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Corydalis saxicola Bunting (CSB), whose common name in Chinese is Yanhuanglian, is a herb in the family Papaveraceae. When applied in traditional Chinese medicine, it is used to treat various diseases including hepatitis, abdominal pain, and bleeding haemorrhoids. In addition, Corydalis saxicola Bunting injection (CSBI) is widely used against acute and chronic hepatitis. This review aims to provide up-to-date information on the botanical distribution, description, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications of CSB. A comprehensive review was implemented on studies about CSB from several scientific databases, such as SciFinder, Elsevier, Springer, ACS Publications, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, and Wanfang Data. Phytochemical studies showed that 81 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from CSB, most of which are alkaloids. This situation indicates that these alkaloids would be the main bioactive substances and that they have antitumour, liver protective, antiviral, and antibacterial pharmacological activities. CSBI can not only treat hepatitis and liver cancer but can also be used in combination with other drugs. However, the relationships between the traditional uses and modern pharmacological actions, the action mechanisms, quality standards, and the material basis need to be implemented in the future. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of CSBI in vivo and the toxicology should be further investigated.

Rice starch properties of apparent amylose content (AAC), amylose content (AC), and amylopectin content (AP) are considered as the most important factors influencing grain quality as they are highly correlated with eating quality. This report is the first effort of predicting AC and AP values in rice flours, and recognizing waxy rice from non-waxy rice using NIRS technique. Calibration models generated by different mathematical, preprocessing treatments and combinations of wavelengths and signals were compared and optimized. The model established by modified partial least squares (MPLS) with "2, 8, 8, 2"/ Inverse MSC and ∼138 wavelengths signals yielded high RSQ of 0.977, 0.928, and 0.912 for AAC, AC and AP, respectively, as simultaneous measurement. MPLS-DA (discriminant analysis) could classify waxy and non-waxy rice with 100% accuracy. This high-throughput technology is valuable for breeding programs, and for the purposes of quality control in the food industry.

Camellia huana is an endangered species with a narrow distribution in limestone hills of northern Guangxi and southern Guizhou provinces, China. We used one chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragment and 12 pairs of microsatellite (simple sequence repeat; SSR) markers to assess the genetic diversity and structure of 12 C. huana populations. A total of 99 alleles were detected for 12 polymorphic loci, and eight haplotypes and nine polymorphic sites were detected within 5200 bp of cpDNA. C. huana populations showed a low level of genetic diversity (n = 8, Hd = 0.759, Pi = 0.00042 for cpDNA, NA = 3.931, HE = 0.466 for SSRs), but high genetic differentiation between populations (FST = 0.2159 for SSRs, FST = 0.9318 for cpDNA). This can be attributed to the narrow distribution and limestone habitat of C. huana. STRUCTURE analysis divided natural C. huana populations into two groups, consistent with their geographical distribution. Thus, we suggest that five natural C. huana populations should be split into two units to be managed effectively.

“The One Belt and One Road” is a common development and win-win cooperation strategy that was put forward by China and got the positive response of the Asian and European countries. But Japan and the United States is not active, the United States has bypassed China through the TPP. In this context, to establish a new pattern of relationship between China and the United States is of great importance. Cooperation in the competition is a basic guarantee to ensure the effective implementation of “the One Belt and One Road”. This paper first reviews the forming process and denotative and connotative meanings of One Belt and One Road, and then discusses the property analysis of Sino-US game through the SWOT analysis, and finally puts forward the path selection to One Belt and One Road.

Abies chensiensis Tieghem and Abies fargesii Franchet are two closely related tree species of Pinaceae endemic to China. A. chensiensis is usually found scattered in small forest fragments, whereas A. fargesii is a dominant member of coniferous forest. To evaluate the genetic effect of fragmentation on A. chensiensis , a total of 24 populations were sampled from the whole distribution of the two species. Seven nuclear microsatellite loci were employed to analyze comparatively the genetic diversity and population genetic differentiation. Both A. chensiensis and A. fargesii have high level within-population genetic diversity and low inter-population genetic differentiation. Low microsatellite differentiation (2.1%) between A. fargesii and A. chensiensis was observed. But microsatellite marker was able to discriminate most populations of these two species. Compared to A. fargesii , A. chensiensi has lower allelic diversity and higher genetic differentiation among populations. It suggested the existence of negative genetic impacts of habitat fragmentation on A. chensiensis .

