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How the dorsal-ventral axis of the vertebrate jaw, particularly the position of tooth initiation site, is established remains a critical and unresolved question. Tooth development starts with the formation of the dental lamina, a localized thickened strip within the maxillary and mandibular epithelium. To identify transcriptional regulatory networks (TRN) controlling the specification of dental lamina from the naïve mandibular epithelium, we utilized Laser Microdissection coupled low-input RNA-seq (LMD-RNA-seq) to profile gene expression of different domains of the mandibular epithelium along the dorsal-ventral axis. We comprehensively identified transcription factors (TFs) and signaling pathways that are differentially expressed along mandibular epithelial domains (including the dental lamina). Specifically, we found that the TFs Sox2 and Tfap2 (Tfap2a/Tfap2b) formed complimentary expression domains along the dorsal-ventral axis of the mandibular epithelium. Interestingly, both classic and novel dental lamina specific TFs-such as Pitx2, Ascl5 and Zfp536-were found to localize near the Sox2:Tfap2a/Tfap2b interface. To explore the functional significance of these domain specific TFs, we next examined loss-of-function mouse models of these domain specific TFs, including the dental lamina specific TF, Pitx2, and the ventral surface ectoderm specific TFs Tfap2a and Tfap2b. We found that disruption of domain specific TFs leads to an upregulation and expansion of the alternative domain's TRN. The importance of this cross-repression is evident by the ectopic expansion of Pitx2 and Sox2 positive dental lamina structure in Tfap2a/Tfap2b ectodermal double knockouts and the emergence of an ectopic tooth in the ventral surface ectoderm. Finally, we uncovered an unappreciated interface of mesenchymal SHH and WNT signaling pathways, at the site of tooth initiation, that were established by the epithelial domain specific TFs including Pitx2 and Tfap2a/Tfap2b. These results uncover a previously unknown molecular mechanism involving cross-repression of domain specific TFs including Pitx2 and Tfap2a/Tfap2b in patterning the dorsal-ventral axis of the mouse mandible, specifically the regulation of tooth initiation site.

Background: Oxytocin remains as the first line utero-tonic drug used in the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Because of its certain disadvantages, another cost effective uterotonic drug which can be used orally or vaginally with good absorption is misoprostol, which is a prostaglandin E1 analogue. The study aimed to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of oxytocin versus oxytocin plus misoprostol in the prevention of PPH. Materials and methods: A prospective randomized interventional study was conducted on 160 term pregnant women from February 2019 to August 2019. The study subjects were randomized into two groups of 80 each. During the active management of third stage of labour, all patients in the study group were administered with standard drug treatment of 10 IU of oxytocin through intramuscular route along with 600µg of misoprostol given sublingually, whereas the patients in the control group were given only 10IU of oxytocin alone. Results: The average postpartum blood loss and the need for blood transfusion were significantly higher among the control group compared to the study group. The overall incidence of PPH was found to be 28.5% among the control group and it was 6.4% among the study group. Adverse events such as fever, shivering, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea were more among the study group than that of the control. Conclusion: A single dose of 600µg of sublingual misoprostol as an adjunct to standard 10 units of intramuscular oxytocin was found to be more effective in reducing blood loss than using 10 units of intramuscular oxytocin alone in the Active Management of Third Stage of Labour.

Background: The major advantage of ultrasound guided technique over the traditional landmark technique in bilateral superficial cervical plexus block is that, it helps to minimize the injury to cervical muscle, fascia and nerves. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness between landmark technique and ultrasound guided technique with respect to the post-operative analgesia, intra-operative hemodynamics and the complication rate of the procedure. Methodology: A total of 100 patients were included as our study sample which was divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A patients received Superficial Cervical Plexus Block (SCPB) using the landmark based technique and Group B patients received SCPB under ultrasound guided technique. Parameters such as success of the procedure performance time, time of onset of action, block pain score, post-operative pain score, intra-operative hemodynamics and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results: The success rate of the block was found to be 72% in the landmark technique group compared to 90% in the ultrasound guided group. The onsite time of analgesia was found to be much earlier in ultrasound guided group (16.2 vs 11.1 mins). The hemodynamic parameters were found to be slightly higher among the landmark group compared to ultrasound guided group. Post-operative pain score was significantly better and the incidence of complication rate was nil among ultrasound guided group. Conclusion: Ultrasound guided technique is a better alternate for landmark technique for providing bilateral superficial cervical plexus block while performing thyroidectomy surgery.

