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Audience feedback is crucial for refining video content, yet it typically comes after publication, limiting creators' ability to make timely adjustments. To bridge this gap, we introduce SimTube, a generative AI system designed to simulate audience feedback in the form of video comments before a video's release. SimTube features a computational pipeline that integrates multimodal data from the video-such as visuals, audio, and metadata-with user personas derived from a broad and diverse corpus of audience demographics, generating varied and contextually relevant feedback. Furthermore, the system's UI allows creators to explore and customize the simulated comments. Through a comprehensive evaluation-comprising quantitative analysis, crowd-sourced assessments, and qualitative user studies-we show that SimTube's generated comments are not only relevant, believable, and diverse but often more detailed and informative than actual audience comments, highlighting its potential to help creators refine their content before release.

Learning from observation (LfO) aims to imitate experts by learning from state-only demonstrations without requiring action labels. Existing adversarial imitation learning approaches learn a generator agent policy to produce state transitions that are indistinguishable to a discriminator that learns to classify agent and expert state transitions. Despite its simplicity in formulation, these methods are often sensitive to hyperparameters and brittle to train. Motivated by the recent success of diffusion models in generative modeling, we propose to integrate a diffusion model into the adversarial imitation learning from observation framework. Specifically, we employ a diffusion model to capture expert and agent transitions by generating the next state, given the current state. Then, we reformulate the learning objective to train the diffusion model as a binary classifier and use it to provide "realness" rewards for policy learning. Our proposed framework, Diffusion Imitation from Observation (DIFO), demonstrates superior performance in various continuous control domains, including navigation, locomotion, manipulation, and games. Project page: https://nturobotlearninglab.github.io/DIFO, Comment: NeurIPS 2024. Project page: https://nturobotlearninglab.github.io/DIFO

Controllable generation through Stable Diffusion (SD) fine-tuning aims to improve fidelity, safety, and alignment with human guidance. Existing reinforcement learning from human feedback methods usually rely on predefined heuristic reward functions or pretrained reward models built on large-scale datasets, limiting their applicability to scenarios where collecting such data is costly or difficult. To effectively and efficiently utilize human feedback, we develop a framework, HERO, which leverages online human feedback collected on the fly during model learning. Specifically, HERO features two key mechanisms: (1) Feedback-Aligned Representation Learning, an online training method that captures human feedback and provides informative learning signals for fine-tuning, and (2) Feedback-Guided Image Generation, which involves generating images from SD's refined initialization samples, enabling faster convergence towards the evaluator's intent. We demonstrate that HERO is 4x more efficient in online feedback for body part anomaly correction compared to the best existing method. Additionally, experiments show that HERO can effectively handle tasks like reasoning, counting, personalization, and reducing NSFW content with only 0.5K online feedback.

The CERN LHC is not only the current energy-frontier collider for parton-parton collisions, but has proven a powerful photon collider providing photon-photon ($\gamma\gamma$) collisions at center-of-mass energies and luminosities never reached before. The latest theoretical developments implemented in the gamma-UPC Monte Carlo (MC) event generator, which can calculate arbitrary exclusive final state produced via $\gamma\gamma$ fusion in ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) of protons and/or nuclei at the LHC, are presented. These include azimuthal modulations of dilepton pairs produced in the $\gamma\gamma\to\ell^+\ell^-$ process, and neutron emission probabilities for photoexcited lead ions in PbPb UPCs. A few comparisons of the results of the updated gamma-UPC v.1.6 code to relevant RHIC and LHC data are presented., Comment: 6 pages, 3 plots. DIS'24 Proceedings

