo, additional, Baral, Prativa, additional, Peters, Michael, additional, Hansen, Peter, additional, Hashemi, Tawab, additional, Sieleunou, Isidore, additional, Iyabode Ogunlayi, Munirat, additional, Karibwami, Alain-Desire, additional, Ruel Bergeron, Julie, additional, Montufar Velarde, Edwin Eduardo, additional, Yansane, Mohamed Lamine, additional, Wesseh, Chea Sanford, additional, Mwansambo, Charles, additional, Nzelu, Charles, additional, Uddin, Helal, additional, Tassembedo, Mahamadi, additional, and Shapira, Gil, additional

Published
2023
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27. Vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in low- and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from facility surveys across six countries

Author

Baral, Prativa, primary, Ahmed, Tashrik, additional, Amor Fernandez, Pablo, additional, Peters, Michael A., additional, Drouard, Salome Henriette Paulette, additional, Muhoza, Pierre, additional, Mwinnyaa, George, additional, Mwansambo, Charles, additional, Nzelu, Charles, additional, Tassembedo, Mahamadi, additional, Uddin, Md. Helal, additional, Wesseh, Chea Sanford, additional, Yansane, Mohamed Lamine, additional, Bergeron, Julie Ruel, additional, Karibwami, Alain-Desire, additional, Lopez Chicheri, Tania Inmaculada Ortiz de Zuniga, additional, Ogunlayi, Munirat Iyabode Ayoka, additional, Sieleunou, Isidore, additional, Hashemi, Tawab, additional, Hansen, Peter M., additional, and Shapira, Gil, additional

Published
2023
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28. Resilience of front-line facilities during COVID-19: evidence from cross-sectional rapid surveys in eight low- and middle-income countries

Author

Peters, Michael A, primary, Ahmed, Tashrik, additional, Azais, Viviane, additional, Amor Fernandez, Pablo, additional, Baral, Prativa, additional, Drouard, Salomé, additional, Neill, Rachel, additional, Bachir, Kante, additional, Bassounda, Poidinguem, additional, Dube, Queen, additional, Flora, Sabrina, additional, Montufar, Edwin, additional, Nzelu, Charles, additional, Tassembedo, Mahamadi, additional, Sanford Wesseh, Chea, additional, Alam, Bushra, additional, Rusatira, Jean de Dieu, additional, Hashemi, Tawab, additional, Karibwami, Alain-Desire, additional, Moscosco, Virginia, additional, Ogunlayi, Munirat, additional, Ortiz de Zunigalo, Tania, additional, Ruel-Bergeron, Julie, additional, Sieleunou, Isidore, additional, Hansen, Peter M, additional, and Shapira, Gil, additional

Published
2023
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38. Improving Effective Coverage in Health: Do Financial Incentives Work?

Author

de Walque, Damien, Kandpal, Eeshani, Wagstaff, Adam, Friedman, Jed, Neelsen, Sven, Piatti-Fünfkirchen, Moritz, Sautmann, Anja, Shapira, Gil, and Van de Poel, Ellen

Subjects
LOW INCOME COUNTRIES, MEDICINE, MEDICAL INSURANCE, EFFECTIVE COVERAGE, HEALTH INSURANCE
Abstract

In many low- and middle-income countries, health coverage has improved dramatically in the last two decades, but health outcomes have not. As such, effective coverage -- a measure of service delivery that meets a minimum standard of quality -- remains unacceptably low. This Policy Research Report examines one specific policy approach to improving effective coverage: financial incentives in the form of performance-based financing (PBF) or financial incentives to health workers on the front lines. The report draws on a rich set of rigorous studies and new analysis. When compared to business-as-usual, in low-income settings with centralized health systems PBF can result in substantial gains in effective coverage. However, the relative benefits of PBF are less clear when it is compared to two alternative approaches, decentralized facility financing which provides operating budget to frontline health services with facility autonomy on allocation, and demand-side financial support for health services (i.e., conditional cash transfers and vouchers). While PBF often results in improvements on the margins, closing the substantial gaps in effective health coverage is not yet within reach for many countries. Nonetheless, there are important lessons learned and experiences from the roll-out of PBF over the last decade which can guide health policies into the future.