Camellia flavida is an endangered and valuable ornamental plant species with yellow flower. Here we isolated and characterized 38 polymorphic microsatellite loci for C. flavida using transcriptome sequencing. The markers were tested on one population of C. flavida and one population of closely related C. nitidissima. For C. fladviia, all of these loci showed polymorphism, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 8. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.250 to 0.900 and from 0.250 to 0.789, respectively. These markers will be useful in the research on the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of C. flavida. These loci can also be used for other related Camellia species.

according to the requirement of the reform of state-owned assets management system, combinative oneself is actual exploration and practice, to build "the csi model" the main content of the state-owned capital management budget system, build the state-owned capital management budget system, formed the characteristics of state-owned capital management budget system.

Previous molecular phylogenetic studies of Fabaceae indicated that species of Wisteria, an intercontinental disjunct genus between eastern Asia and eastern North America, formed a clade derived from within Callerya. However, interspecific relationships were not well resolved or supported. In this study, we used sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region and the chloroplast gene matK to examine interspecific relationships and explore implications of the phylogeny for the systematics and biogeography of Wisteria. Our results showed that Wisteria with deciduous leaves and racemose inflorescences formed a strongly supported clade derived from within the paraphyletic Callerya. Afgekia was also found to be included within Callerya. Therefore, our data support the merger of Afgekia, Callerya, and Wisteria. The phylogenetic pattern suggested that the deciduousness in Wisteria may be a derived trait likely in response to temperate climate, and the racemose inflorescences in the Afgekia–Callerya–Wisteria clade may have evolved from panicles. Our study also provided strong support for the sister relationship of the North American and eastern Asian species of Wisteria. In the Asian clade, Wisteria brachybotrys Siebold & Zucc. of Japan was sister to the clade containing W. floribunda (Willd.) DC of Japan and Korea, and W. sinensis (Sims) Sweet of China. However, our data offered weak support for the sister relationship of W. floribunda and W. sinensis. Our divergence time and biogeographic analyses suggested that the eastern Asian–North American disjunction in Wisteria may have occurred through a dispersal event in the middle Miocene (13.4 Mya) from the Old World to the New World across the Bering land bridge followed by vicariance in the late Miocene (6.8 Mya). This study added another example to the “out of Asia” migration for the eastern Asian–eastern North American disjunction.

Cinnamomum burmannii is cultivated for use as a spice, and as an ornamental tree. With the aim to develop a natural colorant for use in cosmetics and food additives from a new source, in the present study, pigment derived from C. burmannii' peel (CBP) was isolated by alkaline extraction, acid hydrolysis, repeated precipitation and purification by Sephadex G-75 with a total yield of 0.06 g/100 g (wet weight basis). The color values of the pigment was E1 cm1% 278 nm = 65.21. Physical and chemical properties revealed that CBP presses similar properties as most natural pigment. It was scarcely soluble in both water and all common organic solvents, and was soluble only in alkaline aqueous and DMSO. It was stable under ultraviolet light or room-light, stable in the range of 25–100 °C, relatively stable in alkaline aqueous and reducer, but was bleached by strong oxidants (KMnO4, H2O2 and NaOCl). Sodium benzoic acid, tartaric acid, table salt and cane sugar affected it slightly. Spectroscopic analysis of CBP in relation with its structure was also discussed. This is the first report on the characterization of pigment obtained from C. burmannii 'peel.