Real-time cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides instantaneous visualization of patient anatomy for image guidance, motion tracking, and online treatment adaptation in radiotherapy. While many real-time imaging and motion tracking methods leveraged patient-specific prior information to alleviate under-sampling challenges and meet the temporal constraint (< 500 ms), the prior information can be outdated and introduce biases, thus compromising the imaging and motion tracking accuracy. To address this challenge, we developed a framework (DREME) for real-time CBCT imaging and motion estimation, without relying on patient-specific prior knowledge. DREME incorporates a deep learning-based real-time CBCT imaging and motion estimation method into a dynamic CBCT reconstruction framework. The reconstruction framework reconstructs a dynamic sequence of CBCTs in a data-driven manner from a standard pre-treatment scan, without utilizing patient-specific knowledge. Meanwhile, a convolutional neural network-based motion encoder is jointly trained during the reconstruction to learn motion-related features relevant for real-time motion estimation, based on a single arbitrarily-angled x-ray projection. DREME was tested on digital phantom simulation and real patient studies. DREME accurately solved 3D respiration-induced anatomic motion in real time (~1.5 ms inference time for each x-ray projection). In the digital phantom study, it achieved an average lung tumor center-of-mass localization error of 1.2$\pm$0.9 mm (Mean$\pm$SD). In the patient study, it achieved a real-time tumor localization accuracy of 1.8$\pm$1.6 mm in the projection domain. DREME achieves CBCT and volumetric motion estimation in real time from a single x-ray projection at arbitrary angles, paving the way for future clinical applications in intra-fractional motion management.

Next-to-leading-order (NLO) quantum electrodynamics (QED) corrections to the production of muon and tau pairs in photon-photon collisions, $\gamma\gamma\to\mu^{+}\mu^{-},\tau^{+}\tau^{-}$, are calculated in the equivalent photon approximation. We mostly consider $\gamma\gamma$ processes in ultraperipheral collisions of hadrons at the LHC, but the $\gamma\gamma\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-}$ process in $\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-$ collisions at LEP is also discussed. The NLO terms are found to modify the total cross sections by up to 5%, increasing the tails of the dilepton acoplanarity and transverse momentum distributions, and depleting by up to 15% the yields at high masses, with respect to the leading-order predictions including the very small virtuality of the colliding photons. At the LHC, the calculations obtained with the charge form factor for protons and lead ions including the NLO QED corrections improve the data--theory agreement for all measured differential distributions, and prove an indispensable ingredient for the extraction of precision quantities in photon-photon processes, such as the anomalous magnetic moment of the tau lepton., Comment: 19 pages, 33 plots

Programmatic reinforcement learning (PRL) has been explored for representing policies through programs as a means to achieve interpretability and generalization. Despite promising outcomes, current state-of-the-art PRL methods are hindered by sample inefficiency, necessitating tens of millions of program-environment interactions. To tackle this challenge, we introduce a novel LLM-guided search framework (LLM-GS). Our key insight is to leverage the programming expertise and common sense reasoning of LLMs to enhance the efficiency of assumption-free, random-guessing search methods. We address the challenge of LLMs' inability to generate precise and grammatically correct programs in domain-specific languages (DSLs) by proposing a Pythonic-DSL strategy - an LLM is instructed to initially generate Python codes and then convert them into DSL programs. To further optimize the LLM-generated programs, we develop a search algorithm named Scheduled Hill Climbing, designed to efficiently explore the programmatic search space to improve the programs consistently. Experimental results in the Karel domain demonstrate our LLM-GS framework's superior effectiveness and efficiency. Extensive ablation studies further verify the critical role of our Pythonic-DSL strategy and Scheduled Hill Climbing algorithm. Moreover, we conduct experiments with two novel tasks, showing that LLM-GS enables users without programming skills and knowledge of the domain or DSL to describe the tasks in natural language to obtain performant programs.