The endomembrane system, functioning in secretion, performs many roles relating to eukaryotic cell physiological processes and the Golgi apparatus is the central organelle in this system. An essential associated Golgi component is the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, maintaining correct Golgi structure and function during retrograde trafficking. In animals, naturally occurring cog mutants provide a window into understanding it’s function(s). Eliminating even one COG component impairs its function. In animals, COG mutations lead to severe cell biological and developmental defects and death while far less is understood in plants which is changing. The plant genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana COG complex functions in growth, cell expansion and other processes, involving direct interactions with other secretion system components including the exocyst, soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE), and the microtubule cytoskeleton. Recent experiments have identified a defense role for the COG complex in plants, the focus of this review.

Glycine max root cells developing into syncytia through the parasitic activities of the pathogenic nematode Heterodera glycines underwent isolation by laser microdissection (LM). Microarray analyses have identified the expression of a G. max DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3) homolog in syncytia undergoing parasitism but during a defense response. DMI3 encodes part of the common symbiosis pathway (CSP) involving DMI1, DMI2, and other CSP genes. The identified DMI gene expression, and symbiosis role, suggests the possible existence of commonalities between symbiosis and defense. G. max has 3 DMI1, 12 DMI2, and 2 DMI3 paralogs. LM-assisted gene expression experiments of isolated syncytia under further examination here show G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 expression occurring during the defense response in the H. glycines-resistant genotypes G.max[Peking/PI548402] and G.max[PI88788] indicating a broad and consistent level of expression of the genes. Transgenic overexpression (OE) of G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 impairs H. glycines parasitism. RNA interference (RNAi) of G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 increases H. glycines parasitism. The combined opposite outcomes reveal a defense function for these genes. Prior functional transgenic analyses of the 32-member G. max mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family has determined that 9 of them act in the defense response to H. glycines parasitism, referred to as defense MAPKs. RNA-seq analyses of root RNA isolated from the 9 G. max defense MAPKs undergoing OE or RNAi reveal they alter the relative transcript abundances (RTAs) of specific DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 paralogs. In contrast, transgenically-manipulated DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 expression influences MAPK3-1 and MAPK3-2 RTAs under certain circumstances. The results show G. max homologs of the CSP, and defense pathway are linked, apparently involving co-regulated gene expression.

We initiated a program to synthesize thiazolidinone derivatives as antitubercular agent by preparing hybrid molecules having the similar features of reported potent antitubercular agents. We desire to state the advancement and execution of a methodology allowing for the synthesis of some new (Z)-5-(substituted benzylidene)-2-((substituted phenyl) amino)thiazol-4(5H)-one analogues with antitubercular activity. A highly efficient protocol was developed for the synthesis with excellent yields as well as evaluated in vitro for their antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTB H37Ra and M. bovis BCG strains. Among these synthesized compounds 6a, 6c, 6e, 6f and 6i showed marginal antitubercular activity in the series along with no significant cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and A549 human cancer cell lines.

An environmentally benign aqueous protocol for the synthesis of novel 2-((5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)amino)substituted acid by using potassium carbonate as a base has been achieved. These ultrasound irradiation and conventional technique reaction proceed efficiently in water in the absence of organic solvent. In comparison with conventional methods, our protocol is convenient and offers several advantages, such as shorter reaction time, higher yields, milder conditions and environmental friendliness.

Although the role of plant defense mechanisms against viruses are relatively well studied in dicots and in incompatible plant-microbe interactions, studies of their roles in compatible interactions and in grasses are lagging behind. In this study, we leveraged the emerging grass model BrachypodiumPanicum mosaic virus

Abstract Background Several high-throughput molecular genetic analyses rely on high-quality genomic DNA. Copurification of other molecules can negatively impact the functionality of plant DNA preparations employed in these procedures. Isolating DNA from agronomically important crops, such as sugarcane, rice, citrus, potato and tomato is a challenge due to the presence of high fiber, polysaccharides, or secondary metabolites. We present a simplified, rapid and reproducible SDS-based method that provides high-quality and -quantity of DNA from small amounts of leaf tissue, as required by the emerging biotechnology and molecular genetic applications. Results We developed the TENS-CO method as a simplified SDS-based isolation procedure with sequential steps of purification to remove polysaccharides and polyphenols using 2-mercaptoethanol and potassium acetate, chloroform partitioning, and sodium acetate/ethanol precipitation to yield high-quantity and -quality DNA consistently from small amounts of tissue (0.15 g) for different plant species. The method is simplified and rapid in terms of requiring minimal manipulation, smaller extraction volume, reduced homogenization time (20 s) and DNA precipitation (one precipitation for 1 h). The method has been demonstrated to accelerate screening of large amounts of plant tissues from species that are rich in polysaccharides and secondary metabolites for Southern blot analysis of reporter gene overexpressing lines, pathogen detection by quantitative PCR, and genotyping of disease-resistant plants using marker-assisted selection. Conclusion To facilitate molecular genetic studies in major agronomical crops, we have developed the TENS-CO method as a simple, rapid, reproducible and scalable protocol enabling efficient and robust isolation of high-quality and -quantity DNA from small amounts of tissue from sugarcane, rice, citrus, potato, and tomato, thereby reducing significantly the time and resources used for DNA isolation.