In recent years, a rice panicle disease—rice spikelet rot, occurred seriously in large rice-growing area in China, causing the rice grains discolor, unfilled and deform. It does not only influence the rice yield, because of the colored pathogens and toxigenic, but also changes the appearance of the rice and reduces its quality. Spikelet rot disease influences on the rice production and market price, and causes harm to the safety and health of human and livestock. This paper makes effort to elucidate the occurrence, epidemic regularity of the disease, the pathogenicity of isolates. Fungicides to control the disease were preliminarily selected in lab and control efficiency test were conducted in field. The investigation results indicate that japonica varieties and their hybrid combination, tighten panicle varieties are easier to be infected by the disease than that of the indica rice varieties with loosen panicles. It was propitious to the disease occurrence and epidemic when rice late booting to flowering period met the overcast, rainy (high humidity) and warm (25–33 °C) climate. Indoor selection results showed that ketotriazole shows very good restraint effect on the pathogens. Seed treating with fungicide, spraying ketotriazole, carbendazim + thiram mixture or tricyclazole at later booting and/or flowering stage can reached over 70% control efficiency to the disease.

Rice spikelet rot disease (SRD) is an emerging disease of rice panicle in China, which affects both rice yield and grain quality. Four fungal pathogens were isolated from diseased rice grains. Morphological observation, biological testing and molecular characterization led to identify these fungi as Fusarium proliferatum , Bipolaris australiensis , Curvularia lunata and Alternaria tenuis . The four fungi can grow from 10 °C to 40 °C, and from pH 5 to pH 10. The most suitable temperature range is 25 °C–30 °C, however the optimal pH for sporulation of these fungi varies greatly. The four fungi can grow on media supplemented with different carbon and nitrogen sources. These differences in carbon and nitrogen requirements suggest differences in trophism, and have large effects on hyphal growth and spore production. The results suggest that rice SRD is caused by various fungi with diverse physiological characteristics.

The fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) of alpine plants is receiving increasing attention, from which seed and pollen dispersal can be inferred. However, estimation of SGS may depend strongly on the sampling strategy, including the sample size and spatial sampling scheme. Here, we examined the effects of sample size and three spatial schemes, simple-random, line-transect, and random-cluster sampling, on the estimation of SGS in Androsace tapete, an alpine cushion plant endemic to Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Using both real data and simulated data of dominant molecular markers, we show that: (i) SGS is highly sensitive to sample strategy especially when the sample size is small (e.g., below 100); (ii) the commonly used SGS parameter (the intercept of the autocorrelogram) is more susceptible to sample error than a newly developed Sp statistic; and (iii) the random-cluster scheme is susceptible to obvious bias in parameter estimation even when the sample size is relatively large (e.g., above 200). Overall, the line-transect scheme is recommendable, in that it performs slightly better than the simple-random scheme in parameter estimation and is more efficient to encompass broad spatial scales. The consistency between simulated data and real data implies that these findings might hold true in other alpine plants and more species should be examined in future work.

Cinnamomum burmannii and Osmanthus fragrans are traditional and famous ornamental plants. Melanin-like pigment derived from the berry of C. burmannii (CBM) and O. fragrans (OFM) was isolated with total yield of 0.34 g/100 g and 0.12 g/100 g (wet weight basis), respectively. The color values of CBM and OFM were E 1cm 1% 205 nm = 60.24 and E 1cm 1% 278 nm = 65.21, respectively. CBM and OFM were found to be scarcely soluble in water and most common organic solvents, but soluble in alkaline aqueous and slightly soluble in DMSO. Both of them exhibited significant antioxidant activities superior to BHT. The reducing power/abilities of CBM and OFM increased with the amount of sample and decreased in the order of OFM > CBM > BHT. The metal chelating activities of CBM and OFM were concentration-dependent. Moreover, the metal scavenging effects of the samples decreased in the order of BHT > CBM > OFM. Results from the sun protection factor (SPF) in vitro determination of melanin-bearing gel formulations indicated that the SPF value of every formulation increased with amount of melanin, which suggested the presence of additional compounds with sunscreen activity in the melanin extract; the synergistic effect of CBM on the SPF of gel formulations was greater than that of OFM.