Multivariate time series (MTS) data, when sampled irregularly and asynchronously, often present extensive missing values. Conventional methodologies for MTS analysis tend to rely on temporal embeddings based on timestamps that necessitate subsequent imputations, yet these imputed values frequently deviate substantially from their actual counterparts, thereby compromising prediction accuracy. Furthermore, these methods typically fail to provide robust initial embeddings for values infrequently observed or even absent within the training set, posing significant challenges to model generalizability. In response to these challenges, we propose SCAlable Numerical Embedding (SCANE), a novel framework that treats each feature value as an independent token, effectively bypassing the need for imputation. SCANE regularizes the traits of distinct feature embeddings and enhances representational learning through a scalable embedding mechanism. Coupling SCANE with the Transformer Encoder architecture, we develop the Scalable nUMerical eMbeddIng Transformer (SUMMIT), which is engineered to deliver precise predictive outputs for MTS characterized by prevalent missing entries. Our experimental validation, conducted across three disparate electronic health record (EHR) datasets marked by elevated missing value frequencies, confirms the superior performance of SUMMIT over contemporary state-of-the-art approaches addressing similar challenges. These results substantiate the efficacy of SCANE and SUMMIT, underscoring their potential applicability across a broad spectrum of MTS data analytical tasks.

Imitation learning aims to learn a policy from observing expert demonstrations without access to reward signals from environments. Generative adversarial imitation learning (GAIL) formulates imitation learning as adversarial learning, employing a generator policy learning to imitate expert behaviors and discriminator learning to distinguish the expert demonstrations from agent trajectories. Despite its encouraging results, GAIL training is often brittle and unstable. Inspired by the recent dominance of diffusion models in generative modeling, we propose Diffusion-Reward Adversarial Imitation Learning (DRAIL), which integrates a diffusion model into GAIL, aiming to yield more robust and smoother rewards for policy learning. Specifically, we propose a diffusion discriminative classifier to construct an enhanced discriminator, and design diffusion rewards based on the classifier's output for policy learning. Extensive experiments are conducted in navigation, manipulation, and locomotion, verifying DRAIL's effectiveness compared to prior imitation learning methods. Moreover, additional experimental results demonstrate the generalizability and data efficiency of DRAIL. Visualized learned reward functions of GAIL and DRAIL suggest that DRAIL can produce more robust and smoother rewards. Project page: https://nturobotlearninglab.github.io/DRAIL/

We employ quantum-volume random-circuit sampling to benchmark the two-QPU entanglement-assisted distributed quantum computing (DQC) and compare it with single-QPU quantum computing. We first specify a single-qubit depolarizing noise model in the random circuit. Based on this error model, we show the one-to-one correspondence of three figures of merits, namely average gate fidelity, heavy output probability, and linear cross-entropy. We derive an analytical approximation of the average gate fidelity under the specified noise model, which is shown to align with numerical simulations. The approximation is calculated based on a noise propagation matrix obtained from the extended connectivity graph of a DQC device. In numerical simulation, we unveil the scalability enhancement in DQC for the QPUs with limited connectivity. Furthermore, we provide a simple formula to estimate the average gate fidelity, which also provides us with a heuristic method to evaluate the scalability enhancement in DQC, and a guide to optimize the structure of a DQC configuration., Comment: V1: 13 pages, 18 figures, 5-page appendix and references. V2: Some typos are fixed. Section III B and the appendix are amended

Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional proficiency in natural language processing but often fall short of generating creative and original responses to open-ended questions. To enhance LLM creativity, our key insight is to emulate the human process of inducing collective creativity through engaging discussions with participants from diverse backgrounds and perspectives. To this end, we propose LLM Discussion, a three-phase discussion framework that facilitates vigorous and diverging idea exchanges and ensures convergence to creative answers. Moreover, we adopt a role-playing technique by assigning distinct roles to LLMs to combat the homogeneity of LLMs. We evaluate the efficacy of the proposed framework with the Alternative Uses Test, Similarities Test, Instances Test, and Scientific Creativity Test through both LLM evaluation and human study. The results show that our proposed framework outperforms single-LLM approaches and existing multi-LLM frameworks across various creativity metrics. The code is available at https://github.com/lawraa/LLM-Discussion., Comment: 40 pages, 9 figures, COLM 2024