Published
2022

43. Financial Incentives, Fertility, and Son Preference in Armenia

Author

Pinto, Maria Florencia, Posadas, Josefina, and Shapira, Gil

Subjects
PRONATALIST INCENTIVE, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, SON PREFERENCE, FERTILITY, PRENATAL CARE, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Abstract

Armenia experienced dramatic demographic changes in the past three decades: the share of adults age 65 and over nearly doubled, the total fertility rate reduced by more than 30 percent, and the male-to-female sex ratio at birth increased to one of the world’s highest. Like other middle-income countries concerned with the implications of an aging population for long-term growth and fiscal sustainability, Armenia introduced financial incentives to promote fertility. This paper estimates the effect of the 2009 reform of the universal Childbirth Benefit Program, which increased the amounts of lump sum transfers conditional on birth. The analysis relies on a quasi-experimental strategy exploiting the timing of the policy change and eligibility rule—women get a larger transfer for third and higher-order births. The findings show that the annual probability of an additional birth among women with at least two other children increased between 1.4 and 1.6 percentage points in the five years following the policy change. These effects are equivalent to 58 and 64 percent of the pre-reform birth probability for women who had at least two children. Given the previously demonstrated relationship between fertility level and sex ratio in societies with strong son preference, the reform may potentially alleviate the sex imbalance without directly targeting it. Parents who already have at least one son and are less likely to engage in sex selection and more likely to have additional births; however, the findings do not indicate a significant increase in the likelihood of having daughters.

Published
2021

44. The Intergenerational Mortality Tradeoff of COVID-19 Lockdown Policies

Author

Ma, Lin, Shapira, Gil, de Walque, Damien, Do, Quy-Toan, Friedman, Jed, and Levchenko, Andrei A.

Subjects
BUSINESS CYCLE, PANDEMIC IMPACT, PANDEMIC RESPONSE, CHILD MORTALITY, COVID-19, CORONAVIRUS, LOCKDOWN, SIR-MACRO, ECONOMIC DOWNTURN
Abstract

In lower-income countries, the economic contractions that accompany lockdowns to contain the spread of COVID-19 can increase child mortality, counteracting the mortality reductions achieved by the lockdown. To formalize and quantify this effect, this paper builds a macro-susceptible-infected-recovered model that features heterogeneous agents and a country-group-specific relationship between economic downturns and child mortality, and calibrate it to data for 85 countries across all income levels. The findings show that in low-income countries, a lockdown can potentially lead to 1.76 children’s lives lost due to the economic contraction per COVID-19 fatality averted. The ratio stands at 0.59 and 0.06 in lower-middle and upper-middle income countries, respectively. As a result, in some countries lockdowns can actually produce net increases in mortality. In contrast, the optimal lockdown that maximizes the present value of aggregate social welfare is shorter and milder in poorer countries than in rich ones, and never produces a net mortality increase.

Published
2021

48. Disruptions in maternal and child health service utilization during COVID-19: analysis from eight sub-Saharan African countries

Author

Shapira, Gil, primary, Ahmed, Tashrik, additional, Drouard, Salomé Henriette Paulette, additional, Amor Fernandez, Pablo, additional, Kandpal, Eeshani, additional, Nzelu, Charles, additional, Wesseh, Chea Sanford, additional, Mohamud, Nur Ali, additional, Smart, Francis, additional, Mwansambo, Charles, additional, Baye, Martina L, additional, Diabate, Mamatou, additional, Yuma, Sylvain, additional, Ogunlayi, Munirat, additional, Rusatira, Rwema Jean De Dieu, additional, Hashemi, Tawab, additional, Vergeer, Petra, additional, and Friedman, Jed, additional

Published
2021
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50. Indirect Effects on Maternal and Child Mortality from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Disruptions in Healthcare Utilization in 18 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Author

Ahmed, Tashrik, primary, Roberton, Timothy, additional, Team, Monitoring of Essential Health Serv, additional, Alfred, Jean Patrick, additional, Baye, Martina L., additional, Diabate, Mamatou, additional, Kiarie, Helen, additional, Mbaka, Paul, additional, Mohamud, Nur Ali, additional, Mwansambo, Charles, additional, Ndiaye, Youssoupha, additional, Nzelu, Charles, additional, Ofosu, Anthony, additional, Raharison, Tsihory, additional, Sadat, Husnia, additional, Smart, Francis A., additional, Uddin, Helal, additional, Wendrad, Naod, additional, Wesseh, Chea Sanford, additional, Yansane, Mohamad Lamine, additional, Yuma, Sylvain, additional, Vergeer, Petronella, additional, Hansen, Peter Meredith, additional, Friedman, Jed Arnold, additional, and Shapira, Gil, additional

Published
2021
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