Upland rice (UR) is a unique rice ecotype that can be grown on upland fields without surface water accumulation in cultivation. Although UR has long been recognised as an important genetic resource for breeding of drought‐tolerant rice varieties, it is facing the risk of genetic erosion due to the rapid spread of high‐yielding modern rice strains. In this study, genetic diversity and relationships among 221 UR accessions collected from southwest China were evaluated using microsatellite (i.e. simple sequence repeat, SSR) markers. A total of 269 alleles were detected using 28 pairs of SSR primers, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 20, with an average of 9.6. The polymorphism information content value, a measure of gene diversity, was 0.63 with a range of 0.25–0.89. Clustering analysis showed that all 236 accessions fell into two groups corresponding to indica and japonica. More than 75% of UR accessions were identified as japonica. We detected no clear relationship between genet...

Summary Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed native to tropical and subtropical America. Since its introduction into China in 1926, this weed has been limited to southern areas (18°–25°N). However, new populations were recently reported in Shandong (35°N). The origin of this geographically isolated population remains unclear. In this study, we used inter simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA sequence markers (trnQ-5’rps16) to investigate the genetic structure of 18 invading populations of P. hysterophorus and to examine the genetic relationship of Shandong and southern populations. Our data show that Shandong population is genetically different and has apparently higher levels of genetic diversity than most populations in southern China. Both neighbour-joining clustering and principal coordination analysis clearly separated Shandong from other populations. Chloroplast DNA sequence analysis further confirmed that the Shandong population was characterised by a unique haplotype that was not found in southern populations. We conclude that the population in Shandong may have been independently introduced from areas outside China. As P. hysterophorus has a broad potential distribution in China, attention should be paid to both international and domestic quarantine to prevent new introductions and curtail the possible hybridisation and gene flow between populations in different regions.

Genetic variation of wild populations and cultivars of Luohanguo (Siraitia grosvenorii), a plant species endemic to southern China, was assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Based on the results for 130 individuals from seven populations, a high level of genetic diversity of Luohanguo was observed at the species level. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 89.4%, Nei’s gene diversity (H e) was 0.239, and Shannon’s information index (H o) was 0.373 based on the combined AFLP and RAPD data. There was a high degree of genetic differentiation, with 45.1% of the genetic variation attributed to differences between the populations. The genetic diversity of the Luohanguo cultivars is much lower than that of wild populations (P = 41.8%, H e = 0.141, H o = 0.211), and a distinct genetic differentiation is observed between the cultivars and wild accessions. The pool of genetic variation in the wild populations provides an excellent gene resource for Luohanguo breeding.

Abies chensiensis is a vulnerable species and has been included in the checklist of State Protection Category II in China. Sixteen microsatellite loci were developed in A. chensiensis and Abies fargesii (Pinaceae) to facilitate studies of population genetic structure and genetic diversity. All of these loci showed polymorphism, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 21 from two wild populations. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.172 to 1.000 and from 0.250 to 0.935, respectively. These markers will be useful in the research on the population genetic structure and genetic diversity of A. chensiensis, A. fargesi and other Abies species.

With methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP), the DNA methylation levels and patterns of CCGG sites in genomes was analyzed among four different tissues and between parents and offsprings from three groups of adult chicken, White Leghorn, White Plymouth Rock, and their F1 hybrids. The results indicated that the degree of methylation was approximate 29.7% in muscle, 27.5% in liver, 27.5% in heart, and 26.1% in kidney. There was significantly different in the level of methylation in the 3 different groups and in 4 different tissues (P0.05). The fully-methylated sites were less than the hemi-methylated sites among the 4 tissues, which was different from that of plants. The two tissue-specific MSAP fragments were isolated, sequenced, and characterized, both of which were located in the coding regions. These results clearly demonstrated that there was difference in the methylation level among various tissues and different groups, which suggested that the genetic factor may have effect on the individual methylation level.