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used in image-guided radiotherapy. Reconstructing CBCTs from limited-angle acquisitions (LA-CBCT) is highly desired for improved imaging efficiency, dose reduction, and better mechanical clearance. LA-CBCT reconstruction, however, suffers from severe under-sampling artifacts, making it a highly ill-posed inverse problem. Diffusion models can generate data/images by reversing a data-noising process through learned data distributions; and can be incorporated as a denoiser/regularizer in LA-CBCT reconstruction. In this study, we developed a diffusion model-based framework, prior frequency-guided diffusion model (PFGDM), for robust and structure-preserving LA-CBCT reconstruction. PFGDM uses a conditioned diffusion model as a regularizer for LA-CBCT reconstruction, and the condition is based on high-frequency information extracted from patient-specific prior CT scans which provides a strong anatomical prior for LA-CBCT reconstruction. Specifically, we developed two variants of PFGDM (PFGDM-A and PFGDM-B) with different conditioning schemes. PFGDM-A applies the high-frequency CT information condition until a pre-optimized iteration step, and drops it afterwards to enable both similar and differing CT/CBCT anatomies to be reconstructed. PFGDM-B, on the other hand, continuously applies the prior CT information condition in every reconstruction step, while with a decaying mechanism, to gradually phase out the reconstruction guidance from the prior CT scans. The two variants of PFGDM were tested and compared with current available LA-CBCT reconstruction solutions, via metrics including PSNR and SSIM. PFGDM outperformed all traditional and diffusion model-based methods. PFGDM reconstructs high-quality LA-CBCTs under very-limited gantry angles, allowing faster and more flexible CBCT scans with dose reductions., Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Physics in Medicine & Biology

We extend the local infrared-divergence subtraction formalism, originally proposed by Frixione, Kunszt and Signer (FKS), to calculate short-distance (differential) cross section for any inclusive process involving a quarkonium particle in non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorisation at next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy in the strong coupling constant $\alpha_s$. The new formulas are generally applicable to the production of an S- or P-wave quarkonium state in association with any number of elementary particles. The main new ingredients derived in this paper are the local and integrated soft counterterms for the colour-singlet and colour-octet P-wave bound states. It, therefore, paves the way to the automation of the NLO calculations for heavy quarkonium inclusive and associated production processes., Comment: 53 pages, 2 figures, v2 (journal version)

Unsupervised automatic speech recognition (ASR) aims to learn the mapping between the speech signal and its corresponding textual transcription without the supervision of paired speech-text data. A word/phoneme in the speech signal is represented by a segment of speech signal with variable length and unknown boundary, and this segmental structure makes learning the mapping between speech and text challenging, especially without paired data. In this paper, we propose REBORN,Reinforcement-Learned Boundary Segmentation with Iterative Training for Unsupervised ASR. REBORN alternates between (1) training a segmentation model that predicts the boundaries of the segmental structures in speech signals and (2) training the phoneme prediction model, whose input is the speech feature segmented by the segmentation model, to predict a phoneme transcription. Since supervised data for training the segmentation model is not available, we use reinforcement learning to train the segmentation model to favor segmentations that yield phoneme sequence predictions with a lower perplexity. We conduct extensive experiments and find that under the same setting, REBORN outperforms all prior unsupervised ASR models on LibriSpeech, TIMIT, and five non-English languages in Multilingual LibriSpeech. We comprehensively analyze why the boundaries learned by REBORN improve the unsupervised ASR performance., Comment: NeurIPS 2024

We present the analytic and compact two-loop helicity amplitudes for QCD and QED corrections to the light-by-light scattering process with massive internal fermions. We express the master integrals either in terms of multiple polylogarithms or in terms of iterated integrals with dlog one-forms. We also elaborate on optimizing the analytic results for each phase-space region. This makes the numerical evaluation of the scattering amplitudes fast, stable and suitable for phenomenological applications., Comment: 35 pages, 1 figure, v2: journal version (two long equations move into appendix)