A young man had an open fracture of the tibia with bone and soft tissue loss in the distal part of thecontrolled lengthening of the distal skin by the lIizarov technique using nylon wires and skin staples to apply traction. This was combined with limb reconstruction done simultaneously using orthofix external fixator. This case report highlights the use of an orthopaedic technique to provide skin cover in distal leg.

In the title compound, C13H14O5, the furan ring is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.031 (3) Å] with a stereogenic center (R) at the sp3 hybridized C atom. The C atom bearing the dihydroxy ethyl group is S. The absolute configuration is based on the precursor in the synthesis. The two O—H groups are in an anti conformation with respect to each other. The mean plane of the furanone group is twisted by 8.2 (4)° from that of the phenyl ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds involving furanone C=O groups and symmetry-related hydroxy groups, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (001). Weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds are observed within the two-dimensional network.

Solar parabolic trough collectors exploit solar energy for power generation in solar thermal power stations. These systems require long arrays of reflective troughs with absorber tube running along the axis of parabolic dish. A successful attempt to reduce the length of arrays was accomplished by experimentally analysing the modifications done in absorber tube. Two out of three tubes were fabricated and they were employed to obtain the performance parameters through experimentation conducted at VIT University, Vellore, India. Distilled water was used as the working fluid. Maximum efficiency of 39.12% was obtained at 451.6 W/m2 of direct normal irradiance (DNI) for absorber tube with internal pin-fins and without glass tube (AFWGt) compared to 8.15% obtained at same value of DNI and other conditions for simple absorber tube without glass cover (AWGt). Cylindrical parabolic trough available at the university was utilized, providing the basis for designing and fabrication of the tubes. Plots for varying mass flow rate at interval of 10 minutes were made against instantaneous thermal efficiency and heat utilized, for direct normal irradiance vs. temperature difference across the tubes and instantaneous thermal efficiency. Through the experimentation conducted, better performance was procured compared to earlier works. Thus, the proposal infers that absorber tube with internal fins has good scope for its application, both domestically as well as industrially. It also calls for further research and development of proposed techniques so as to achieve better performance curves.

Chronic limb ischemia is an outcome of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. When conventional medical and surgical treatments are not feasible, amputation is the only option left. Recent studies report that the injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells and Peripheral blood mononuclear cells rich in CD34+ cells have resulted in symptomatic recovery, improved functional activity of the ischemic limb as well as healing of the ulcers. Here we report our experience with 4 patients of such case where autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells were injected and the patient followed up for 6 months. Materials and Methods: Four patients with critical limb ischemia with ulcers were referred for amputation of their limb. A 68-year-old female with critical limb ischemia with an ulcer in the left leg measuring 30X12 cm over the posterior portion of the leg and extending to the medial aspect of the foot measuring 14X10 cm, a 65-year-old male with necrotic wound in his lower foot, a 69-year-old male with a deep wound in his lower foot and a 61-year-old male with ulcer in his toe amputated with all the toe fingers. The first two patients were given injections for more than one sitting at appropriate intervals specified by the clinician. Under short general anesthesia, 110 ml of Bone marrow was aspirated each time, transported in Acid Citrate Dextrose and was processed for mononuclear cells (MNC) by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, following the cGMP protocols. The MNC concentrate was injected at various sites in the Gastrocnemius muscle and the surrounding area after necessary debridement. Skin grafting was performed in the first two patients and followed up for a period of at regular intervals of 6 to 9 months. The patients have been followed up at regular intervals for six months after the treatment with investigations such as Ankle-Brachial Index, Doppler and Angiogram.Results: All the patients showed improvements with healthy granulation gradually started appearing in the areas which were previously unhealthy and ischemic. Slow granulation was found in-patient 3 and but the patient 4 died because of other factor such as renal failure, peritoneal dialysis and cardiac failure. Patients 1 and 2 had healthy granulation, uniform revascularization and after a period of 9 months, healing was completely possible. Conclusion: Stem cell therapy is definitely useful where, revascularization is not feasible at the same time, renal failure, cardiac failure, etc do present some difficulties. All the parameters need to be taken care. Growth factors or plastic surgery need not be used for stem cell therapy thus considering only the appropriate time of injections. As Autologous Bone Marrow stem cell therapy helps in neoangiogenesis and wound healing process in case of chronic ischemic wounds it can be applied in cases as reported herewith.

In the infrared limit the N-particle ground-state wavefunctions of the bulk happen to be exactly equal to the N-point space-time correlation functions for certain topological superconductors. We explain this [1], beginning with the p+ip state in D=2+1. We write Z(J), the generating function for wavefunctions, as a path Euclidean integral. Varying the chemical potential as a function of Euclidean time between weak and strong pairing states is shown to extract the wavefunction. Upon a Euclidean rotation that exchanges time and space, approximate Lorentz invariance converts the system to one with a spatial edge and Z(J) to the generator of spacetime correlation functions for the edge fields. We also provide a D=3+1 example, superfluid 3He- B, and a pwave superfluid in D=1+1. Our method works only when particle number is not conserved, as in superconductors.

Background: Numerous Clinical studies have reported the safety and efficacy of injection of one Marrow and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells in patients with lower limb ischemia. Earlier we have reported the six months follow-up of successful application of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with Fontaine Stage IV critical limb ischemia due to diabetes. As a continuation of the previous study, herein we report the long term results of the six patients after a follow-up for five years.Materials and Methods: Six Diabetic patients with Fontaine Stage IV critical limb ischemia with ulcers were given intra-lesional injections of their autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC), isolated following the cGMP protocols. The patients have been followed up at regular intervals for five years after the treatment with all relevant clinical investigations. Results: Six months follow-up results revealed that all the patients showed improvements with appearance of healthy granulation tissue and uniform revascularization. Complete healing was reported at a mean duration of nine months in five patients and one patient died due to a complication of renal failure, peritoneal dialysis and cardiac failure, which were unrelated to the BMMNC injection. Five year continuous follow-up revealed that the healed tissue with or without skin grafting remained healthy in all the five patients and two of the patients are able to walk without support with a pain free walking distance of greater than 100m.There were no adverse effects in any of the patients. Conclusion: Autologous bone marrow stem cell therapy has been found to be salvaging the affected limb in patients with Fontaine Stage IV Critical Limb ischemia patients where revascularization was not feasible. Hence with our experience of six patients we recommend that the same should be considered in patients of similar clinical parameters before considering an amputation.

Brachypodium distachyon has recently emerged as a premier model plant for monocot biology, akin to Arabidopsis thaliana We previously reported genome-wide transcriptomic and alternative splicing changes occurring in Brachypodium during compatible infections with Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellite virus (SPMV). Here, we dissected the role of Brachypodium phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 (PAL1), a key enzyme for phenylpropanoid and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and the induction of plant defenses. Targeted metabolomics profiling of PMV-infected and PMV- plus SPMV-infected (PMV/SPMV) Brachypodium plants revealed enhanced levels of multiple defense-related hormones and metabolites such as cinnamic acid, SA, and fatty acids and lignin precursors during disease progression. The virus-induced accumulation of SA and lignin was significantly suppressed upon knockdown of B. distachyonPAL1 (BdPAL1) using RNA interference (RNAi). The compromised SA accumulation in PMV/SPMV-infected BdPAL1 RNAi plants correlated with weaker induction of multiple SA-related defense gene markers (pathogenesis related 1 [PR-1], PR-3, PR-5, and WRKY75) and enhanced susceptibility to PMV/SPMV compared to that of wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of SA alleviated the PMV/SPMV necrotic disease phenotypes and delayed plant death caused by single and mixed infections. Together, our results support an antiviral role for BdPAL1 during compatible host-virus interaction, perhaps as a last resort attempt to rescue the infected plant.IMPORTANCE Although the role of plant defense mechanisms against viruses are relatively well studied in dicots and in incompatible plant-microbe interactions, studies of their roles in compatible interactions and in grasses are lagging behind. In this study, we leveraged the emerging grass model Brachypodium and genetic resources to dissect Panicum mosaic virus (PMV)- and its satellite virus (SPMV)-compatible grass-virus interactions. We found a significant role for PAL1 in the production of salicylic acid (SA) in response to PMV/SPMV infections and that SA is an essential component of the defense response preventing the plant from succumbing to viral infection. Our results suggest a convergent role for the SA defense pathway in both compatible and incompatible plant-virus interactions and underscore the utility of Brachypodium for grass-virus biology.