The genetic diversity in 370 aromatic rice germplasms introduced from home and abroad, was investigated by using a total of 60 SSR markers. 361 alleles were detected, with the number of alleles (Na) per loci ranging from 2 to 10. The Nei's genetic diversity index (He) among loci varied widely from 0.104 at RM308 to 0.885 at RM2634 with an average value of 0.663. There was an obvious difference in SSR allelic diversity between indica and japonica rice. Indica rice showed more variation than japonica rice both for Na and He. Meanwhile, the genetic diversity of the landraces was higher than that of the improved varieties, and Na of the improved varieties was 86.5% of the landraces. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 43.08% of the variation was from genetic differences between subspecies. It was also demonstrated that the genetic differentiation among different rice ecological regions ranged from 1.69% to 14.40%. There was significant differentiation between Southern China and Southwestern China, Central China and Southwestern China, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that 370 aromatic rice varieties were mainly classified into indica and japonica, and aromatic rice varieties from the same areas or the neighboring provinces were basically assigned to the same group.

The cushion rockjasmine, Androsace tapete (Primulaceae), is among the angiosperms with highest altitudal distribution in the world. Cushion rockjasmine is a prominent pioneer species in alpine deserts and alpine flowstone slope habitats up to 5,300 m on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we use inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to investigate the spatial genetic structure of A. tapete at both fine-scale and landscape-scale, with emphasis on testing the hypothesis that the low-altitude valley of the Brahmaputra River, running from west to east across Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, has significant effects on the spatial population structure of A. tapete. A total of 235 individuals were collected from five populations in disjunct ridges (i.e. two populations located in the north, and three in the south of the Brahmaputra River), including 158 individuals that were spatial explicitly sampled from a 30 m × 90 m plot. At fine scale, spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates a significant genetic structure within a short distance (less than 10 m), which is probably due to limited gene dispersal via pollen and/or seeds. At landscape scale, however, AMOVA suggests that most of the total genetic variation (85%) is among individuals within populations; and the Brahmaputra River plays a weak role in shaping the spatial population structure of A. tapete. In addition, the results of PCA and STRUCTURE assignment show significant genetic associations between the populations across the Brahmaputra River. The historical gene exchanges and slow genetic drift may be responsible for the lack of deep genetic differentiation among topographically separated populations in A. tapete.

Abies ziyuanensis is a highly endangered fir species endemic to South China. Unlike other Abies species that are distributed in areas with cold climates, A. ziyuanensis is restricted to several isolated island-like localities at subtropical mountains. In this study, we used dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and co-dominant simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers to infer the genetic structure of A. ziyuanensis. Seven populations consisting of 139 individuals were sampled across their whole distribution. A. ziyuanenesis has a relatively low level of genetic variation, with a mean genetic diversity per population (He) of 0.136 (AFLP) and 0.337 (SSR), which is lower than that of other reported endemic species based on the same kind of marker. We observed high population differentiation, with Gst = 0.482 (AFLP) and Fst = 0.250 (SSR), among the seven populations. AMOVA also detected significant differentiation among populations (Phist (AFLP) = 0.550 and Phist (SSR) = 0.289) and among regions (Phict (AFLP) = 0.139 and Phict (SSR) = 0.135) in both marker types. Both ongoing evolutionary forces (e.g., genetic drift resulting from small population size) and historical events (e.g., population contraction and fragmentation during and after the Quaternary glacial cycles) may have contributed to the genetic structure in A. ziyuanensis.

Camellia nitidissima, a rare plant but a useful genetic resource for commercial cultivation of ornamental camellias, is distributed in a narrow region of South China and North Vietnam. In this study, RAPD and AFLP markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of six natural populations of C. nitidissima from Guangxi in South China. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 183 bands, of which 143 bands were polymorphic, and 8 AFLP primer pairs produced 502 bands, of which 364 were polymorphic. Independent as well as combined analyses of the cluster analyses of the RAPD and AFLP fragments showed that the six populations could be classified into two major genetic groups corresponding to the Nanning and Fangcheng areas. The Mantel test revealed significant correlation between the genetic and geographic distances of C. nitidissima populations (r = 0.953, p = 0.036). AMOVA analysis allowed the partitioning of the genetic variation between groups (36.09%), among populations within groups (25.78%), and within populations (38.14%). An understanding of both the genetic diversity and the population structure of C. nitidissima in China can also provide insight into the conservation and management of this endangered species.