The recent experimental observation of Light-by-Light (LbL) scattering at the Large Hadron Collider has revived interest in this fundamental process, and especially of the accurate prediction of its cross-section, which we present here for the first time at Next-to-Leading Order (NLO) in both QCD and QED. We compare two radically different computational approaches, both exact in the fermion mass dependence, thus offering a strong cross-check of our results. The first approach is a fully analytic method to calculate compact and well-organized two-loop helicity amplitudes. The second one is entirely numerical and leverages the Local Unitarity construction. Our two calculations agree with each other and conclude that including the exact fermion mass contribution typically increases the size of the NLO corrections. Moreover, we find that the exact result converges slowly to the massless limit of the high-energy regime, thus emphasizing the importance of including the full mass dependence at NLO. We also compare our results with the ATLAS measurement of LbL in ultra-peripheral lead-lead collisions, and find that the inclusion of exact NLO corrections reduces, but does not eliminate, the existing tension with theoretical predictions., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures (including appendix) v2: minor corrections and journal version

Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) excels in various domains but lacks generalizability and interpretability. On the other hand, programmatic RL methods (Trivedi et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2023) reformulate RL tasks as synthesizing interpretable programs that can be executed in the environments. Despite encouraging results, these methods are limited to short-horizon tasks. On the other hand, representing RL policies using state machines (Inala et al., 2020) can inductively generalize to long-horizon tasks; however, it struggles to scale up to acquire diverse and complex behaviors. This work proposes the Program Machine Policy (POMP), which bridges the advantages of programmatic RL and state machine policies, allowing for the representation of complex behaviors and the address of long-term tasks. Specifically, we introduce a method that can retrieve a set of effective, diverse, and compatible programs. Then, we use these programs as modes of a state machine and learn a transition function to transition among mode programs, allowing for capturing repetitive behaviors. Our proposed framework outperforms programmatic RL and deep RL baselines on various tasks and demonstrates the ability to inductively generalize to even longer horizons without any fine-tuning. Ablation studies justify the effectiveness of our proposed search algorithm for retrieving a set of programs as modes.

We report the synthesis, crystal structure, and physical properties of a novel ternary compound, Th$_2$Cu$_4$As$_5$. The material crystallizes in a tetragonal structure with lattice parameters $a=4.0716(1)$ {\AA} and $c=24.8131(4)$ {\AA}. Its structure can be described as an alternating stacking of fluorite-type Th$_2$As$_2$ layers with antifluorite-type double-layered Cu$_4$As$_3$ slabs. The measurement of electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat reveals that Th$_2$Cu$_4$As$_5$ undergoes bulk superconducting transition at 4.2 K. Moreover, all these physical quantities exhibit anomalies at 48 K, where the Hall coefficient change the sign. These findings suggest a charge-density-wave-like (CDW) transition, making Th$_2$Cu$_4$As$_5$ a rare example for studying the interplay between CDW and superconductivity., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, and 1 table

Diffusion models have demonstrated significant potential in producing high-quality images in medical image translation to aid disease diagnosis, localization, and treatment. Nevertheless, current diffusion models have limited success in achieving faithful image translations that can accurately preserve the anatomical structures of medical images, especially for unpaired datasets. The preservation of structural and anatomical details is essential to reliable medical diagnosis and treatment planning, as structural mismatches can lead to disease misidentification and treatment errors. In this study, we introduce the Frequency Decoupled Diffusion Model (FDDM) for MR-to-CT conversion. FDDM first obtains the anatomical information of the CT image from the MR image through an initial conversion module. This anatomical information then guides a subsequent diffusion model to generate high-quality CT images. Our diffusion model uses a dual-path reverse diffusion process for low-frequency and high-frequency information, achieving a better balance between image quality and anatomical accuracy. We extensively evaluated FDDM using public datasets for brain MR-to-CT and pelvis MR-to-CT translations, demonstrating its superior performance to other GAN-based, VAE-based, and diffusion-based models. The evaluation metrics included Frechet Inception Distance (FID), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). FDDM achieved the best scores on all metrics for both datasets, particularly excelling in FID, with scores of 25.9 for brain data and 29.2 for pelvis data, significantly outperforming other methods. These results demonstrate that FDDM can generate high-quality target domain images while maintaining the accuracy of translated anatomical structures.

Dynamic cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) can capture high-spatial-resolution, time-varying images for motion monitoring, patient setup, and adaptive planning of radiotherapy. However, dynamic CBCT reconstruction is an extremely ill-posed spatiotemporal inverse problem, as each CBCT volume in the dynamic sequence is only captured by one or a few X-ray projections. We developed a machine learning-based technique, prior-model-free spatiotemporal implicit neural representation (PMF-STINR), to reconstruct dynamic CBCTs from sequentially acquired X-ray projections. PMF-STINR employs a joint image reconstruction and registration approach to address the under-sampling challenge. Specifically, PMF-STINR uses spatial implicit neural representation to reconstruct a reference CBCT volume, and it applies temporal INR to represent the intra-scan dynamic motion with respect to the reference CBCT to yield dynamic CBCTs. PMF-STINR couples the temporal INR with a learning-based B-spline motion model to capture time-varying deformable motion during the reconstruction. Compared with previous methods, the spatial INR, the temporal INR, and the B-spline model of PMF-STINR are all learned on the fly during reconstruction in a one-shot fashion, without using any patient-specific prior knowledge or motion sorting/binning. PMF-STINR was evaluated via digital phantom simulations, physical phantom measurements, and a multi-institutional patient dataset featuring various imaging protocols (half-fan/full-fan, full sampling/sparse sampling, different energy and mAs settings, etc.). The results showed that the one-shot learning-based PMF-STINR can accurately and robustly reconstruct dynamic CBCTs and capture highly irregular motion with high temporal (~0.1s) resolution and sub-millimeter accuracy. It can be a promising tool for motion management by offering richer motion information than traditional 4D-CBCTs.

This work introduces a novel task, location-aware visual question generation (LocaVQG), which aims to generate engaging questions from data relevant to a particular geographical location. Specifically, we represent such location-aware information with surrounding images and a GPS coordinate. To tackle this task, we present a dataset generation pipeline that leverages GPT-4 to produce diverse and sophisticated questions. Then, we aim to learn a lightweight model that can address the LocaVQG task and fit on an edge device, such as a mobile phone. To this end, we propose a method which can reliably generate engaging questions from location-aware information. Our proposed method outperforms baselines regarding human evaluation (e.g., engagement, grounding, coherence) and automatic evaluation metrics (e.g., BERTScore, ROUGE-2). Moreover, we conduct extensive ablation studies to justify our proposed techniques for both generating the dataset and solving the task., Comment: EMNLP 2023

In this talk, we discuss the soft-gluon resummation for a pair of Higgs bosons in the dominant gluon fusion channel to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (N$^3$LL) accuracy. Through the study, we achieve sub-percent level accuracy in the uncertainties from the residual renormalisation and factorisation scales, for both inclusive and differential mass distribution in the infinite top quark mass limit. We also combine these results with the full top mass dependent next-to-leading order calculations., Comment: Proceedings for RADCOR 2023, 8 pages and 2 figures

We propose BOSS, an approach that automatically learns to solve new long-horizon, complex, and meaningful tasks by growing a learned skill library with minimal supervision. Prior work in reinforcement learning require expert supervision, in the form of demonstrations or rich reward functions, to learn long-horizon tasks. Instead, our approach BOSS (BOotStrapping your own Skills) learns to accomplish new tasks by performing "skill bootstrapping," where an agent with a set of primitive skills interacts with the environment to practice new skills without receiving reward feedback for tasks outside of the initial skill set. This bootstrapping phase is guided by large language models (LLMs) that inform the agent of meaningful skills to chain together. Through this process, BOSS builds a wide range of complex and useful behaviors from a basic set of primitive skills. We demonstrate through experiments in realistic household environments that agents trained with our LLM-guided bootstrapping procedure outperform those trained with naive bootstrapping as well as prior unsupervised skill acquisition methods on zero-shot execution of unseen, long-horizon tasks in new environments. Website at clvrai.com/boss., Comment: CoRL 2023 (Oral); 24 pages, 11 figures

In this work, we present an approach to construct a video-based robot policy capable of reliably executing diverse tasks across different robots and environments from few video demonstrations without using any action annotations. Our method leverages images as a task-agnostic representation, encoding both the state and action information, and text as a general representation for specifying robot goals. By synthesizing videos that ``hallucinate'' robot executing actions and in combination with dense correspondences between frames, our approach can infer the closed-formed action to execute to an environment without the need of any explicit action labels. This unique capability allows us to train the policy solely based on RGB videos and deploy learned policies to various robotic tasks. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in learning policies on table-top manipulation and navigation tasks. Additionally, we contribute an open-source framework for efficient video modeling, enabling the training of high-fidelity policy models with four GPUs within a single day., Comment: Project page: https://flow-diffusion.github.io/

Let $f_{0,\infty}=\{f_n\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ be a sequence of continuous self-maps on a compact metric space $X$. Firstly, we obtain the relations between topological sequence entropy of a nonautonomous dynamical system $(X,f_{0,\infty})$ and that of its finite-to-one extension. We then prove that the topological sequence entropy of $(X,f_{0,\infty})$ is no less than its corresponding measure sequence entropy if $X$ has finite covering dimension. Secondly, we study the supremum topological sequence entropy of $(X,f_{0,\infty})$, and confirm that it equals to that of its $n$-th compositions system if $f_{0,\infty}$ is equi-continuous; and we prove the supremum topological sequence entropy of $(X,f_{i,\infty})$ is no larger than that of $(X,f_{j,\infty})$ if $i\leq j$, and they are equal if $f_{0,\infty}$ is equi-continuous and surjective. Thirdly, we investigate the topological sequence entropy relations between $(X,f_{0,\infty})$ and $(\mathcal{M}(X),\hat{f}_{0,\infty})$ induced on the space $\mathcal{M}(X)$ of all Borel probability measures, and obtain that given any sequence, the topological sequence entropy of $(X,f_{0,\infty})$ is zero if and only if that of $(\mathcal{M}(X),\hat{f}_{0,\infty})$ is zero; the topological sequence entropy of $(X,f_{0,\infty})$ is positive if and only if that of $(\mathcal{M}(X),\hat{f}_{0,\infty})$ is infinite. By applying this result, we obtain some big differences between entropies of nonautonomous dynamical systems and that of autonomous dynamical systems. Finally, we study whether multi-sensitivity of $(X,f_{0,\infty})$ imply positive or infinite topological sequence entropy.

In the past few years, AlphaZero's exceptional capability in mastering intricate board games has garnered considerable interest. Initially designed for the game of Go, this revolutionary algorithm merges deep learning techniques with the Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) to surpass earlier top-tier methods. In our study, we broaden the use of AlphaZero to Gomoku, an age-old tactical board game also referred to as "Five in a Row." Intriguingly, Gomoku has innate challenges due to a bias towards the initial player, who has a theoretical advantage. To add value, we strive for a balanced game-play. Our tests demonstrate AlphaZero's versatility in adapting to games other than Go. MCTS has become a predominant algorithm for decision processes in intricate scenarios, especially board games. MCTS creates a search tree by examining potential future actions and uses random sampling to predict possible results. By leveraging the best of both worlds, the AlphaZero technique fuses deep learning from Reinforcement Learning with the balancing act of MCTS, establishing a fresh standard in game-playing AI. Its triumph is notably evident in board games such as Go, chess, and shogi.

The reconstruction of 3D cine-MRI is challenged by highly undersampled k-space data in each cine frame, due to the slow speed of MR signal acquisition. We proposed a machine learning-based framework, spatial and temporal implicit neural representation learning (STINR-MR), for accurate 3D cine-MRI reconstruction from highly undersampled data. STINR-MR used a joint reconstruction and deformable registration approach to address the ill-posed spatiotemporal reconstruction problem, by solving a reference-frame 3D MR image and a corresponding motion model which deforms the reference frame to each cine frame. The reference-frame image was reconstructed as a spatial implicit neural representation (INR) network, which learns the mapping from input 3D spatial coordinates to corresponding MR values. The dynamic motion model was constructed via a temporal INR, as well as basis deformation vector fields(DVFs) extracted from prior/onboard 4D-MRIs. The learned INR encodes input time points and outputs corresponding weighting factors to combine the basis DVFs into time-resolved motion fields. STINR-MR was evaluated using MR data simulated from the 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) digital phantom and MR data acquired clinically from a healthy human subject. Its reconstruction accuracy was also compared with that of the model-based non-rigid motion estimation method (MR-MOTUS). STINR-MR can reconstruct 3D cine-MR images with high temporal (<100 ms) and spatial (3 mm) resolutions to accurately capture different irregular motion patterns. Compared with MR-MOTUS, STINR-MR consistently reconstructed images with better quality, fewer artifacts, and achieved superior tumor localization accuracy. STINR-MR provides a lightweight and efficient framework for accurate 3D cine-MRI reconstruction, and does not require external data for pre-training to avoid generalizability issues encountered in deep learning methods.

We investigate the fidelity of Haar random bipartite pure states from a fixed reference quantum state and their bipartite entanglement. By plotting the fidelity and entanglement on perpendicular axes, we observe that the resulting plots exhibit non-uniform distributions. The distribution depends on the entanglement of the fixed reference quantum state used to quantify the fidelity of the random pure bipartite states. We find that the average fidelity of typical random pure bipartite qubits within a narrow entanglement range with respect to a randomly chosen fixed bipartite qubit is $\frac{1}{4}$. Extending our study to higher dimensional bipartite qudits, we find that the average fidelity of typical random pure bipartite qudits with respect to a randomly chosen fixed bipartite qudit remains constant within a narrow entanglement range. The values of these constants are \(\frac{1}{d^2}\), with d being the dimension of the local Hilbert space of the bipartite qudit system, suggesting a consistent relationship between entanglement and fidelity across different dimensions. The probability distribution functions of fidelity with respect to a product state are analytically studied and used as a reference for the benchmarking of distributed quantum computing devices., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures. Two new authors have contributed to the content. A section has been introduced, highlighting applications for benchmarking distributed quantum computing devices, Accepted version

We study the discovery potential of massive graviton-like spin-2 particles coupled to standard model fields, produced in photon-photon collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as well as in electron-positron ($e^+e^-$) collisions, within an effective theory with and without universal couplings. Our focus is on a massive graviton G coupled to the electromagnetic field, which decays via $\mathrm{G}\to \gamma \gamma$ and leads to a resonant excess of diphotons over the light-by-light scattering continuum at the LHC, and of triphoton final states at $e^+e^-$ colliders. Based on similar searches performed for pseudoscalar axion-like particles (ALPs), and taking into account the different cross sections, $\gamma \gamma$ partial widths, and decay kinematics of the pseudoscalar and tensor particles, we reinterpret existing experimental bounds on the ALP-$\gamma$ coupling into G-$\gamma$ ones. Using the available data, exclusion limits on the graviton-photon coupling are set down to $g_{\mathrm{G}\gamma\gamma}\approx 1$--0.05~TeV$^{-1}$ for masses $m_\mathrm{G} \approx 100$~MeV--2~TeV. Such bounds can be improved by factors of 100 at Belle~II in the low-mass region, and of 4 at the HL-LHC at high masses, with their expected full integrated luminosities., Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures