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1. A clustering of heterozygous missense variants in the crucial chromatin modifier WDR5 defines a new neurodevelopmental disorder

Author: Lot Snijders Blok, Jolijn Verseput, Dmitrijs Rots, Hanka Venselaar, A. Micheil Innes, Connie Stumpel, Katrin Õunap, Karit Reinson, Eleanor G. Seaby, Shane McKee, Barbara Burton, Katherine Kim, Johanna M. van Hagen, Quinten Waisfisz, Pascal Joset, Katharina Steindl, Anita Rauch, Dong Li, Elaine H. Zackai, Sarah E. Sheppard, Beth Keena, Hakon Hakonarson, Andreas Roos, Nicolai Kohlschmidt, Anna Cereda, Maria Iascone, Erika Rebessi, Kristin D. Kernohan, Philippe M. Campeau, Francisca Millan, Jesse A. Taylor, Hanns Lochmüller, Martin R. Higgs, Amalia Goula, Birgitta Bernhard, Danita J. Velasco, Andrew A. Schmanski, Zornitza Stark, Lyndon Gallacher, Lynn Pais, Paul C. Marcogliese, Shinya Yamamoto, Nicholas Raun, Taryn E. Jakub, Jamie M. Kramer, Joery den Hoed, Simon E. Fisher, Han G. Brunner, and Tjitske Kleefstra
Subjects: WDR5, COMPASS, neurodevelopmental disorders, intellectual disability, Mendelian disorders, multiple congenital abnormalities, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Summary: WDR5 is a broadly studied, highly conserved key protein involved in a wide array of biological functions. Among these functions, WDR5 is a part of several protein complexes that affect gene regulation via post-translational modification of histones. We collected data from 11 unrelated individuals with six different rare de novo germline missense variants in WDR5; one identical variant was found in five individuals and another variant in two individuals. All individuals had neurodevelopmental disorders including speech/language delays (n = 11), intellectual disability (n = 9), epilepsy (n = 7), and autism spectrum disorder (n = 4). Additional phenotypic features included abnormal growth parameters (n = 7), heart anomalies (n = 2), and hearing loss (n = 2). Three-dimensional protein structures indicate that all the residues affected by these variants are located at the surface of one side of the WDR5 protein. It is predicted that five out of the six amino acid substitutions disrupt interactions of WDR5 with RbBP5 and/or KMT2A/C, as part of the COMPASS (complex proteins associated with Set1) family complexes. Our experimental approaches in Drosophila melanogaster and human cell lines show normal protein expression, localization, and protein-protein interactions for all tested variants. These results, together with the clustering of variants in a specific region of WDR5 and the absence of truncating variants so far, suggest that dominant-negative or gain-of-function mechanisms might be at play. All in all, we define a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with missense variants in WDR5 and a broad range of features. This finding highlights the important role of genes encoding COMPASS family proteins in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Published: 2023
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2. A comparison of the Netherlands, Norway and UK familial hypercholesterolemia screening programmes with implications for target setting and the UK’s NHS long term plan

Author: Christopher Page, Huiru Zheng, Haiying Wang, Taranjit Singh Rai, Maurice O’Kane, Pádraig Hart, Shane McKee, and Steven Watterson
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: We sought to determine the most efficacious and cost-effective strategy to follow when developing a national screening programme by comparing and contrasting the national screening programmes of Norway, the Netherlands and the UK. Comparing the detection rates and screening profiles between the Netherlands, Norway, the UK and constituent nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) it is clear that maximising the number of relatives screened per index case leads to identification of the greatest proportion of an FH population. The UK has stated targets to detect 25% of the population of England with FH across the 5 years to 2024 with the NHS Long Term Plan. However, this is grossly unrealistic and, based on pre-pandemic rates, will only be reached in the year 2096. We also modelled the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two screening strategies: 1) Universal screening of 1-2-year-olds, 2) electronic healthcare record screening, in both cases coupled to reverse cascade screening. We found that index case detection from electronic healthcare records was 56% more efficacious than universal screening and, depending on the cascade screening rate of success, 36%-43% more cost-effective per FH case detected. The UK is currently trialling universal screening of 1–2-year-olds to contribute to national FH detection targets. Our modelling suggests that this is not the most efficacious or cost-effective strategy to follow. For countries looking to develop national FH programmes, screening of electronic healthcare records, coupled to successful cascade screening to blood relatives is likely to be a preferable strategy to follow.
Published: 2023

3. Rare deleterious mutations of HNRNP genes result in shared neurodevelopmental disorders

Author: Madelyn A. Gillentine, Tianyun Wang, Kendra Hoekzema, Jill Rosenfeld, Pengfei Liu, Hui Guo, Chang N. Kim, Bert B. A. De Vries, Lisenka E. L. M. Vissers, Magnus Nordenskjold, Malin Kvarnung, Anna Lindstrand, Ann Nordgren, Jozef Gecz, Maria Iascone, Anna Cereda, Agnese Scatigno, Silvia Maitz, Ginevra Zanni, Enrico Bertini, Christiane Zweier, Sarah Schuhmann, Antje Wiesener, Micah Pepper, Heena Panjwani, Erin Torti, Farida Abid, Irina Anselm, Siddharth Srivastava, Paldeep Atwal, Carlos A. Bacino, Gifty Bhat, Katherine Cobian, Lynne M. Bird, Jennifer Friedman, Meredith S. Wright, Bert Callewaert, Florence Petit, Sophie Mathieu, Alexandra Afenjar, Celenie K. Christensen, Kerry M. White, Orly Elpeleg, Itai Berger, Edward J. Espineli, Christina Fagerberg, Charlotte Brasch-Andersen, Lars Kjærsgaard Hansen, Timothy Feyma, Susan Hughes, Isabelle Thiffault, Bonnie Sullivan, Shuang Yan, Kory Keller, Boris Keren, Cyril Mignot, Frank Kooy, Marije Meuwissen, Alice Basinger, Mary Kukolich, Meredith Philips, Lucia Ortega, Margaret Drummond-Borg, Mathilde Lauridsen, Kristina Sorensen, Anna Lehman, CAUSES Study, Elena Lopez-Rangel, Paul Levy, Davor Lessel, Timothy Lotze, Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal, Jessica Sebastian, Jodie Vento, Divya Vats, L. Manace Benman, Shane Mckee, Ghayda M. Mirzaa, Candace Muss, John Pappas, Hilde Peeters, Corrado Romano, Maurizio Elia, Ornella Galesi, Marleen E. H. Simon, Koen L. I. van Gassen, Kara Simpson, Robert Stratton, Sabeen Syed, Julien Thevenon, Irene Valenzuela Palafoll, Antonio Vitobello, Marie Bournez, Laurence Faivre, Kun Xia, SPARK Consortium, Rachel K. Earl, Tomasz Nowakowski, Raphael A. Bernier, and Evan E. Eichler
Subjects: Neurodevelopmental disorders, hnRNPs, Cortex development, Gene families, Medicine, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Abstract Background With the increasing number of genomic sequencing studies, hundreds of genes have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The rate of gene discovery far outpaces our understanding of genotype–phenotype correlations, with clinical characterization remaining a bottleneck for understanding NDDs. Most disease-associated Mendelian genes are members of gene families, and we hypothesize that those with related molecular function share clinical presentations. Methods We tested our hypothesis by considering gene families that have multiple members with an enrichment of de novo variants among NDDs, as determined by previous meta-analyses. One of these gene families is the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which has 33 members, five of which have been recently identified as NDD genes (HNRNPK, HNRNPU, HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, and HNRNPR) and two of which have significant enrichment in our previous meta-analysis of probands with NDDs (HNRNPU and SYNCRIP). Utilizing protein homology, mutation analyses, gene expression analyses, and phenotypic characterization, we provide evidence for variation in 12 HNRNP genes as candidates for NDDs. Seven are potentially novel while the remaining genes in the family likely do not significantly contribute to NDD risk. Results We report 119 new NDD cases (64 de novo variants) through sequencing and international collaborations and combined with published clinical case reports. We consider 235 cases with gene-disruptive single-nucleotide variants or indels and 15 cases with small copy number variants. Three hnRNP-encoding genes reach nominal or exome-wide significance for de novo variant enrichment, while nine are candidates for pathogenic mutations. Comparison of HNRNP gene expression shows a pattern consistent with a role in cerebral cortical development with enriched expression among radial glial progenitors. Clinical assessment of probands (n = 188–221) expands the phenotypes associated with HNRNP rare variants, and phenotypes associated with variation in the HNRNP genes distinguishes them as a subgroup of NDDs. Conclusions Overall, our novel approach of exploiting gene families in NDDs identifies new HNRNP-related disorders, expands the phenotypes of known HNRNP-related disorders, strongly implicates disruption of the hnRNPs as a whole in NDDs, and supports that NDD subtypes likely have shared molecular pathogenesis. To date, this is the first study to identify novel genetic disorders based on the presence of disorders in related genes. We also perform the first phenotypic analyses focusing on related genes. Finally, we show that radial glial expression of these genes is likely critical during neurodevelopment. This is important for diagnostics, as well as developing strategies to best study these genes for the development of therapeutics.
Published: 2021
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4. A scoping review and proposed workflow for multi-omic rare disease research

Author: Katie Kerr, Helen McAneney, Laura J. Smyth, Caitlin Bailie, Shane McKee, and Amy Jayne McKnight
Subjects: Epigenomics, Exomics, Genomics, Methylomics, Multi-omics, Rare disease, Medicine
Abstract: Abstract Background Patients with rare diseases face unique challenges in obtaining a diagnosis, appropriate medical care and access to support services. Whole genome and exome sequencing have increased identification of causal variants compared to single gene testing alone, with diagnostic rates of approximately 50% for inherited diseases, however integrated multi-omic analysis may further increase diagnostic yield. Additionally, multi-omic analysis can aid the explanation of genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which may not be evident from single omic analyses. Main body This scoping review took a systematic approach to comprehensively search the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the grey literature databases OpenGrey / GreyLit for journal articles pertaining to multi-omics and rare disease, written in English and published prior to the 30th December 2018. Additionally, The Cancer Genome Atlas publications were searched for relevant studies and forward citation searching / screening of reference lists was performed to identify further eligible articles. Following title, abstract and full text screening, 66 articles were found to be eligible for inclusion in this review. Of these 42 (64%) were studies of multi-omics and rare cancer, two (3%) were studies of multi-omics and a pre-cancerous condition, and 22 (33.3%) were studies of non-cancerous rare diseases. The average age of participants (where known) across studies was 39.4 years. There has been a significant increase in the number of multi-omic studies in recent years, with 66.7% of included studies conducted since 2016 and 33% since 2018. Fourteen combinations of multi-omic analyses for rare disease research were returned spanning genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, phenomics and metabolomics. Conclusions This scoping review emphasises the value of multi-omic analysis for rare disease research in several ways compared to single omic analysis, ranging from the provision of a diagnosis, identification of prognostic biomarkers, distinct molecular subtypes (particularly for rare cancers), and identification of novel therapeutic targets. Moving forward there is a critical need for collaboration of multi-omic rare disease studies to increase the potential to generate robust outcomes and development of standardised biorepository collection and reporting structures for multi-omic studies.
Published: 2020
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5. De novo and inherited TCF20 pathogenic variants are associated with intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, hypotonia, and neurological impairments with similarities to Smith–Magenis syndrome

Author: Francesco Vetrini, Shane McKee, Jill A. Rosenfeld, Mohnish Suri, Andrea M. Lewis, Kimberly Margaret Nugent, Elizabeth Roeder, Rebecca O. Littlejohn, Sue Holder, Wenmiao Zhu, Joseph T. Alaimo, Brett Graham, Jill M. Harris, James B. Gibson, Matthew Pastore, Kim L. McBride, Makanko Komara, Lihadh Al-Gazali, Aisha Al Shamsi, Elizabeth A. Fanning, Klaas J. Wierenga, Daryl A. Scott, Ziva Ben-Neriah, Vardiella Meiner, Hanoch Cassuto, Orly Elpeleg, J. Lloyd Holder, Lindsay C. Burrage, Laurie H. Seaver, Lionel Van Maldergem, Sonal Mahida, Janet S. Soul, Margaret Marlatt, Ludmila Matyakhina, Julie Vogt, June-Anne Gold, Soo-Mi Park, Vinod Varghese, Anne K. Lampe, Ajith Kumar, Melissa Lees, Muriel Holder-Espinasse, Vivienne McConnell, Birgitta Bernhard, Ed Blair, Victoria Harrison, The DDD study, Donna M. Muzny, Richard A. Gibbs, Sarah H. Elsea, Jennifer E. Posey, Weimin Bi, Seema Lalani, Fan Xia, Yaping Yang, Christine M. Eng, James R. Lupski, and Pengfei Liu
Subjects: TCF20, 22q13, Neurodevelopmental disorders, Smith–Magenis syndrome, Haploinsufficiency, Loss-of-function variants, Medicine, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Abstract Background Neurodevelopmental disorders are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous encompassing developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), structural brain abnormalities, and neurological manifestations with variants in a large number of genes (hundreds) associated. To date, a few de novo mutations potentially disrupting TCF20 function in patients with ID, ASD, and hypotonia have been reported. TCF20 encodes a transcriptional co-regulator structurally related to RAI1, the dosage-sensitive gene responsible for Smith–Magenis syndrome (deletion/haploinsufficiency) and Potocki–Lupski syndrome (duplication/triplosensitivity). Methods Genome-wide analyses by exome sequencing (ES) and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) identified individuals with heterozygous, likely damaging, loss-of-function alleles in TCF20. We implemented further molecular and clinical analyses to determine the inheritance of the pathogenic variant alleles and studied the spectrum of phenotypes. Results We report 25 unique inactivating single nucleotide variants/indels (1 missense, 1 canonical splice-site variant, 18 frameshift, and 5 nonsense) and 4 deletions of TCF20. The pathogenic variants were detected in 32 patients and 4 affected parents from 31 unrelated families. Among cases with available parental samples, the variants were de novo in 20 instances and inherited from 4 symptomatic parents in 5, including in one set of monozygotic twins. Two pathogenic loss-of-function variants were recurrent in unrelated families. Patients presented with a phenotype characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, variable dysmorphic features, movement disorders, and sleep disturbances. Conclusions TCF20 pathogenic variants are associated with a novel syndrome manifesting clinical characteristics similar to those observed in Smith–Magenis syndrome. Together with previously described cases, the clinical entity of TCF20-associated neurodevelopmental disorders (TAND) emerges from a genotype-driven perspective.
Published: 2019
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6. Correction to: De novo and inherited TCF20 pathogenic variants are associated with intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, hypotonia, and neurological impairments with similarities to Smith–Magenis syndrome

Author: Francesco Vetrini, Shane McKee, Jill A. Rosenfeld, Mohnish Suri, Andrea M. Lewis, Kimberly Margaret Nugent, Elizabeth Roeder, Rebecca O. Littlejohn, Sue Holder, Wenmiao Zhu, Joseph T. Alaimo, Brett Graham, Jill M. Harris, James B. Gibson, Matthew Pastore, Kim L. McBride, Makanko Komara, Lihadh Al-Gazali, Aisha Al Shamsi, Elizabeth A. Fanning, Klaas J. Wierenga, Daryl A. Scott, Ziva Ben-Neriah, Vardiella Meiner, Hanoch Cassuto, Orly Elpeleg, J. Lloyd Holder Jr, Lindsay C. Burrage, Laurie H. Seaver, Lionel Van Maldergem, Sonal Mahida, Janet S. Soul, Margaret Marlatt, Ludmila Matyakhina, Julie Vogt, June-Anne Gold, Soo-Mi Park, Vinod Varghese, Anne K. Lampe, Ajith Kumar, Melissa Lees, Muriel Holder-Espinasse, Vivienne McConnell, Birgitta Bernhard, Ed Blair, Victoria Harrison, The DDD study, Donna M. Muzny, Richard A. Gibbs, Sarah H. Elsea, Jennifer E. Posey, Weimin Bi, Seema Lalani, Fan Xia, Yaping Yang, Christine M. Eng, James R. Lupski, and Pengfei Liu
Subjects: Medicine, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: It was highlighted that the original article [1] contained a typographical error in the Results section. Subject 17 was incorrectly cited as Subject 1. This Correction article shows the revised statement. The original article has been updated.
Published: 2019
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7. Outcome measures used in adolescent sport-related concussion research: a scoping review

Author: Chris Bleakley, Alan Rankin, Mark Matthews, and Connor Shane McKee
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: Objectives To provide an overview of the outcome measures currently used after sports-related concussion (SRC) in adolescents, categorising by the constructs they assess, follow-up duration and their feasibility of use.Design Scoping review.Data sources We searched three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL). We also undertook citation tracking of the included articles and searched for ongoing or unpublished trials using ClinicalTrials.gov and Theses Global.Eligibility criteria Studies tracking concussion recovery in adolescent athletes.Results 15 782 records were identified. After initial title and abstract screening, we retrieved 87 studies for full-text screening, with 75 studies fulfilling the eligibility criteria and included in the review, comprising 13 107 participants (9480 male, 3615 female and 12 unreported), ranging in age from 5 to 19 years. 46 different outcome measures were used, with Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (n=42) and Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (n=21) the most common. Most outcome measures quantified aspects of sensorimotor function including balance, oculomotor function and cognition. Follow-up duration ranged from 7 days to 1 year. 60% of studies ceased follow-up assessments within 6 weeks post-SRC.Conclusions Adolescent SRC literature uses a wide range of outcome measures. Most research quantifies cognitive/fatigue domains in the acute/subacute stages post-SRC, using male participants. Other key domains such as anxiety/mood, migraine and key modifiers (cervical and sleep disturbance) are less well represented in the literature. Many of the outcome measures used in current research are associated with high cost and require highly qualified examiners, creating barriers to their implementation in some adolescent sporting environments.Study registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/N937E
Published: 2024
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8. Multisystem recovery after sport-related concussion in adolescent rugby players: a prospective study protocol

Author: Chris Bleakley, Alan Rankin, Mark Matthews, and Connor Shane McKee
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: Introduction Sport-related concussion is one of the most common injuries in adolescent rugby players with evidence of prolonged recovery in some concussed athletes. Concussion is a complex pathophysiological process that can affect a variety of subsystems with multifactorial presentation. Most research on adolescents recovery after concussion focuses on neurocognitive functioning and symptom outcomes over the short term. There is a need to explore concussion recovery over time across multiple subsystems in adolescent rugby players.Methods and analysis This prospective study will use sensorimotor and oculomotor outcomes in adolescent male and female rugby players aged 16–18 years. Players will be recruited from school or club rugby teams across the province of Ulster. Baseline assessment will be undertaken at the start of the playing season and will include questionnaires, Quantified Y Balance Test and Pupillary Light Reflex. Players who sustain a concussive event will be reassessed on all outcomes at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 23 days, 90 days, 180 days and 365 days postconcussion. For serial outcome data, we will examine response curves for each participant and make comparisons between known groups. We will use logistic regression to explore any association between demographic variables and recovery. The strength of the predictive model will be determined using R2, p values and ORs, with 95% CIs.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been granted for this study from Ulster University Research Ethics Committee (REC/14/0060). This study will be published in an open-access research journal on completion.Trial registration number ACTRN12622000931774p.
Published: 2023
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9. The life-cycle of merge conflicts: processes, barriers, and strategies.

Author: Nicholas Nelson 0002, Caius Brindescu, Shane McKee, Anita Sarma, and Danny Dig
Published: 2019
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10. Software Practitioner Perspectives on Merge Conflicts and Resolutions.

Author: Shane McKee, Nicholas Nelson 0002, Anita Sarma, and Danny Dig
Published: 2017
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11. Identifying phenotypic expansions for congenital diaphragmatic hernia plus ( <scp>CDH</scp> +) using <scp>DECIPHER</scp> data

Author: Amy Hardcastle, Aliska M. Berry, Ian M. Campbell, Xiaonan Zhao, Pengfei Liu, Amanda E. Gerard, Jill A. Rosenfeld, Saumya D. Sisoudiya, Andres Hernandez‐Garcia, Sara Loddo, Silvia Di Tommaso, Antonio Novelli, Maria L. Dentici, Rossella Capolino, Maria C. Digilio, Ludovico Graziani, Cecilie F. Rustad, Katherine Neas, Giovanni B. Ferrero, Alfredo Brusco, Eleonora Di Gregorio, Diana Wellesley, Claire Beneteau, Madeleine Joubert, Kris Van Den Bogaert, Anneleen Boogaerts, Dominic J. McMullan, John Dean, Maria G. Giuffrida, Laura Bernardini, Vinod Varghese, Nora L. Shannon, Rachel E. Harrison, Wayne W. K. Lam, Shane McKee, Peter D. Turnpenny, Trevor Cole, Jenny Morton, Jacqueline Eason, Marilyn C. Jones, Rebecca Hall, Michael Wright, Karen Horridge, Chad A. Shaw, Wendy K. Chung, and Daryl A. Scott
Subjects: DNA Copy Number Variations, Diaphragm, USP9X, CREBBP, DECIPHER database, SMARCA4, UBA2, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Mice, Genetics, Animals, Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) can occur in isolation or in conjunction with other birth defects (CDH+). A molecular etiology can only be identified in a subset of CDH cases. This is due, in part, to an incomplete understanding of the genes that contribute to diaphragm development. Here, we used clinical and molecular data from 36 individuals with CDH+ who are cataloged in the DECIPHER database to identify genes that may play a role in diaphragm development and to discover new phenotypic expansions. Among this group, we identified individuals who carried putatively deleterious sequence or copy number variants affecting CREBBP, SMARCA4, UBA2, and USP9X. The role of these genes in diaphragm development was supported by their expression in the developing mouse diaphragm, their similarity to known CDH genes using data from a previously published and validated machine learning algorithm, and/or the presence of CDH in other individuals with their associated genetic disorders. Our results demonstrate how data from DECIPHER, and other public databases, can be used to identify new phenotypic expansions and suggest that CREBBP, SMARCA4, UBA2, and USP9X play a role in diaphragm development.
Published: 2022
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12. Phenotypic spectrum of the recurrent TRPM3 p.( <scp>Val837Met</scp> ) substitution in seven individuals with global developmental delay and hypotonia

Author: Matthew A, Lines, Paula, Goldenberg, Ashley, Wong, Siddharth, Srivastava, Allan, Bayat, Hanne, Hove, Helena Gásdal, Karstensen, Kwame, Anyane-Yeboa, Jun, Liao, Nan, Jiang, Alison, May, Edwin, Guzman, Manuela, Morleo, Stefano, D'Arrigo, Claudia, Ciaccio, Chiara, Pantaleoni, Raffaele, Castello, Shane, McKee, Jinfon, Ong, Hana, Zibdeh-Lough, Frederic, Tran-Mau-Them, Anna, Gerasimenko, Delphine, Heron, Boris, Keren, Henri, Margot, Jean-Madeleine, de Sainte Agathe, Lydie, Burglen, Thomas, Voets, Joris, Vriens, A Micheil, Innes, David A, Dyment, Lines, M. A., Goldenberg, P., Wong, A., Srivastava, S., Bayat, A., Hove, H., Karstensen, H. G., Anyane-Yeboa, K., Liao, J., Jiang, N., May, A., Guzman, E., Morleo, M., D'Arrigo, S., Ciaccio, C., Pantaleoni, C., Castello, R., Mckee, S., Ong, J., Zibdeh-Lough, H., Tran-Mau-Them, F., Gerasimenko, A., Heron, D., Keren, B., Margot, H., de Sainte Agathe, J. -M., Burglen, L., Voets, T., Vriens, J., Innes, A. M., and Dyment, D. A.
Subjects: Epilepsy, Developmental Disabilities, seizure, Infant, Newborn, Mutation, Missense, TRPM Cation Channels, global developmental delay, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Genematcher, intellectual disability, Exome Sequencing, Genetics, Humans, Muscle Hypotonia, TRPM3, Child, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: TRPM3 encodes a transient receptor potential cation channel of the melastatin family, expressed in the central nervous system and in peripheral sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. The recurrent substitution in TRPM3: c.2509G>A, p.(Val837Met) has been associated with syndromic intellectual disability and seizures. In this report, we present the clinical and molecular features of seven previously unreported individuals, identified by exome sequencing, with the recurrent p.(Val837Met) variant and global developmental delay. Other shared clinical features included congenital hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features (broad forehead, deep-set eyes, and down turned mouth), exotropia, and musculoskeletal issues (hip dysplasia, hip dislocation, scoliosis). Seizures were observed in two of seven individuals (febrile seizure in one and generalized tonic–clonic seizures with atonic drops in another), and epileptiform activity was observed in an additional two individuals. This report extends the number of affected individuals to 16 who are heterozygous for the de novo recurrent substitution p.(Val837Met). In contrast with the initial report, epilepsy was not a mandatory feature observed in this series. TRPM3 pathogenic variation should be considered in individuals with global developmental delays, moderate–severe intellectual disability with, or without, childhood-onset epilepsy.
Published: 2022
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13. Prenatal genomic testing for ultrasound detected fetal structural anomalies

Author: Kelly Reilly, Caoimhe McKenna, Simon McCullough, Shane McKee, and Fionnuala Mone
Subjects: genomic, fetus, quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction, Prenatal, Reviews, General Medicine, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Review, Fetus/abnormalities, chromosome microarray, exome sequencing, fetal structural anomaly
Abstract: Key content• In the presence of a fetal structural anomaly, fetal DNA can be obtained through invasive testing (e.g. amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling) in order to undertake genomic testing to attempt to uncover a unifying genetic diagnosis.• There are number of traditional and more novel genomic tests available, which can identify aneuploidy, chromosomal structural variation and/or sequence variants within genes.• The cumulative diagnostic yield of such technologies is approximately 25%, 6% and up to 80% in some cohorts for QF-PCR/G-banding karyotype, chromosome microarray and exome sequencing, respectively.Learning objectives• To understand the technical basis and clinical indications for QF-PCR, G-banding karyotype, chromosome microarray and exome sequencing.• To appreciate the potential benefits and challenges associated with exome sequencing.• To gain awareness of modern technologies that may be utilised to address recurrence risk, e.g. preimplantation genetic diagnosis and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.Ethical issues• Not all technologies are currently available across all four nations of the UK, hence challenges are raised regarding healthcare equity.• There can be uncertainty around the interpretation of prenatal genomic test results, which can have implications in counselling, particularly regarding termination of pregnancy.• Incidental findings may be revealed, which can have implications for counselling and the future health of the fetus and the parents.
Published: 2023
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14. Biallelic variants in CRIPT cause a Rothmund-Thomson-like syndrome with increased cellular senescence

Author: Luisa Averdunk, Maxim A Huetzen, Daniel Moreno-Andrés, Reinhard Kalb, Shane McKee, Tzung-Chien Hsieh, Annette Seibt, Marten Schouwink, Seema Lalani, Eissa Ali Faqeih, Theresa Brunet, Peter Boor, Kornelia Neveling, Alexander Hoischen, Barbara Hildebrandt, Elisabeth Graf, Linchao Lu, Weidong Jin, Joerg Schaper, Jamal A Omer, Tanguy Demaret, Nicole Fleischer, Detlev Schindler, Peter Krawitz, Ertan Mayatepek, Dagmar Wieczorek, Lisa L. Wang, Wolfram Antonin, Ron D. Jachimowicz, Verena von Felbert, and Felix Distelmaier
Subjects: Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: PURPOSE: Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is characterized by poikiloderma, sparse hair, small stature, skeletal defects, cancer, and cataracts, resembling features of premature aging. RECQL4 and ANAPC1 are the 2 known disease genes associated with RTS in >70% of cases. We describe RTS-like features in 5 individuals with biallelic variants in CRIPT (OMIM 615789). METHODS: Two newly identified and 4 published individuals with CRIPT variants were systematically compared with those with RTS using clinical data, computational analysis of photographs, histologic analysis of skin, and cellular studies on fibroblasts. RESULTS: All CRIPT individuals fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for RTS and additionally had neurodevelopmental delay and seizures. Using computational gestalt analysis, CRIPT individuals showed greatest facial similarity with individuals with RTS. Skin biopsies revealed a high expression of senescence markers (p53/p16/p21) and the senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activity was elevated in CRIPT-deficient fibroblasts. RECQL4- and CRIPT-deficient fibroblasts showed an unremarkable mitotic progression and unremarkable number of mitotic errors and no or only mild sensitivity to genotoxic stress by ionizing radiation, mitomycin C, hydroxyurea, etoposide, and potassium bromate. CONCLUSION: CRIPT causes an RTS-like syndrome associated with neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy. At the cellular level, RECQL4- and CRIPT-deficient cells display increased senescence, suggesting shared molecular mechanisms leading to the clinical phenotypes.
Published: 2023
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15. Genomic and phenotypic characterization of 404 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders caused by CTNNB1 variants

Author: Sayaka Kayumi, Luis A. Pérez-Jurado, María Palomares, Sneha Rangu, Sarah E. Sheppard, Wendy K. Chung, Michael C. Kruer, Mira Kharbanda, David J. Amor, George McGillivray, Julie S. Cohen, Sixto García-Miñaúr, Clare L. van Eyk, Kelly Harper, Lachlan A. Jolly, Dani L. Webber, Christopher P. Barnett, Fernando Santos-Simarro, Marta Pacio-Míguez, Angela del Pozo, Somayeh Bakhtiari, Matthew Deardorff, Holly A. Dubbs, Kosuke Izumi, Katheryn Grand, Christopher Gray, Paul R. Mark, Elizabeth J. Bhoj, Dong Li, Xilma R. Ortiz-Gonzalez, Beth Keena, Elaine H. Zackai, Ethan M. Goldberg, Guiomar Perez de Nanclares, Arrate Pereda, Isabel Llano-Rivas, Ignacio Arroyo, María Ángeles Fernández-Cuesta, Christel Thauvin-Robinet, Laurence Faivre, Aurore Garde, Benoit Mazel, Ange-Line Bruel, Michael L. Tress, Eva Brilstra, Amena Smith Fine, Kylie E. Crompton, Alexander P.A. Stegmann, Margje Sinnema, Servi C.J. Stevens, Joost Nicolai, Gaetan Lesca, Laurence Lion-François, Damien Haye, Nicolas Chatron, Amelie Piton, Mathilde Nizon, Benjamin Cogne, Siddharth Srivastava, Jennifer Bassetti, Candace Muss, Karen W. Gripp, Rebecca A. Procopio, Francisca Millan, Michelle M. Morrow, Melissa Assaf, Andres Moreno-De-Luca, Shelagh Joss, Mark J. Hamilton, Marta Bertoli, Nicola Foulds, Shane McKee, Alastair H. MacLennan, Jozef Gecz, Mark A. Corbett, MUMC+: DA KG Lab Specialisten (9), MUMC+: DA KG Polikliniek (9), Klinische Neurowetenschappen, MUMC+: MA Med Staf Spec Neurologie (9), and RS: MHeNs - R1 - Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
Subjects: Phenotype, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Autism, Intellectual Disability, Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, Microcephaly, Cerebral palsy, Humans, Genomics, Wnt Signaling Pathway, Genetics (clinical), Wnt beta catenin signaling pathway, beta Catenin
Abstract: PURPOSE: Germline loss-of-function variants in CTNNB1 cause neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic diplegia and visual defects (NEDSDV; OMIM 615075) and are the most frequent, recurrent monogenic cause of cerebral palsy (CP). We investigated the range of clinical phenotypes owing to disruptions of CTNNB1 to determine the association between NEDSDV and CP.METHODS: Genetic information from 404 individuals with collectively 392 pathogenic CTNNB1 variants were ascertained for the study. From these, detailed phenotypes for 52 previously unpublished individuals were collected and combined with 68 previously published individuals with comparable clinical information. The functional effects of selected CTNNB1 missense variants were assessed using TOPFlash assay.RESULTS: The phenotypes associated with pathogenic CTNNB1 variants were similar. A diagnosis of CP was not significantly associated with any set of traits that defined a specific phenotypic subgroup, indicating that CP is not additional to NEDSDV. Two CTNNB1 missense variants were dominant negative regulators of WNT signaling, highlighting the utility of the TOPFlash assay to functionally assess variants.CONCLUSION: NEDSDV is a clinically homogeneous disorder irrespective of initial clinical diagnoses, including CP, or entry points for genetic testing.
Published: 2022

16. GeneGrid: From 'Virtual' Bioinformatics Laboratory to 'Smart' Bioinformatics Laboratory.

Author: Sachin Wasnik, Paul Donachy, Terence J. Harmer, Ronald H. Perrott, Puthen V. Jithesh, Mark McCurley, Jim Johnston, Michael Townsley, and Shane McKee
Published: 2006
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17. GeneGrid: A Commercial Grid Service Oriented Virtual Bioinformatics Laboratory.

Author: Noel Kelly, Puthen V. Jithesh, Paul Donachy, Terence J. Harmer, Ronald H. Perrott, Mark McCurley, Michael Townsley, Jim Johnston, and Shane McKee
Published: 2005
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18. GeneGrid: Grid Based Solution for Bioinformatics Application Integration and Experiment Execution.

Author: Puthen V. Jithesh, Noel Kelly, Paul Donachy, Terence J. Harmer, Ronald H. Perrott, Mark McCurley, Michael Townsley, Jim Johnston, and Shane McKee
Published: 2005
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19. Whole-genome analysis as a diagnostic tool for patients referred for diagnosis of Silver-Russell syndrome: a real-world study

Author: Katriona Tatton-Brown, Meriel McEntagart, Justin H Davies, Derek Lim, Deborah J G Mackay, I. Karen Temple, Ahmed S N Alhendi, and Shane McKee
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genomics, 030105 genetics & heredity, Genome, Genomic Imprinting, 03 medical and health sciences, Pregnancy, parasitic diseases, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Abnormalities, Multiple, Imprinting (psychology), Gene, Genetics (clinical), business.industry, Silver–Russell syndrome, DNA Methylation, Uniparental Disomy, medicine.disease, Silver-Russell Syndrome, 030104 developmental biology, Clinical diagnosis, Cohort, Female, Maternal Inheritance, Differential diagnosis, business
Abstract: BackgroundSilver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is an imprinting disorder characterised by prenatal and postnatal growth restriction, but its clinical features are non-specific and its differential diagnosis is broad. Known molecular causes of SRS include imprinting disturbance, single nucleotide variant (SNV), CNV or UPD affecting several genes; however, up to 40% of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of SRS currently receive no positive molecular diagnosis.MethodsTo determine whether whole-genome sequencing (WGS) could uncover pathogenic variants missed by current molecular testing, we analysed data of 72 participants recruited to the 100,000 Genomes Project within the clinical category of SRS.ResultsIn 20 participants (27% of the cohort) we identified genetic variants plausibly accounting for SRS. Coding SNVs were identified in genes including CDKN1C, IGF2, IGF1R and ORC1. Maternal-effect variants were found in mothers of five participants, including two participants with imprinting disturbance and one with multilocus imprinting disorder. Two regions of homozygosity were suggestive of UPD involving imprinted regions implicated in SRS and Temple syndrome, and three plausibly pathogenic CNVs were found, including a paternal deletion of PLAGL1. In 48 participants with no plausible pathogenic variant, unbiased analysis of SNVs detected a potential association with STX4.ConclusionWGS analysis can detect UPD, CNV and SNV and is potentially a valuable addition to diagnosis of SRS and related growth-restricting disorders.
Published: 2021
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20. A Formative Study of the Implementation of Whole Genome Sequencing in Northern Ireland

Author: Katie Kerr, Caoimhe McKenna, Shirley Heggarty, Caitlin Bailie, Julie McMullan, Ashleen Crowe, Jill Kilner, Michael Donnelly, Saralynne Boyle, Gillian Rea, Cheryl Flanagan, Shane McKee, and Amy Jayne McKnight
Subjects: Whole Genome Sequencing, public health, rare disease, Northern Ireland, State Medicine, collaboration, Rare Diseases, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, genomics, multiomics, Genetics, Humans, Genetics(clinical), Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: Background: The UK 100,000 Genomes Project was a transformational research project which facilitated whole genome sequencing (WGS) diagnostics for rare diseases. We evaluated experiences of introducing WGS in Northern Ireland, providing recommendations for future projects. Methods: This formative evaluation included (1) an appraisal of the logistics of implementing and delivering WGS, (2) a survey of participant self-reported views and experiences, (3) semi-structured interviews with healthcare staff as key informants who were involved in the delivery of WGS and (4) a workshop discussion about interprofessional collaboration with respect to molecular diagnostics. Results: We engaged with >400 participants, with detailed reflections obtained from 74 participants including patients, caregivers, key National Health Service (NHS) informants, and researchers (patient survey n = 42; semi-structured interviews n = 19; attendees of the discussion workshop n = 13). Overarching themes included the need to improve rare disease awareness, education, and support services, as well as interprofessional collaboration being central to an effective, mainstreamed molecular diagnostic service. Conclusions: Recommendations for streamlining precision medicine for patients with rare diseases include administrative improvements (e.g., streamlining of the consent process), educational improvements (e.g., rare disease training provided from undergraduate to postgraduate education alongside genomics training for non-genetic specialists) and analytical improvements (e.g., multidisciplinary collaboration and improved computational infrastructure).
Published: 2022
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21. Variants in GNAI1 Cause a Syndrome Associated with Variable Features including Developmental Delay, Seizures and Hypotonia

Author: Lauren Brady, Bryan E. Hainline, Konrad Platzer, Muhammad Zafar, Corinna Powell, Darcy J. Huismann, Heather C Mefford, Afnan Alhakeem, Daniel G. MacArthur, Alison M. Muir, Trevor L Hoffman, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, François Lecoquierre, Lindsay Rhodes, Tilman Polster, Susanne Axer-Schaefer, Alice Goldenberg, Katherine Sapp, Caoimhe S. McKenna, Jasper J. van der Smagt, Tara Montgomery, Eleina M. England, Brianna K. Murray, Myriam Srour, Lia Zitano, William B. Dobyns, Grace Noh, Angela F. Brady, Lindsey Sawyer, Ingrid M. Wentzensen, Holly Dubbs, Jane Juusola, Richard Caswell, Richard H. van Jaarsveld, Danielle DeMarzo, Samantha A. Schrier Vergano, Caleb Bupp, Grace E. VanNoy, Jose E. Martinez, Melanie O’Leary, Iris M de Lange, Shane McKee, Golder N. Wilson, Rhonda E. Schnur, Meira Meltzer, Vinod Varghese, Kristin G. Monaghan, Carole Brewer, Carolyn Tysoe, Jennifer F. Gardner, Ethan M. Goldberg, Shelagh Joss, Andrea Accogli, Chiara Klöckner, Andrea L. Gropman, and Pradeep C. Vasudevan
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Developmental Disabilities, 030105 genetics & heredity, Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Seizures, Intellectual Disability, Intellectual disability, Exome Sequencing, medicine, Humans, Global developmental delay, Child, Genetics (clinical), Exome sequencing, Genetics, Genetic heterogeneity, medicine.disease, Hypotonia, 030104 developmental biology, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Autism, Muscle Hypotonia, medicine.symptom
Abstract: Purpose: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) encompass a spectrum of genetically heterogeneous disorders with features that commonly include developmental delay, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorders. We sought to delineate the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of a novel neurodevelopmental disorder caused by variants in the GNAI1 gene. Methods: Through large cohort trio-based exome sequencing and international data-sharing, we identified 24 unrelated individuals with NDD phenotypes and a variant in GNAI1, which encodes the inhibitory Gαi1 subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins. We collected detailed genotype and phenotype information for each affected individual. Results: We identified 16 unique variants in GNAI1 in 24 affected individuals; 23 occurred de novo and one was inherited from a mosaic parent. Most affected individuals have a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Core features include global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and epilepsy. Conclusion: This collaboration establishes GNAI1 variants as a cause of NDDs. GNAI1-related NDD is most often characterized by severe to profound delays, hypotonia, epilepsy that ranges from self-limiting to intractable, behavior problems, and variable mild dysmorphic features.
Published: 2021

22. GeneGrid: Architecture, Implementation and Application.

Author: Puthen V. Jithesh, Paul Donachy, Terence J. Harmer, Noel Kelly, Ronald H. Perrott, Sachin Wasnik, Jim Johnston, Mark McCurley, Michael Townsley, and Shane McKee
Published: 2006
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23. SPECC1L Mutations Are Not Common in Sporadic Cases of Opitz G/BBB Syndrome

Author: Chiara Migliore, Anna Vendramin, Shane McKee, Paolo Prontera, Francesca Faravelli, Rani Sachdev, Patricia Dias, Martina Mascaro, Danilo Licastro, Germana Meroni, Migliore, C., Vendramin, A., Mckee, S., Prontera, P., Faravelli, F., Sachdev, R., Dias, P., Mascaro, M., Licastro, D., and Meroni, G.
Subjects: SPECC1L gene, Hypospadias, MID1 gene, Opitz G/BBB Syndrome, Genetics, hypospadias, Hypospadia, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: Opitz G/BBB syndrome (OS) is a rare genetic developmental condition characterized by congenital defects along the midline of the body. The main clinical signs are represented by hypertelorism, laryngo–tracheo–esophageal defects and hypospadias. The X-linked form of the disease is associated with mutations in the MID1 gene located in Xp22 whereas mutations in the SPECC1L gene in 22q11 have been linked to few cases of the autosomal dominant form of this disorder, as well as to other genetic syndromes. In this study, we have undertaken a mutation screening of the SPECC1L gene in samples of sporadic OS cases in which mutations in the MID1 gene were excluded. The heterozygous missense variants identified are already reported in variant databases raising the issue of their pathogenetic meaning. Recently, it was reported that some clinical manifestations peculiar to OS signs are not observed in patients carrying mutations in the SPECC1L gene, leading to the proposal of the designation of ‘SPECC1L syndrome’ to refer to this disorder. Our study confirms that patients with diagnosis of OS, mainly characterized by the presence of hypospadias and laryngo–tracheo–esophageal defects, do not carry pathogenic SPECC1L mutations. In addition, SPECC1L syndrome-associated mutations are clustered in two specific domains of the protein, whereas the missense variants detected in our work lies elsewhere and the impact of these variants in the function of this protein is difficult to ascertain with the current knowledge and will require further investigations. Nonetheless, our study provides further insight into the SPECC1L syndrome classification.
Published: 2022

24. Finding Diagnostically Useful Patterns in Quantitative Phenotypic Data

Author: Stuart Aitken, Helen V. Firth, Jeremy McRae, Mihail Halachev, Usha Kini, Michael J. Parker, Melissa M. Lees, Katherine Lachlan, Ajoy Sarkar, Shelagh Joss, Miranda Splitt, Shane McKee, Andrea H. Németh, Richard H. Scott, Caroline F. Wright, Joseph A. Marsh, Matthew E. Hurles, David R. FitzPatrick, T.W. Fitzgerald, S.S. Gerety, W.D. Jones, M. van Kogelenberg, D.A. King, J. McRae, K.I. Morley, V. Parthiban, S. Al-Turki, K. Ambridge, D.M. Barrett, T. Bayzetinova, S. Clayton, E.L. Coomber, S. Gribble, P. Jones, N. Krishnappa, L.E. Mason, A. Middleton, R. Miller, E. Prigmore, D. Rajan, A. Sifrim, A.R. Tivey, M. Ahmed, N. Akawi, R. Andrews, U. Anjum, H. Archer, R. Armstrong, M. Balasubramanian, R. Banerjee, D. Barelle, P. Batstone, D. Baty, C. Bennett, J. Berg, B. Bernhard, A.P. Bevan, E. Blair, M. Blyth, D. Bohanna, L. Bourdon, D. Bourn, A. Brady, E. Bragin, C. Brewer, L. Brueton, K. Brunstrom, S.J. Bumpstead, D.J. Bunyan, J. Burn, J. Burton, N. Canham, B. Castle, K. Chandler, S. Clasper, J. Clayton-Smith, T. Cole, A. Collins, M.N. Collinson, F. Connell, N. Cooper, H. Cox, L. Cresswell, G. Cross, Y. Crow, P.M. D’Alessandro, T. Dabir, R. Davidson, S. Davies, J. Dean, C. Deshpande, G. Devlin, A. Dixit, A. Dominiczak, C. Donnelly, D. Donnelly, A. Douglas, A. Duncan, J. Eason, S. Edkins, S. Ellard, P. Ellis, F. Elmslie, K. Evans, S. Everest, T. Fendick, R. Fisher, F. Flinter, N. Foulds, A. Fryer, B. Fu, C. Gardiner, L. Gaunt, N. Ghali, R. Gibbons, S.L. Gomes Pereira, J. Goodship, D. Goudie, E. Gray, P. Greene, L. Greenhalgh, L. Harrison, R. Hawkins, S. Hellens, A. Henderson, E. Hobson, S. Holden, S. Holder, G. Hollingsworth, T. Homfray, M. Humphreys, J. Hurst, S. Ingram, M. Irving, J. Jarvis, L. Jenkins, D. Johnson, D. Jones, E. Jones, D. Josifova, S. Joss, B. Kaemba, S. Kazembe, B. Kerr, U. Kini, E. Kinning, G. Kirby, C. Kirk, E. Kivuva, A. Kraus, D. Kumar, K. Lachlan, W. Lam, A. Lampe, C. Langman, M. Lees, D. Lim, G. Lowther, S.A. Lynch, A. Magee, E. Maher, S. Mansour, K. Marks, K. Martin, U. Maye, E. McCann, V. McConnell, M. McEntagart, R. McGowan, K. McKay, S. McKee, D.J. McMullan, S. McNerlan, S. Mehta, K. Metcalfe, E. Miles, S. Mohammed, T. Montgomery, D. Moore, S. Morgan, A. Morris, J. Morton, H. Mugalaasi, V. Murday, L. Nevitt, R. Newbury-Ecob, A. Norman, R. O’Shea, C. Ogilvie, S. Park, M.J. Parker, C. Patel, J. Paterson, S. Payne, J. Phipps, D.T. Pilz, D. Porteous, N. Pratt, K. Prescott, S. Price, A. Pridham, A. Proctor, H. Purnell, N. Ragge, J. Rankin, L. Raymond, D. Rice, L. Robert, E. Roberts, G. Roberts, J. Roberts, P. Roberts, A. Ross, E. Rosser, A. Saggar, S. Samant, R. Sandford, A. Sarkar, S. Schweiger, C. Scott, R. Scott, A. Selby, A. Seller, C. Sequeira, N. Shannon, S. Sharif, C. Shaw-Smith, E. Shearing, D. Shears, I. Simonic, D. Simpkin, R. Singzon, Z. Skitt, A. Smith, B. Smith, K. Smith, S. Smithson, L. Sneddon, M. Splitt, M. Squires, F. Stewart, H. Stewart, M. Suri, V. Sutton, G.J. Swaminathan, E. Sweeney, K. Tatton-Brown, C. Taylor, R. Taylor, M. Tein, I.K. Temple, J. Thomson, J. Tolmie, A. Torokwa, B. Treacy, C. Turner, P. Turnpenny, C. Tysoe, A. Vandersteen, P. Vasudevan, J. Vogt, E. Wakeling, D. Walker, J. Waters, A. Weber, D. Wellesley, M. Whiteford, S. Widaa, S. Wilcox, D. Williams, N. Williams, G. Woods, C. Wragg, M. Wright, F. Yang, M. Yau, N.P. Carter, M. Parker, H.V. Firth, D.R. FitzPatrick, C.F. Wright, J.C. Barrett, and M.E. Hurles
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Proband, Nonsynonymous substitution, Heterozygote, phenotype, Developmental Disabilities, genotype, Dwarfism, Biology, Article, naive Bayes, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene Frequency, Similarity (network science), developmental disease, Exome Sequencing, Genotype, Genetics, medicine, Humans, tSNE, Exome, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Child, Gene, Allele frequency, Genetics (clinical), Spectrin, Bayes Theorem, medicine.disease, Repressor Proteins, Developmental disorder, 030104 developmental biology, Mutation, Mutation (genetic algorithm), Female, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Trio-based whole-exome sequence (WES) data have established confident genetic diagnoses in ∼40% of previously undiagnosed individuals recruited to the Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study. Here we aim to use the breadth of phenotypic information recorded in DDD to augment diagnosis and disease variant discovery in probands. Median Euclidean distances (mEuD) were employed as a simple measure of similarity of quantitative phenotypic data within sets of ≥10 individuals with plausibly causative de novo mutations (DNM) in 28 different developmental disorder genes. 13/28 (46.4%) showed significant similarity for growth or developmental milestone metrics, 10/28 (35.7%) showed similarity in HPO term usage, and 12/28 (43%) showed no phenotypic similarity. Pairwise comparisons of individuals with high-impact inherited variants to the 32 individuals with causative DNM in ANKRD11 using only growth z-scores highlighted 5 likely causative inherited variants and two unrecognized DNM resulting in an 18% diagnostic uplift for this gene. Using an independent approach, naive Bayes classification of growth and developmental data produced reasonably discriminative models for the 24 DNM genes with sufficiently complete data. An unsupervised naive Bayes classification of 6,993 probands with WES data and sufficient phenotypic information defined 23 in silico syndromes (ISSs) and was used to test a “phenotype first” approach to the discovery of causative genotypes using WES variants strictly filtered on allele frequency, mutation consequence, and evidence of constraint in humans. This highlighted heterozygous de novo nonsynonymous variants in SPTBN2 as causative in three DDD probands.
Published: 2019
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25. The ARID1B spectrum in 143 patients

Author: Catherine Vincent-Delorme, Claudia A. L. Ruivenkamp, Marjan De Rademaeker, Francisco Martínez, Tracy Dudding-Byth, Marianne McGuire, Bert B.A. de Vries, Mitsuhiro Kato, Levinus A. Bok, Hülya Kayserili, Jeff M. Milunsky, Suzanne C E H Sallevelt, Alwin F. J. Brouwer, Jill Clayton-Smith, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Miranda Splitt, Patricia G. Wheeler, Philippe M. Campeau, Fatma Mujgan Sonmez, Kylin Lammers, Stefanie Beck-Wödl, Caroline Rooryck, Louise C. Wilson, Evan E. Eichler, Sarina G. Kant, Johanna C. Herkert, Karin R. Heitink, Eyyup Uctepe, Pleuntje J. van der Sluijs, Miho Adachi-Fukuda, Lone W. Laulund, Sandra Jansen, Nicolette S. den Hollander, Damien Lederer, Tomoki Kosho, Constance T. R. M. Stumpel, Saskia M. Maas, Esra Kılıç, Erica H. Gerkes, Duco Steenbeek, Melissa Lees, Kay Metcalfe, Karin Dahan, Ineke van der Burgt, Isabelle Maystadt, Christian Netzer, Ute Grasshoff, Carmen Orellana, Mahmut Şamil Sağıroğlu, Gijs W. E. Santen, Pelin Ozlem Simsek-Kiper, Mónica Roselló, Gabriela Soares, Alexander P.A. Stegmann, Stephen P. Robertson, Adila Al-Kindy, Maian Roifman, Saori Tanabe, Vera Riehmer, Brain H Y Chung, Arie van Haeringen, G. Eda Utine, Yasemin Alanay, Rogier Kersseboom, John B. Moeschler, Barbara Oehl-Jaschkowitz, Katherine Berry, Denise Horn, Alice Gardham, Shane McKee, Anwar Baban, Amparo Sanchis Calvo, Golder N. Wilson, Krystyna H. Chrzanowska, G. M. S. Mancini, Ellen R. Elias, Małgorzata Krajewska-Walasek, Rolph Pfundt, Sarju G. Mehta, Fabienne G. Ropers, Seiji Mizuno, David Hunt, Caroline Pottinger, Dagmar Wieczorek, Yoyo W. Y. Chu, Laurent Pasquier, Bernd Wollnik, Nobuhiko Okamoto, Sunita Venkateswaran, Vanesa López-González, Natalie Canham, Blanca Gener, Anne Destree, Christina Fagerberg, Rachel K. Earl, Sharon N M Olminkhof, Nursel Elcioglu, Charlotte W. Ockeloen, Carlo Marcelis, Samantha A. Vergano, Hermine E. Veenstra-Knol, Anneke T. Vulto-van Silfhout, Allan Bayat, Catheline Vilain, Lucia Solaeche, MUMC+: DA KG Polikliniek (9), RS: GROW - R4 - Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine, Genetica & Celbiologie, MUMC+: DA KG Lab Centraal Lab (9), MUMC+: DA Pat Cytologie (9), Klinische Genetica, van der Sluijs, Pleuntje J., Jansen, Sandra, Vergano, Samantha A., Adachi-Fukuda, Miho, Alanay, Yasemin, AlKindy, Adila, Baban, Anwar, Bayat, Allan, Beck-Woedl, Stefanie, Berry, Katherine, Bijlsma, Emilia K., Bok, Levinus A., Brouwer, Alwin F. J., van der Burgt, Ineke, Campeau, Philippe M., Canham, Natalie, Chrzanowska, Krystyna, Chu, Yoyo W. Y., Chung, Brain H. Y., Dahan, Karin, De Rademaeker, Marjan, Destree, Anne, Dudding-Byth, Tracy, Earl, Rachel, Elcioglu, Nursel, Elias, Ellen R., Fagerberg, Christina, Gardham, Alice, Gener, Blanca, Gerkes, Erica H., Grasshoff, Ute, van Haeringen, Arie, Heitink, Karin R., Herkert, Johanna C., den Hollander, Nicolette S., Horn, Denise, Hunt, David, Kant, Sarina G., Kato, Mitsuhiro, Kayserili, Hulya, Kersseboom, Rogier, Kilic, Esra, Krajewska-Walasek, Malgorzata, Lammers, Kylin, Laulund, Lone W., Lederer, Damien, Lees, Melissa, Lopez-Gonzalez, Vanesa, Maas, Saskia, Mancini, Grazia M. S., Marcelis, Carlo, Martinez, Francisco, Maystadt, Isabelle, McGuire, Marianne, McKee, Shane, Mehta, Sarju, Metcalfe, Kay, Milunsky, Jeff, Mizuno, Seiji, Moeschler, John B., Netzer, Christian, Ockeloen, Charlotte W., Oehl-Jaschkowitz, Barbara, Okamoto, Nobuhiko, Olminkhof, Sharon N. M., Orellana, Carmen, Pasquier, Laurent, Pottinger, Caroline, Riehmer, Vera, Robertson, Stephen P., Roifman, Maian, Rooryck, Caroline, Ropers, Fabienne G., Rosello, Monica, Ruivenkamp, Claudia A. L., Sagiroglu, Mahmut S., Sallevelt, Suzanne C. E. H., Sanchis Calvo, Amparo, Simsek-Kiper, Pelin O., Soares, Gabriela, Solaeche, Lucia, Sonmez, Fatma Mujgan, Splitt, Miranda, Steenbeek, Duco, Stegmann, Alexander P. A., Stumpel, Constance T. R. M., Tanabe, Saori, Uctepe, Eyyup, Utine, G. Eda, Veenstra-Knol, Hermine E., Venkateswaran, Sunita, Vilain, Catheline, Vincent-Delorme, Catherine, Vulto-van Silfhout, Anneke T., Wheeler, Patricia, Wilson, Golder N., Wilson, Louise C., Wollnik, Bernd, Kosho, Tomoki, Wieczorek, Dagmar, Eichler, Evan, Pfundt, Rolph, de Vries, Bert B. A., Clayton-Smith, Jill, Santen, Gijs W. E., Erasmus MC other, Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics, and Acibadem University Dspace
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Hypertrichosis, Pediatrics, cuello, bias, Coffin–Siris syndrome, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, humanos, adolescente, Penetrance, PHENOTYPE, 0302 clinical medicine, Genotype, Intellectual disability, Exome, Coffin-Siris syndrome, Child, mediana edad, Genetics (clinical), Exome sequencing, factores de transcripción, adulto, Middle Aged, estudios de asociación genética, 3. Good health, DNA-Binding Proteins, intellectual disability, Child, Preschool, discapacidad intelectual, penetrancia, Female, Hand Deformities, Congenital, Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9], Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Micrognathism, Article, CHROMATIN-REMODELING COMPLEX, 03 medical and health sciences, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, cara, micrognatismo, Human Phenotype Ontology, medicine, Humans, Abnormalities, Multiple, mutación, Long eyelashes, Genetic Association Studies, lactante, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], business.industry, MUTATIONS, proteínas de unión al ADN, Infant, Newborn, Genetic Variation, Infant, ARID1B, Hand Deformities, Phalanx, medicine.disease, variación genética, deformidades de la mano, exoma, 030104 developmental biology, Face, Mutation, business, Neck, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Transcription Factors
Abstract: Purpose: Pathogenic variants in ARID1B are one of the most frequent causes of intellectual disability (ID) as determined by large-scale exome sequencing studies. Most studies published thus far describe clinically diagnosed Coffin-Siris patients (ARID1BCSS) and it is unclear whether these data are representative for patients identified through sequencing of unbiased ID cohorts (ARID1B-ID). We therefore sought to determine genotypic and phenotypic differences between ARID1B-ID and ARID1B-CSS. In parallel, we investigated the effect of different methods of phenotype reporting. Methods: Clinicians entered clinical data in an extensive webbased survey. Results: 79 ARID1B-CSS and 64 ARID1B-ID patients were included. CSS-associated dysmorphic features, such as thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, thick alae nasi, long and/or broad philtrum, small nails and small or absent fifth distal phalanx and hypertrichosis, were observed significantly more often (p < 0.001) in ARID1B-CSS patients. No other significant differences were identified. Conclusion: There are only minor differences between ARID1BID and ARID1B-CSS patients. ARID1B-related disorders seem to consist of a spectrum, and patients should be managed similarly. We demonstrated that data collection methods without an explicit option to report the absence of a feature (such as most Human Phenotype Ontology-based methods) tended to underestimate gene-related features., We are grateful for the assistance of Pepijn Cox in setting up the website www.arid1bgene.com. This study has made use of data generated by the Human Disease Genes website series, www.humandiseasegenes.com. This work was financially supported by grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (917-86-319 to B.B.A.d.V., 912-12-109 to B.B.A.d.V.)
Published: 2019
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26. A Syndromic Neurodevelopmental Disorder Caused by Mutations in SMARCD1, a Core SWI/SNF Subunit Needed for Context-Dependent Neuronal Gene Regulation in Flies

Author: Shane McKee, Christel Depienne, Diana Baralle, Ddd Study, Justine Rousseau, Philippe M. Campeau, Sophie Ehresmann, Naomichi Matsumoto, Solveig Heide, Max H. Stone, Hannah Titheradge, Alyssa Ritter, Kevin C J Nixon, Seiji Mizuno, Jamie M. Kramer, Delphine Héron, Noriko Miyake, Mohammed Sarikahya, Kosuke Izumi, Western University [London, ON, Canada], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine [Montréal, QC, Canada] (CHU Sainte-Justine), Yokohama City University (YCU), University of Southampton, Belfast City Hospital, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Hôpital Trousseau, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Duisburg-Essen, and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust
Subjects: Male, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, Developmental Disabilities, Medizin, Transcriptome, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Drosophila Proteins, Child, Genetics (clinical), Exome sequencing, Neurons, Regulation of gene expression, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Syndrome, SWI/SNF, Hypotonia, Drosophila melanogaster, intellectual disability, Child, Preschool, Muscle Hypotonia, Female, medicine.symptom, BAFopathies, Mitosis, Context (language use), SMARCD1, Biology, Drosophila mushroom body, Article, Chromatin remodeling, 03 medical and health sciences, long-term memory, Memory, medicine, Animals, Humans, Learning, Mushroom Bodies, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, fungi, medicine.disease, neurodevelopmental disorder, Disease Models, Animal, Gene Expression Regulation, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Mutation, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Transcription Factors
Abstract: Mutations in several genes encoding components of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Here, we report on 5 individuals with mutations in SMARCD1, presenting with developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, and small hands and feet. The mutations were proven to be de novo in 4 of the 5 individuals, by trio exome sequencing. Mutations in other SWI/SNF components cause Coffin-Siris syndrome and Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome, or other syndromic and non-syndromic NDDs. Although the individuals presented here have dysmorphisms and some clinical overlap with these syndromes, they lack the typical facial dysmorphisms. To gain insight into the function of SMARCD1 in neurons, we investigated the Drosophila ortholog, Bap60, in postmitotic memory-forming neurons of the adult Drosophila mushroom body (MB). Targeted knockdown of Bap60 in the MB of adult flies causes defects in long-term memory. Mushroom body specific transcriptome analysis revealed that Bap60 is required for context-dependent expression of genes involved in neuron function and development in juvenile flies when synaptic connections are actively being formed in response to experience. Taken together, we identify a NDD caused by SMARCD1 mutations and establish a role for the SMARCD1 ortholog Bap60 in regulation of neurodevelopmental genes during a critical time window of juvenile adult brain development that is essential in establishing neuronal circuits that are required for learning and memory.
Published: 2019
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27. Making sense of missense variants in TTN-related congenital myopathies

Author: Anna Sarkozy, Erik-Jan Kamsteeg, Mark Pfuhl, Nicol C. Voermans, Martin Rees, Corrie E. Erasmus, Hülya-Sevcan Daimagüler, Steven A. Moore, Rahul Phadke, Mark R. Holt, Rolf Schröder, Istvan Bodi, Carla Grosmann, Sebahattin Cirak, E. Matthews, Ay Lin Kho, Peter Van den Bergh, Christian Thiel, Shane McKee, Joel Victor Fluss, Roksana Nikoopour, Charu Deshpande, Jens Reimann, Emily C. Oates, Maria Elena Farrugia, Özkan Özdemir, Isabelle Richard, Cristina Domínguez-González, Chaminda Konersman, Ekkehard Wilichowski, Birgit Brandmeier, Atsushi Fukuzawa, Ana Ferreiro, Heinz Jungbluth, Ros Quinlivan, Sandya Tirupathi, Mathias Gautel, Gabriele Dekomien, Cheryl Longman, Miguel A Fernandez-Garcia, Francesco Muntoni, Michael G. Hanna, Elizabeth Wraige, Elke Hobbiebrunken, Sarah Grover, UCL - SSS/IONS - Institute of NeuroScience, UCL - (SLuc) Service de neurologie, UCL - (SLuc) Centre de référence neuromusculaire, King‘s College London, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's Hospital [London], University of Cologne, Children’s University Hospital of Geneva [Switzerland], Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (Glasgow), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery [London, UK], Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Westmead Hospital [Sydney], University Hospital Erlangen [Germany], Universitätsklinikum Erlangen [Erlangen], University of Bonn Medical Centre [Bonn], Radboud university [Nijmegen], Rady Children's Hospital, Belfast City Hospital, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, University of Iowa [Iowa City], University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Approches génétiques intégrées et nouvelles thérapies pour les maladies rares (INTEGRARE), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Généthon, Généthon, Saint-Luc University Hospital [Brussels, Belgium], Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre [Madrid], Université de Paris (UP), Institut de Myologie, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Association française contre les myopathies (AFM-Téléthon)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Charles Foix [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), King's College Hospital (KCH), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases [London, UK], University Hospital Erlangen = Uniklinikum Erlangen, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare [St Paul], Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA (UMR_8251 / U1133)), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Weakness, Adolescent, Myotonia Congenita, Mutation, Missense, Other Research Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 0], Extraocular muscles, Sensory disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 12], Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Humans, Medicine, Missense mutation, Connectin, Child, Myopathy, Aged, Muscle contracture, Genetics, Phenocopy, Original Paper, biology, business.industry, Infant, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Middle Aged, Disorders of movement Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 3], medicine.disease, Congenital myopathy, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, Child, Preschool, biology.protein, Female, Titin, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Mutations in the sarcomeric protein titin, encoded byTTN, are emerging as a common cause of myopathies. The diagnosis of aTTN-related myopathy is, however, often not straightforward due to clinico-pathological overlap with other myopathies and the prevalence ofTTNvariants in control populations. Here, we present a combined clinico-pathological, genetic and biophysical approach to the diagnosis ofTTN-related myopathies and the pathogenicity ascertainment ofTTNmissense variants. We identified 30 patients with a primaryTTN-related congenital myopathy (CM) and two truncating variants, or one truncating and one missenseTTNvariant, or homozygous for oneTTNmissense variant. We found that TTN-related myopathies show considerable overlap with other myopathies but are strongly suggested by a combination of certain clinico-pathological features. Presentation was typically at birth with the clinical course characterized by variable progression of weakness, contractures, scoliosis and respiratory symptoms but sparing of extraocular muscles. Cardiac involvement depended on the variant position. Our biophysical analyses demonstrated that missense mutations associated with CMs are strongly destabilizing and exert their effect when expressed on a truncating background or in homozygosity. We hypothesise that destabilizingTTNmissense mutations phenocopy truncating variants and are a key pathogenic feature of recessive titinopathies that might be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Published: 2021
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28. Novel GDF2 Loss of Function Variant in a Family with HHT and PAVMs Expands the Phenotype Associated with BMP9 Dysfunction

Author: Respirato, T. Fowler, R. Slade, Mark J. Caulfield, K. Kerr, A. Devereau, G. Thomas, Ellen Thomas, Richard H. Scott, S Xiao, Amy Jayne McKnight, S. Balachandar, M. Mohammed, Jill Kilner, T. Graves, Ellen M. McDonagh, Claire L. Shovlin, Shane McKee, V. Mcconnell, T Ferguson, M. Sroya, F. Boardman-Pretty, Mary Alikian, A. Shimonty, Ewfw Alton, M. Aldred, Julian Redhead, and E. Curetean
Subjects: Cancer research, GDF2, Biology, Phenotype, Loss function
Published: 2020
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29. Delineation of phenotypes and genotypes related to cohesin structural protein RAD21

Author: Michael J. Parker, Francisco Martínez, Paul A. Mulder, Lianne C. Krab, Shane McKee, Meena Balasubramanian, Melissa Assaf, Iñigo Marcos-Alcalde, Leonie A. Menke, Sanna Gudmundsson, Marwan Shinawi, Emanuela Scarano, Oliver Murch, Raoul C.M. Hennekam, David R. FitzPatrick, Paulino Gómez-Puertas, Feliciano J. Ramos, Janne Bayer Andersen, Jill A. Rosenfeld Mokry, Tugba Kalayci, Saskia M. Maas, Anne Marie Bisgaard, Sylvia A. Huisman, Juan Pié, Claudine Rieubland, Zeynep Tümer, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Paediatric Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Human Genetics, General Paediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), Graduate School, and APH - Quality of Care
Subjects: Male, Mungan syndrome, Genotype-phenotype correlation, Protein Conformation, 8Q24, Cell Cycle Proteins, NIPBL, 0302 clinical medicine, Holoprosencephaly, De Lange Syndrome, Genotype, Child, Genetics (clinical), Original Investigation, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Middle Aged, Phenotype, DNA-Binding Proteins, DE-LANGE-SYNDROME, CORNELIA, Child, Preschool, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Medical Genetics, Adult, Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, Adolescent, Cohesin complex, ORGANIZATION, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, SMC1A, Biology, PATIENT, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Cohesinopathy, medicine, Humans, RAD21, Genetic Association Studies, Medicinsk genetik, 030304 developmental biology, IDENTIFICATION, Cohesin, MUTATIONS, Infant, Newborn, Infant, medicine.disease, GENE, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, GIEDION, Mutation, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: RAD21 encodes a key component of the cohesin complex, and variants in RAD21 have been associated with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). Limited information on phenotypes attributable to RAD21 variants and genotype–phenotype relationships is currently published. We gathered a series of 49 individuals from 33 families with RAD21 alterations [24 different intragenic sequence variants (2 recurrent), 7 unique microdeletions], including 24 hitherto unpublished cases. We evaluated consequences of 12 intragenic variants by protein modelling and molecular dynamic studies. Full clinical information was available for 29 individuals. Their phenotype is an attenuated CdLS phenotype compared to that caused by variants in NIPBL or SMC1A for facial morphology, limb anomalies, and especially for cognition and behavior. In the 20 individuals with limited clinical information, additional phenotypes include Mungan syndrome (in patients with biallelic variants) and holoprosencephaly, with or without CdLS characteristics. We describe several additional cases with phenotypes including sclerocornea, in which involvement of the RAD21 variant is uncertain. Variants were frequently familial, and genotype–phenotype analyses demonstrated striking interfamilial and intrafamilial variability. Careful phenotyping is essential in interpreting consequences of RAD21 variants, and protein modeling and dynamics can be helpful in determining pathogenicity. The current study should be helpful when counseling families with a RAD21 variation., Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/State Research Agency RTC-2017-6494-1 and RTI2018-094434-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) as well as funds from the European JPIAMR-VRI network “CONNECT” to PG-P
Published: 2020
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30. Further delineation of Malan syndrome

Author: Ann Sophie Kaiser, Fowzan S. Alkuraya, Trevor Cole, Paul A. Mulder, Pablo Lapunzina, Inge B. Mathijssen, Jan Liebelt, Claire G. Salter, Pierre Sarda, Jill A. Fahrner, Manuela Priolo, Dorothee Neubauer, Nursel Elcioglu, Denny Schanze, Katrin Tatton-Brown, Sarah F. Smithson, Jair Tenorio, Thomas E. Neumann, Charles Shaw-Smith, Letizia Pintomalli, Shane McKee, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Sally J. Davies, Sue Price, Rajesh V. Thakker, Noelia García González, Rita Valdez, Sally Ann Lynch, Nataliya Di Donato, Arie van Haeringen, Astrid S. Plomp, Inés Hernández Acero, Ilka Huber, Marcela Zollino, Laura Bernardini, Raoul C.M. Hennekam, Martin Zenker, Mohnish Suri, Mabel Segovia, Johanna M. van Hagen, Ghayda Mirzaa, Leonie A. Menke, Kreepa Kooblall, Arveen Kamath, Christine Coubes, I. Dapia, Corrado Mammì, Alison Foster, Tara Montgomery, Pedro Arias, Fernando Santos-Simarro, Maria Iascone, Maria Antonietta Pisanti, Saskia M. Maas, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Graduate School, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Human Genetics, Paediatric Genetics, General Paediatrics, APH - Quality of Care, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), Human genetics, and Pediatric surgery
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Pediatrics, Developmental Disabilities, phenotype-genotype, Craniofacial Abnormalities, Epilepsy, Marshall–Smith syndrome, Septo-Optic Dysplasia, Intellectual disability, Child, Genetics (clinical), Research Articles, biology, Sotos syndrome, Exons, NFIX, Child, Preschool, Female, medicine.symptom, Chromosome Deletion, Hand Deformities, Congenital, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Prominent forehead, phenotype‐genotype, Adolescent, phenotype, Mutation, Missense, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Intellectual Disability, Genetics, medicine, Congenital Hypothyroidism, Humans, Abnormalities, Multiple, Malan syndrome, Weaver syndrome, Bone Diseases, Developmental, Macrocephaly, medicine.disease, Marshall-Smith syndrome, Megalencephaly, NFI Transcription Factors, 030104 developmental biology, Marshall‐Smith syndrome, biology.protein
Abstract: Malan syndrome is an overgrowth disorder described in a limited number of individuals. We aim to delineate the entity by studying a large group of affected individuals. We gathered data on 45 affected individuals with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis through an international collaboration and compared data to the 35 previously reported individuals. Results indicate that height is > 2 SDS in infancy and childhood but in only half of affected adults. Cardinal facial characteristics include long, triangular face, macrocephaly, prominent forehead, everted lower lip and prominent chin. Intellectual disability is universally present, behaviorally anxiety is characteristic. Malan syndrome is caused by deletions or point mutations of NFIX clustered mostly in exon 2. There is no genotype-phenotype correlation except for an increased risk for epilepsy with 19p13.2 microdeletions. Variants arose de novo, except in one family in which mother was mosaic. Variants causing Malan and Marshall-Smith syndrome can be discerned by differences in the site of stop codon formation. We conclude that Malan syndrome has a well recognizable phenotype that usually can be discerned easily from Marshall-Smith syndrome but rarely there is some overlap. Differentiation from Sotos and Weaver syndrome can be made by clinical evaluation only. This article is protected by copyright.
Published: 2018
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31. GATAD2B-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (GAND) : clinical and molecular insights into a NuRD-related disorder

Author: Lisa Ohden, Jenny Morton, M. J. Hajianpour, Geoffrey Beek, Rebecca C. Spillmann, Donald Basel, Christine Shieh, Joel P. Mackay, Richard S. Finkel, Stanley F. Nelson, Andrew Choi, Shane McKee, Thomas D. Challman, Karen E. Wain, Loren D M Pena, Rosemarie Smith, David R. FitzPatrick, Natasha Jones, John M. Graham, Brigitte Vanle, Samantha A. Vergano, Kay Metcalfe, Julian A. Martinez, Ana Berta Sousa, Luis O Rohena, Usha Kini, Alden Y. Huang, Andrew Dauber, Maria Gabriela Otero, Karen W. Gripp, Mauricio R. Delgado, Roman Yusupov, Judith D. Ranells, Miranda Splitt, David Chitayat, Mary-Louise Freckmann, Juan I. Young, Emilie D. Douine, Eric D. Marsh, Helen Cox, Sunita Venkateswaran, Jane A. Hurst, Ingrid P. Taff, Margaret G. Au, Katheryn Grand, Laura Davis-Keppen, Hilary J. Vernon, Andrea H. Seeley, Tyler Mark Pierson, Hane Lee, Ana P. G. Silva, Katherine Lachlan, Sakkubai Naidu, Sonal Mahida, James J. Dowling, and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, education, 030105 genetics & heredity, Biology, NuRD complex, GATA Transcription Factors, Article, Frameshift mutation, Chromatin remodeling, 03 medical and health sciences, GATAD2B, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Pregnancy, Apraxia of speech, Intellectual Disability, medicine, Missense mutation, Humans, Macrocephaly, Child, Genetics (clinical), Genetics, medicine.disease, Mi-2/NuRD complex, Human genetics, Hypotonia, Megalencephaly, Nucleosomes, Repressor Proteins, 030104 developmental biology, Phenotype, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Female, medicine.symptom
Abstract: Copyright © 2020, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Purpose: Determination of genotypic/phenotypic features of GATAD2B-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (GAND). Methods: Fifty GAND subjects were evaluated to determine consistent genotypic/phenotypic features. Immunoprecipitation assays utilizing in vitro transcription-translation products were used to evaluate GATAD2B missense variants' ability to interact with binding partners within the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex. Results: Subjects had clinical findings that included macrocephaly, hypotonia, intellectual disability, neonatal feeding issues, polyhydramnios, apraxia of speech, epilepsy, and bicuspid aortic valves. Forty-one novelGATAD2B variants were identified with multiple variant types (nonsense, truncating frameshift, splice-site variants, deletions, and missense). Seven subjects were identified with missense variants that localized within two conserved region domains (CR1 or CR2) of the GATAD2B protein. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed several of these missense variants disrupted GATAD2B interactions with its NuRD complex binding partners. Conclusions: A consistent GAND phenotype was caused by a range of genetic variants in GATAD2B that include loss-of-function and missense subtypes. Missense variants were present in conserved region domains that disrupted assembly of NuRD complex proteins. GAND's clinical phenotype had substantial clinical overlap with other disorders associated with the NuRD complex that involve CHD3 and CHD4, with clinical features of hypotonia, intellectual disability, cardiac defects, childhood apraxia of speech, and macrocephaly., Research reported in this paper was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund, through the Office of Strategic Coordination/Office of the NIH Director under award number U01HG007672. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. GAND50’s seq+ analysis was supported by NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) grant number UL1TR001881. J.P.M. received funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1012161, APP1063301, APP1126357, APP1058916). T.M.P. and this research was supported by the Cedars-Sinai institutional funding program and the Cedars-Sinai Diana and Steve Marienhoff Fashion Industries Guild Endowed Fellowship in Pediatric Neuromuscular and the Fashion Industries Guild Endowed Fellowship for the Undiagnosed Diseases Program. T.M.P. is especially grateful for the wonderful and continued support from the Cedars-Sinai Fashion Industries Guild.
Published: 2020

32. The CHD8 overgrowth syndrome: A detailed evaluation of an emerging overgrowth phenotype in 27 patients

Author: Silvia Maitz, Elisa Rahikkala, Wayne Lam, Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara, Katherine Lachlan, Melissa Lees, Katherine L. Nathanson, Chey Loveday, Lionel Van Maldergem, Shane McKee, Dragana Josifova, Sally Ann Lynch, Katrina Tatton-Brown, Michael Parker, Ana Beleza-Meireles, Andrew G. L. Douglas, Sarina G. Kant, Philip J. Ostrowski, Tyler Mark Pierson, Yvonne Hilhorst-Hofstee, Sofia Douzgou, Kay Metcalfe, Marta Bertoli, Charlotte W. Ockeloen, Usha Kini, Diana Johnson, John Dean, Alice Spano, Trevor Cole, Alison Foster, Jennifer Hague, John M. Graham, Ian O. Ellis, Anna Zachariou, and Mariëtte J.V. Hoffer
Subjects: Adult, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Scoliosis, macrocephaly, Young Adult, CHD8, Intellectual disability, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Child, overgrowth, Genetics (clinical), Growth Disorders, business.industry, Macrocephaly, Infant, Syndrome, medicine.disease, Cadherins, Umbilical hernia, Neonatal hypotonia, Phenotype, intellectual disability, Overgrowth syndrome, Child, Preschool, Autism, Female, Differential diagnosis, medicine.symptom, business, Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9]
Abstract: Item does not contain fulltext CHD8 has been reported as an autism susceptibility/intellectual disability gene but emerging evidence suggests that it additionally causes an overgrowth phenotype. This study reports 27 unrelated patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic CHD8 variants (25 null variants, two missense variants) and a male:female ratio of 21:6 (3.5:1, p < .01). All patients presented with intellectual disability, with 85% in the mild or moderate range, and 85% had a height and/or head circumference >/=2 standard deviations above the mean, meeting our clinical criteria for overgrowth. Behavioral problems were reported in the majority of patients (78%), with over half (56%) either formally diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder or described as having autistic traits. Additional clinical features included neonatal hypotonia (33%), and less frequently seizures, pes planus, scoliosis, fifth finger clinodactyly, umbilical hernia, and glabellar hemangioma (
Published: 2019
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33. Recurrent heterozygous PAX6 missense variants cause severe bilateral microphthalmia via predictable effects on DNA-protein interaction

Author: Kathleen A. Williamson, Joseph A. Marsh, Gabriele Gillessen-Kaesbach, Simon Bodek, H Nikki Hall, Shane McKee, Patrick Edery, Liusaidh J Owen, Dragana Josifova, Françoise Meire, Jane A. Hurst, Joke B. G. M. Verheij, G G W Adams, Richard Fisher, Veronica van Heyningen, Benjamin J Livesey, David R. FitzPatrick, Charlotte Reiff, Bruce Castle, Edward S. Tobias, Birgit Lorenz, Alexander T Deng, Isabel M. Hanson, Michael P. Clarke, Marjolaine Willems, Anthony T. Moore, Jay E. Self, Michael W. Parker, Denise Williams, Elise Heon, and Patrick Calvas
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Heterozygote, Génétique clinique, Adolescent, PAX6 Transcription Factor, Mutation, Missense, 030105 genetics & heredity, Biology, Microphthalmia, Article, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Humans, Microphthalmos, Missense mutation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Eye Abnormalities, Child, protein destabilization, Genetics (clinical), Genetics, Coloboma, Binding Sites, Anophthalmia, Infant, missense variant, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Pedigree, PAX6, 3. Good health, DNA-Binding Proteins, paired domain, 030104 developmental biology, microphthalmia, Protein destabilization, Aniridia, Child, Preschool, Female, sense organs, Haploinsufficiency
Abstract: Purpose: Most classical aniridia is caused by PAX6 haploinsufficiency. PAX6 missense variants can be hypomorphic or mimic haploinsufficiency. We hypothesized that missense variants also cause previously undescribed disease by altering the affinity and/or specificity of PAX6 genomic interactions. Methods: We screened PAX6 in 372 individuals with bilateral microphthalmia, anophthalmia, or coloboma (MAC) from the Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit eye malformation cohort (HGUeye) and reviewed data from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study. We performed cluster analysis on PAX6-associated ocular phenotypes by variant type and molecular modeling of the structural impact of 86 different PAX6 causative missense variants. Results: Eight different PAX6 missense variants were identified in 17 individuals (15 families) with MAC, accounting for 4% (15/372) of our cohort. Seven altered the paired domain (p.[Arg26Gln]x1, p.[Gly36Val]x1, p.[Arg38Trp]x2, p.[Arg38Gln]x1, p.[Gly51Arg]x2, p.[Ser54Arg]x2, p.[Asn124Lys]x5) and one the homeodomain (p.[Asn260Tyr]x1). p.Ser54Arg and p.Asn124Lys were exclusively associated with severe bilateral microphthalmia. MAC-associated variants were predicted to alter but not ablate DNA interaction, consistent with the electrophoretic mobility shifts observed using mutant paired domains with well-characterized PAX6-binding sites. We found no strong evidence for novel PAX6-associated extraocular disease. Conclusion: Altering the affinity and specificity of PAX6-binding genome-wide provides a plausible mechanism for the worse-than-null effects of MAC-associated missense variants., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2019
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34. Development, behaviour and sensory processing in Marshall-Smith syndrome and Malan syndrome: phenotype comparison in two related syndromes

Author: Inge B. Mathijssen, Claire G. Salter, J M van Hagen, Tara Montgomery, Manuela Priolo, T. E. Neumann, Charles Shaw-Smith, I. H. Acero, Raoul C.M. Hennekam, L. Pintomalli, Fernando Santos-Simarro, Christine Coubes, Maria Iascone, Leonie A. Menke, Nursel Elcioglu, M. Zollino, Ghayda M. Mirzaa, Shane McKee, Rajesh V. Thakker, S. Piening, I. Dapia, C. Mammì, Arveen Kamath, Jair Tenorio, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Pierre Sarda, W. W. Dunn, Denny Schanze, Paul A. Mulder, Pablo Lapunzina, Martin Zenker, A. van Haeringen, Laura Bernardini, Jan Liebelt, N. Di Donato, Dorothee Neubauer, Jill A. Fahrner, Alison Foster, Sally Ann Lynch, Sue Price, A. M. Landlust, Sally J. Davies, N. G. González, I. Huber, Rita Valdez, I. D. C. van Balkom, Maria Antonietta Pisanti, Saskia M. Maas, Sarah F. Smithson, Pedro Arias, Mohnish Suri, Mabel Segovia, Kreepa Kooblall, Katrina Tatton-Brown, Trevor Cole, A. S. Plomp, Ann Sophie Kaiser, Fowzan S. Alkuraya, Pediatric surgery, Human genetics, APH - Quality of Care, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), Mulder, P. A., van Balkom, I. D. C., Landlust, A. M., Priolo, M., Menke, L. A., Acero, I. H., Alkuraya, F. S., Arias, P., Bernardini, L., Bijlsma, E. K., Cole, T., Coubes, C., Dapia, I., Davies, S., Di Donato, N., Elcioglu, N. H., Fahrner, J. A., Foster, A., Gonzalez, N. G., Huber, I., Iascone, M., Kaiser, A. -S., Kamath, A., Kooblall, K., Lapunzina, P., Liebelt, J., Lynch, S. A., Maas, S. M., Mammi, C., Mathijssen, I. B., McKee, S., Mirzaa, G. M., Montgomery, T., Neubauer, D., Neumann, T. E., Pintomalli, L., Pisanti, M. A., Plomp, A. S., Price, S., Salter, C., Santos-Simarro, F., Sarda, P., Schanze, D., Segovia, M., Shaw-Smith, C., Smithson, S., Suri, M., Tatton-Brown, K., Tenorio, J., Thakker, R. V., Valdez, R. M., Van Haeringen, A., Van Hagen, J. M., Zenker, M., Zollino, M., Dunn, W. W., Piening, S., Hennekam, R. C., Graduate School, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, General Paediatrics, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, and Human Genetics
Subjects: cognition, Male, 030506 rehabilitation, Marshall–Smith syndrome, medicine.medical_treatment, CHILDREN, Comorbidity, Settore MED/03 - GENETICA MEDICA, Craniofacial Abnormalities, Quality of life, Septo-Optic Dysplasia, Intellectual disability, Adaptation, Psychological, sensory processing, Child, Netherlands, biology, Mental Disorders, 05 social sciences, Rehabilitation, Cognition, SOTOS-LIKE, Syndrome, NFIX, Psychiatry and Mental health, Phenotype, Neurology, adaptive behaviour, Child, Preschool, NFIX variants, Female, 0305 other medical science, Psychology, 050104 developmental & child psychology, Clinical psychology, Adult, Sensory processing, Adolescent, Challenging behaviour, NFIXvariants, Context (language use), AUTISTIC DISORDER, Speech Disorders, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Intellectual Disability, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Abnormalities, Multiple, Malan syndrome, Bone Diseases, Developmental, ADULTS, medicine.disease, Marshall-Smith syndrome, Cross-Sectional Studies, biology.protein, PATTERNS, Neurology (clinical), Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ultrarare Marshall-Smith and Malan syndromes, caused by changes of the gene nuclear factor I X (NFIX), are characterised by intellectual disability (ID) and behavioural problems, although questions remain. Here, development and behaviour are studied and compared in a cross-sectional study, and results are presented with genetic findings. METHODS: Behavioural phenotypes are compared of eight individuals with Marshall-Smith syndrome (three male individuals) and seven with Malan syndrome (four male individuals). Long-term follow-up assessment of cognition and adaptive behaviour was possible in three individuals with Marshall-Smith syndrome. RESULTS: Marshall-Smith syndrome individuals have more severe ID, less adaptive behaviour, more impaired speech and less reciprocal interaction compared with individuals with Malan syndrome. Sensory processing difficulties occur in both syndromes. Follow-up measurement of cognition and adaptive behaviour in Marshall-Smith syndrome shows different individual learning curves over time. CONCLUSIONS: Results show significant between and within syndrome variability. Different NFIX variants underlie distinct clinical phenotypes leading to separate entities. Cognitive, adaptive and sensory impairments are common in both syndromes and increase the risk of challenging behaviour. This study highlights the value of considering behaviour within developmental and environmental context. To improve quality of life, adaptations to environment and treatment are suggested to create a better person-environment fit.
Published: 2019
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35. Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy

Author: Anne H. O’Donnell-Luria, Lynn S. Pais, Víctor Faundes, Jordan C. Wood, Abigail Sveden, Victor Luria, Rami Abou Jamra, Andrea Accogli, Kimberly Amburgey, Britt Marie Anderlid, Silvia Azzarello-Burri, Alice A. Basinger, Claudia Bianchini, Lynne M. Bird, Rebecca Buchert, Wilfrid Carre, Sophia Ceulemans, Perrine Charles, Helen Cox, Lisa Culliton, Aurora Currò, Florence Demurger, James J. Dowling, Benedicte Duban-Bedu, Christèle Dubourg, Saga Elise Eiset, Luis F. Escobar, Alessandra Ferrarini, Tobias B. Haack, Mona Hashim, Solveig Heide, Katherine L. Helbig, Ingo Helbig, Raul Heredia, Delphine Héron, Bertrand Isidor, Amy R. Jonasson, Pascal Joset, Boris Keren, Fernando Kok, Hester Y. Kroes, Alinoë Lavillaureix, Xin Lu, Saskia M. Maas, Gustavo H.B. Maegawa, Carlo L.M. Marcelis, Paul R. Mark, Marcelo R. Masruha, Heather M. McLaughlin, Kirsty McWalter, Esther U. Melchinger, Saadet Mercimek-Andrews, Caroline Nava, Manuela Pendziwiat, Richard Person, Gian Paolo Ramelli, Luiza L.P. Ramos, Anita Rauch, Caitlin Reavey, Alessandra Renieri, Angelika Rieß, Amarilis Sanchez-Valle, Shifteh Sattar, Carol Saunders, Niklas Schwarz, Thomas Smol, Myriam Srour, Katharina Steindl, Steffen Syrbe, Jenny C. Taylor, Aida Telegrafi, Isabelle Thiffault, Doris A. Trauner, Helio van der Linden, Silvana van Koningsbruggen, Laurent Villard, Ida Vogel, Julie Vogt, Yvonne G. Weber, Ingrid M. Wentzensen, Elysa Widjaja, Jaroslav Zak, Samantha Baxter, Siddharth Banka, Lance H. Rodan, Jeremy F. McRae, Stephen Clayton, Tomas W. Fitzgerald, Joanna Kaplanis, Elena Prigmore, Diana Rajan, Alejandro Sifrim, Stuart Aitken, Nadia Akawi, Mohsan Alvi, Kirsty Ambridge, Daniel M. Barrett, Tanya Bayzetinova, Philip Jones, Wendy D. Jones, Daniel King, Netravathi Krishnappa, Laura E. Mason, Tarjinder Singh, Adrian R. Tivey, Munaza Ahmed, Uruj Anjum, Hayley Archer, Ruth Armstrong, Jana Awada, Meena Balasubramanian, Diana Baralle, Angela Barnicoat, Paul Batstone, David Baty, Chris Bennett, Jonathan Berg, Birgitta Bernhard, A. Paul Bevan, Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, Edward Blair, Moira Blyth, David Bohanna, Louise Bourdon, David Bourn, Lisa Bradley, Angela Brady, Simon Brent, Carole Brewer, Kate Brunstrom, David J. Bunyan, John Burn, Natalie Canham, Bruce Castle, Kate Chandler, Elena Chatzimichali, Deirdre Cilliers, Angus Clarke, Susan Clasper, Jill Clayton-Smith, Virginia Clowes, Andrea Coates, Trevor Cole, Irina Colgiu, Amanda Collins, Morag N. Collinson, Fiona Connell, Nicola Cooper, Lara Cresswell, Gareth Cross, Yanick Crow, Mariella D’Alessandro, Tabib Dabir, Rosemarie Davidson, Sally Davies, Dylan de Vries, John Dean, Charu Deshpande, Gemma Devlin, Abhijit Dixit, Angus Dobbie, Alan Donaldson, Dian Donnai, Deirdre Donnelly, Carina Donnelly, Angela Douglas, Sofia Douzgou, Alexis Duncan, Jacqueline Eason, Sian Ellard, Ian Ellis, Frances Elmslie, Karenza Evans, Sarah Everest, Tina Fendick, Richard Fisher, Frances Flinter, Nicola Foulds, Andrew Fry, Alan Fryer, Carol Gardiner, Lorraine Gaunt, Neeti Ghali, Richard Gibbons, Harinder Gill, Judith Goodship, David Goudie, Emma Gray, Andrew Green, Philip Greene, Lynn Greenhalgh, Susan Gribble, Rachel Harrison, Lucy Harrison, Victoria Harrison, Rose Hawkins, Liu He, Stephen Hellens, Alex Henderson, Sarah Hewitt, Lucy Hildyard, Emma Hobson, Simon Holden, Muriel Holder, Susan Holder, Georgina Hollingsworth, Tessa Homfray, Mervyn Humphreys, Jane Hurst, Ben Hutton, Stuart Ingram, Melita Irving, Lily Islam, Andrew Jackson, Joanna Jarvis, Lucy Jenkins, Diana Johnson, Elizabeth Jones, Dragana Josifova, Shelagh Joss, Beckie Kaemba, Sandra Kazembe, Rosemary Kelsell, Bronwyn Kerr, Helen Kingston, Usha Kini, Esther Kinning, Gail Kirby, Claire Kirk, Emma Kivuva, Alison Kraus, Dhavendra Kumar, V. K. Ajith Kumar, Katherine Lachlan, Wayne Lam, Anne Lampe, Caroline Langman, Melissa Lees, Derek Lim, Cheryl Longman, Gordon Lowther, Sally A. Lynch, Alex Magee, Eddy Maher, Alison Male, Sahar Mansour, Karen Marks, Katherine Martin, Una Maye, Emma McCann, Vivienne McConnell, Meriel McEntagart, Ruth McGowan, Kirsten McKay, Shane McKee, Dominic J. McMullan, Susan McNerlan, Catherine McWilliam, Sarju Mehta, Kay Metcalfe, Anna Middleton, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Emma Miles, Shehla Mohammed, Tara Montgomery, David Moore, Sian Morgan, Jenny Morton, Hood Mugalaasi, Victoria Murday, Helen Murphy, Swati Naik, Andrea Nemeth, Louise Nevitt, Ruth Newbury-Ecob, Andrew Norman, Rosie O’Shea, Caroline Ogilvie, Kai-Ren Ong, Soo-Mi Park, Michael J. Parker, Chirag Patel, Joan Paterson, Stewart Payne, Daniel Perrett, Julie Phipps, Daniela T. Pilz, Martin Pollard, Caroline Pottinger, Joanna Poulton, Norman Pratt, Katrina Prescott, Sue Price, Abigail Pridham, Annie Procter, Hellen Purnell, Oliver Quarrell, Nicola Ragge, Raheleh Rahbari, Josh Randall, Julia Rankin, Lucy Raymond, Debbie Rice, Leema Robert, Eileen Roberts, Jonathan Roberts, Paul Roberts, Gillian Roberts, Alison Ross, Elisabeth Rosser, Anand Saggar, Shalaka Samant, Julian Sampson, Richard Sandford, Ajoy Sarkar, Susann Schweiger, Richard Scott, Ingrid Scurr, Ann Selby, Anneke Seller, Cheryl Sequeira, Nora Shannon, Saba Sharif, Charles Shaw-Smith, Emma Shearing, Debbie Shears, Eamonn Sheridan, Ingrid Simonic, Roldan Singzon, Zara Skitt, Audrey Smith, Kath Smith, Sarah Smithson, Linda Sneddon, Miranda Splitt, Miranda Squires, Fiona Stewart, Helen Stewart, Volker Straub, Mohnish Suri, Vivienne Sutton, Ganesh Jawahar Swaminathan, Elizabeth Sweeney, Kate Tatton-Brown, Cat Taylor, Rohan Taylor, Mark Tein, I. Karen Temple, Jenny Thomson, Marc Tischkowitz, Susan Tomkins, Audrey Torokwa, Becky Treacy, Claire Turner, Peter Turnpenny, Carolyn Tysoe, Anthony Vandersteen, Vinod Varghese, Pradeep Vasudevan, Parthiban Vijayarangakannan, Emma Wakeling, Sarah Wallwark, Jonathon Waters, Astrid Weber, Diana Wellesley, Margo Whiteford, Sara Widaa, Sarah Wilcox, Emily Wilkinson, Denise Williams, Nicola Williams, Louise Wilson, Geoff Woods, Christopher Wragg, Michael Wright, Laura Yates, Michael Yau, Chris Nellåker, Michael Parker, Helen V. Firth, Caroline F. Wright, David R. FitzPatrick, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Matthew E. Hurles, Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Center for Medical Genetics, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISTC, CNR), Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Génétique médicale [Centre Hospitalier de Vannes], Centre hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique (Morbihan) (CHBA), Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Centre de Génétique Chromosomique [Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul], Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul-Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Service de génétique médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)-Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, Groupe de Recherche Clinique : Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme (GRC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University-Baylor University, Institute of Medical Genetics, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Università degli Studi di Camerino = University of Camerino (UNICAM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), University of Oxford, GeneDx [Gaithersburg, MD, USA], Department of Clinical Genetics (Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam), VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], Marseille medical genetics - Centre de génétique médicale de Marseille (MMG), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Institute of Biomedical Engineering [Oxford] (IBME), Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cytogenetics Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Genetics, University of Southampton, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), Yorkshire Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Molecular and Clinical Medicine [Dundee, UK] (School of Medicine), University of Dundee [UK]-Ninewells Hospital & Medical School [Dundee, UK], Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Regional Genetics Service, The Churchill hospital, North West Thames Regional Genetics, Northwick Park Hospital, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Wessex clinical genetics service, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (MFT), West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Our Lady's hospital for Sick Children, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Guy's Hospital [London], University Hospitals Leicester, University of Edinburgh, Belfast City Hospital, Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Institute of Medical Genetics, Heath Park, Cardiff, The London Clinic, Nottingham City Hospital, Clinical Genetics Department, St Michael's Hospital, Department of Genetic Medicine, Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (NUH), Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation Trust, Histopathology, St. George's Hospital, Teesside Genetics Unit, James Cook University (JCU), Kansas State University, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Medical Genetics, HMNC Brain Health, North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Leicester-University Hospitals Leicester, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School [Dundee], Academic Centre on Rare Diseases (ACoRD), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Oxford Brookes University, Institute of medicinal plant development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires [Lille], Department of Computer Science - Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Department of Clinical Genetics (Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust), Division of Medical & Molecular Genetics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde [Glasgow] (NHSGGC), Department of Clinical Genetics [Churchill Hospital], Churchill Hospital Oxford Centre for Haematology, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Southampton General Hospital, Western General Hospital, Head of the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], SW Thames Regional Genetics Service, St Georgeâ™s University of London, London, Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of North Texas (UNT), Clinical Genetics, Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle University [Newcastle], United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Institute of Medical Genetics (University Hospital of Wales), University Hospital of Wales (UHW), West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, University Hospitals Bristol, Marketing (MKT), EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management, Addenbrookes Hospital, West of Scotland Genetics Service (Queen Elizabeth University Hospital), University Hospital Birmingham Queen Elizabeth, Department of Clnical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital [Exeter, UK] (RDEH), Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London], School of Computer Science, Bangor University, University Hospital Southampton, Clinical Genetics Unit, St Georges, University of London, Medical Genetics, Cardiff University, Research and Development, Futurelab, Nottingham Regional Genetics Service [Nottingham, UK], Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (NUH)-City Hospital Campus [Nottingham, UK], University of St Andrews [Scotland], Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust - City Hospital Campus, West Midlands Regional Genetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University NHS Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle, Division of Biological Stress Response [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], The Netherlands Cancer Institute [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Molecular Genetics, IWK Health Centre, IWK health centre, North West london hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics (Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow), Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (Glasgow), Birmingham women's hospital, Birmingham, Ethox Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Badenoch Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, R01 HD091846, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Boston Children’s Hospital Faculty Development Fellowship, UM1HG008900, Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Chile’s National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research, DFG WE4896/3-1, German Research Society, WT 100127, Health Innovation Challenge Fund, Comprehensive Clinical Research Network, Skaggs-Oxford Scholarship, 10/H0305/83, Cambridge South REC, REC GEN/284/12, Republic of Ireland, WT098051, Wellcome Sanger Institute, 72160007, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 1DH1813319, Dietmar Hopp Stiftung, National Institute for Health Research, Department of Health & Social Care, Service de neurologie 1 [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul-GHICL, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)-Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM)-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Service de Génétique Cytogénétique et Embryologie [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Università degli Studi di Camerino (UNICAM), University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham University Hospitals, SW Thames Regional Genetics Service, St Georgeâ™s University of London, London, University Hospital of Wales, Grenoble Ecole de Management, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, City Hospital Campus [Nottingham, UK]-Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust [UK], ANS - Complex Trait Genetics, Human Genetics, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, Service de Neurologie [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], IFR70-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], GHICL-Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Friedrich-Alexander d'Erlangen-Nuremberg, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP], Centre Hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique [Vannes], Technische Universität München [München] (TUM)-Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM)-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Service de Génétique et Cytogénétique [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Università di Camerino (UNICAM), Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, University Hospitals of Leicester, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Weizmann Institute of Science, and Grenoble Ecole de Management (GEM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Microcephaly, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Haploinsufficiency, autism, epilepsy, epileptic encephalopathy, global developmental delay, H3K4 methylation, intellectual disability, KMT2E, neurodevelopmental disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, DNA-Binding Proteins, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Infant, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Pedigree, Phenotype, Young Adult, Genetic Variation, Heterozygote, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Intellectual disability, Global developmental delay, Genetics (clinical), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Hypotonia, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, medicine.symptom, Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9], 03 medical and health sciences, Report, medicine, Journal Article, Expressivity (genetics), Preschool, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, business.industry, Macrocephaly, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, Autism, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 206572.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
Published: 2019
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36. Author response for 'The clinical presentation caused by truncating CHD8 variants'

Author: Susan E. Holder, Sally Ann Lynch, Usha Kini, Siddharth Banka, Suresh Somarathi, Shane McKee, Kay Metcalfe, Marta Bertoli, Marc Tischkowitz, Laura M Yates, Sofia Douzgou, Hui Wen Liang, and Wafik Mohamed
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Presentation, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Medicine, business, media_common
Published: 2019
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37. A clinical study of Aicardi syndrome in Northern Ireland: the spectrum of ophthalmic findings

Author: Shane McKee, M O'Keefe, Eibhlin McLoone, and K Shirley
Subjects: Adult, Iris, Glaucoma, Northern Ireland, Northern ireland, Aicardi syndrome, Ophthalmic pathology, Clinical study, Neuro-ophthalmology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Retinal Diseases, Electroretinography, medicine, Humans, Microphthalmos, Aniridia, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Aicardi Syndrome, Ocular oncology, Coloboma, Ophthalmology, Child, Preschool, Clinical Study, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Optometry, Female, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: PurposeAicardi syndrome is a rare disorder, affecting ~1 in 100 000 live births. Chorioretinal lacunae feature alongside agenesis of the corpus callosum and spasms in flexion to make up a diagnostic triad. Recently ophthalmic findings such as microphthalmia and optic disc anomalies have been recognised in association with Aicardi syndrome. This population study aims to determine the presence of ocular findings and identifies some novel associations in these patients.MethodsA retrospective review of charts for seven patients with Aicardi syndrome was carried out.ResultsThe incidence of Aicardi syndrome in Northern Ireland was found to be 1 in 110 000 live births. Four patients who had microphthalmus also had iris abnormalities; two patients with bilateral microphthalmus had partial aniridia and two patients with unilateral microphthalmus had iris coloboma in the same eye. Optic disc abnormalities were found in 11 eyes of six patients. Two patients were found to have areas of fibrovascular proliferation with a thickened white ridge and avascular zone beyond. Both of these patients developed retinal detachments.ConclusionsOur review of patients with Aicardi syndrome in Northern Ireland has revealed some novel clinical findings, including aniridia in two cases. We also found a higher than previously reported rate of excavated disc anomalies of 50% in our cohort. We found two cases of peripheral retinal dysplasia, which has not been previously reported. This finding was associated with microphthalmus and severe optic disc abnormalities, and we feel this warrants early EUA to enable early treatment and hopefully result in better visual prognosis.
Published: 2016
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38. A splice‐site variant in ANKRD11 associated with classical KBG syndrome

Author: Shane McKee, Karen J. Low, A. Hills, Celia Duff‐Farrier, Sarah F. Smithson, and Maggie Williams
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genetics, RNA Splice Sites, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Developmental genetics, RNA splicing, KBG SYNDROME, Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2017
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39. Bi-allelic Loss-of-Function CACNA1B Mutations in Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia

Author: Kathleen M. Gorman, Esther Meyer, Detelina Grozeva, Egidio Spinelli, Amy McTague, Alba Sanchis-Juan, Keren J. Carss, Emily Bryant, Adi Reich, Amy L. Schneider, Ronit M. Pressler, Michael A. Simpson, Geoff D. Debelle, Evangeline Wassmer, Jenny Morton, Diana Sieciechowicz, Eric Jan-Kamsteeg, Alex R. Paciorkowski, Mary D. King, J. Helen Cross, Annapurna Poduri, Heather C. Mefford, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Tobias B. Haack, Gary McCullagh, John J. Millichap, Gemma L. Carvill, Jill Clayton-Smith, Eamonn R. Maher, F. Lucy Raymond, Manju A. Kurian, Jeremy F. McRae, Stephen Clayton, Tomas W. Fitzgerald, Joanna Kaplanis, Elena Prigmore, Diana Rajan, Alejandro Sifrim, Stuart Aitken, Nadia Akawi, Mohsan Alvi, Kirsty Ambridge, Daniel M. Barrett, Tanya Bayzetinova, Philip Jones, Wendy D. Jones, Daniel King, Netravathi Krishnappa, Laura E. Mason, Tarjinder Singh, Adrian R. Tivey, Munaza Ahmed, Uruj Anjum, Hayley Archer, Ruth Armstrong, Jana Awada, Meena Balasubramanian, Siddharth Banka, Diana Baralle, Angela Barnicoat, Paul Batstone, David Baty, Chris Bennett, Jonathan Berg, Birgitta Bernhard, A. Paul Bevan, Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, Edward Blair, Moira Blyth, David Bohanna, Louise Bourdon, David Bourn, Lisa Bradley, Angela Brady, Simon Brent, Carole Brewer, Kate Brunstrom, David J. Bunyan, John Burn, Natalie Canham, Bruce Castle, Kate Chandler, Elena Chatzimichali, Deirdre Cilliers, Angus Clarke, Susan Clasper, Virginia Clowes, Andrea Coates, Trevor Cole, Irina Colgiu, Amanda Collins, Morag N. Collinson, Fiona Connell, Nicola Cooper, Helen Cox, Lara Cresswell, Gareth Cross, Yanick Crow, Mariella D’Alessandro, Tabib Dabir, Rosemarie Davidson, Sally Davies, Dylan de Vries, John Dean, Charu Deshpande, Gemma Devlin, Abhijit Dixit, Angus Dobbie, Alan Donaldson, Dian Donnai, Deirdre Donnelly, Carina Donnelly, Angela Douglas, Sofia Douzgou, Alexis Duncan, Jacqueline Eason, Sian Ellard, Ian Ellis, Frances Elmslie, Karenza Evans, Sarah Everest, Tina Fendick, Richard Fisher, Frances Flinter, Nicola Foulds, Andrew Fry, Alan Fryer, Carol Gardiner, Lorraine Gaunt, Neeti Ghali, Richard Gibbons, Harinder Gill, Judith Goodship, David Goudie, Emma Gray, Andrew Green, Philip Greene, Lynn Greenhalgh, Susan Gribble, Rachel Harrison, Lucy Harrison, Victoria Harrison, Rose Hawkins, Liu He, Stephen Hellens, Alex Henderson, Sarah Hewitt, Lucy Hildyard, Emma Hobson, Simon Holden, Muriel Holder, Susan Holder, Georgina Hollingsworth, Tessa Homfray, Mervyn Humphreys, Jane Hurst, Ben Hutton, Stuart Ingram, Melita Irving, Lily Islam, Andrew Jackson, Joanna Jarvis, Lucy Jenkins, Diana Johnson, Elizabeth Jones, Dragana Josifova, Shelagh Joss, Beckie Kaemba, Sandra Kazembe, Rosemary Kelsell, Bronwyn Kerr, Helen Kingston, Usha Kini, Esther Kinning, Gail Kirby, Claire Kirk, Emma Kivuva, Alison Kraus, Dhavendra Kumar, V. K. Ajith Kumar, Katherine Lachlan, Wayne Lam, Anne Lampe, Caroline Langman, Melissa Lees, Derek Lim, Cheryl Longman, Gordon Lowther, Sally A. Lynch, Alex Magee, Eddy Maher, Alison Male, Sahar Mansour, Karen Marks, Katherine Martin, Una Maye, Emma McCann, Vivienne McConnell, Meriel McEntagart, Ruth McGowan, Kirsten McKay, Shane McKee, Dominic J. McMullan, Susan McNerlan, Catherine McWilliam, Sarju Mehta, Kay Metcalfe, Anna Middleton, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Emma Miles, Shehla Mohammed, Tara Montgomery, David Moore, Sian Morgan, Hood Mugalaasi, Victoria Murday, Helen Murphy, Swati Naik, Andrea Nemeth, Louise Nevitt, Ruth Newbury-Ecob, Andrew Norman, Rosie O’Shea, Caroline Ogilvie, Kai-Ren Ong, Soo-Mi Park, Michael J. Parker, Chirag Patel, Joan Paterson, Stewart Payne, Daniel Perrett, Julie Phipps, Daniela T. Pilz, Martin Pollard, Caroline Pottinger, Joanna Poulton, Norman Pratt, Katrina Prescott, Sue Price, Abigail Pridham, Annie Procter, Hellen Purnell, Oliver Quarrell, Nicola Ragge, Raheleh Rahbari, Josh Randall, Julia Rankin, Lucy Raymond, Debbie Rice, Leema Robert, Eileen Roberts, Jonathan Roberts, Paul Roberts, Gillian Roberts, Alison Ross, Elisabeth Rosser, Anand Saggar, Shalaka Samant, Julian Sampson, Richard Sandford, Ajoy Sarkar, Susann Schweiger, Richard Scott, Ingrid Scurr, Ann Selby, Anneke Seller, Cheryl Sequeira, Nora Shannon, Saba Sharif, Charles Shaw-Smith, Emma Shearing, Debbie Shears, Eamonn Sheridan, Ingrid Simonic, Roldan Singzon, Zara Skitt, Audrey Smith, Kath Smith, Sarah Smithson, Linda Sneddon, Miranda Splitt, Miranda Squires, Fiona Stewart, Helen Stewart, Volker Straub, Mohnish Suri, Vivienne Sutton, Ganesh Jawahar Swaminathan, Elizabeth Sweeney, Kate Tatton-Brown, Cat Taylor, Rohan Taylor, Mark Tein, I. Karen Temple, Jenny Thomson, Marc Tischkowitz, Susan Tomkins, Audrey Torokwa, Becky Treacy, Claire Turner, Peter Turnpenny, Carolyn Tysoe, Anthony Vandersteen, Vinod Varghese, Pradeep Vasudevan, Parthiban Vijayarangakannan, Julie Vogt, Emma Wakeling, Sarah Wallwark, Jonathon Waters, Astrid Weber, Diana Wellesley, Margo Whiteford, Sara Widaa, Sarah Wilcox, Emily Wilkinson, Denise Williams, Nicola Williams, Louise Wilson, Geoff Woods, Christopher Wragg, Michael Wright, Laura Yates, Michael Yau, Chris Nellåker, Michael Parker, Helen V. Firth, Caroline F. Wright, David R. FitzPatrick, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Matthew E. Hurles, Saeed Al Turki, Carl Anderson, Richard Anney, Dinu Antony, Maria Soler Artigas, Muhammad Ayub, Senduran Balasubramaniam, Inês Barroso, Phil Beales, Jamie Bentham, Shoumo Bhattacharya, Ewan Birney, Douglas Blackwood, Martin Bobrow, Elena Bochukova, Patrick Bolton, Rebecca Bounds, Chris Boustred, Gerome Breen, Mattia Calissano, Keren Carss, Krishna Chatterjee, Lu Chen, Antonio Ciampi, Sebhattin Cirak, Peter Clapham, Gail Clement, Guy Coates, David Collier, Catherine Cosgrove, Tony Cox, Nick Craddock, Lucy Crooks, Sarah Curran, David Curtis, Allan Daly, Aaron Day-Williams, Ian N.M. Day, Thomas Down, Yuanping Du, Ian Dunham, Sarah Edkins, Peter Ellis, David Evans, Sadaf Faroogi, Ghazaleh Fatemifar, David R. Fitzpatrick, Paul Flicek, James Flyod, A. Reghan Foley, Christopher S. Franklin, Marta Futema, Louise Gallagher, Matthias Geihs, Daniel Geschwind, Heather Griffin, Xueqin Guo, Xiaosen Guo, Hugh Gurling, Deborah Hart, Audrey Hendricks, Peter Holmans, Bryan Howie, Liren Huang, Tim Hubbard, Steve E. Humphries, Pirro Hysi, David K. Jackson, Yalda Jamshidi, Tian Jing, Chris Joyce, Jane Kaye, Thomas Keane, Julia Keogh, John Kemp, Karen Kennedy, Anja Kolb-Kokocinski, Genevieve Lachance, Cordelia Langford, Daniel Lawson, Irene Lee, Monkol Lek, Jieqin Liang, Hong Lin, Rui Li, Yingrui Li, Ryan Liu, Jouko Lönnqvist, Margarida Lopes, Valentina Iotchkova, Daniel MacArthur, Jonathan Marchini, John Maslen, Mangino Massimo, Iain Mathieson, Gaëlle Marenne, Peter McGuffin, Andrew McIntosh, Andrew G. McKechanie, Andrew McQuillin, Sarah Metrustry, Hannah Mitchison, Alireza Moayyeri, James Morris, Francesco Muntoni, Kate Northstone, Michael O'Donnovan, Alexandros Onoufriadis, Stephen O'Rahilly, Karim Oualkacha, Michael J. Owen, Aarno Palotie, Kalliope Panoutsopoulou, Victoria Parker, Jeremy R. Parr, Lavinia Paternoster, Tiina Paunio, Felicity Payne, Olli Pietilainen, Vincent Plagnol, Lydia Quaye, Michael A. Quail, Karola Rehnström, Susan Ring, Graham R.S. Ritchie, Nicola Roberts, David B. Savage, Peter Scambler, Stephen Schiffels, Miriam Schmidts, Nadia Schoenmakers, Robert K. Semple, Eva Serra, Sally I. Sharp, So-Youn Shin, David Skuse, Kerrin Small, Lorraine Southam, Olivera Spasic-Boskovic, David St Clair, Jim Stalker, Elizabeth Stevens, Beate St Pourcian, Jianping Sun, Jaana Suvisaari, Ionna Tachmazidou, Martin D. Tobin, Ana Valdes, Margriet Van Kogelenberg, Peter M. Visscher, Louise V. Wain, James T.R. Walters, Guangbiao Wang, Jun Wang, Yu Wang, Kirsten Ward, Elanor Wheeler, Tamieka Whyte, Hywel Williams, Kathleen A. Williamson, Crispian Wilson, Kim Wong, ChangJiang Xu, Jian Yang, Fend Zhang, Pingbo Zhang, Timothy Aitman, Hana Alachkar, Sonia Ali, Louise Allen, David Allsup, Gautum Ambegaonkar, Julie Anderson, Richard Antrobus, Gavin Arno, Gururaj Arumugakani, Sofie Ashford, William Astle, Antony Attwood, Steve Austin, Chiara Bacchelli, Tamam Bakchoul, Tadbir K. Bariana, Helen Baxendale, David Bennett, Claire Bethune, Shahnaz Bibi, Marta Bleda, Harm Boggard, Paula Bolton-Maggs, Claire Booth, John R. Bradley, Angie Brady, Matthew Brown, Michael Browning, Christine Bryson, Siobhan Burns, Paul Calleja, Jenny Carmichael, Mark Caulfield, Elizabeth Chalmers, Anita Chandra, Patrick Chinnery, Manali Chitre, Colin Church, Emma Clement, Naomi Clements-Brod, Gerry Coghlan, Peter Collins, Nichola Cooper, Amanda Creaser-Myers, Rosa DaCosta, Louise Daugherty, Sophie Davies, John Davis, Minka De Vries, Patrick Deegan, Sri V.V. Deevi, Lisa Devlin, Eleanor Dewhurst, Rainer Doffinger, Natalie Dormand, Elizabeth Drewe, David Edgar, William Egner, Wendy N. Erber, Marie Erwood, Tamara Everington, Remi Favier, Helen Firth, Debra Fletcher, James C. Fox, Amy Frary, Kathleen Freson, Bruce Furie, Abigail Furnell, Daniel Gale, Alice Gardham, Michael Gattens, Pavandeep K. Ghataorhe, Rohit Ghurye, Simon Gibbs, Kimberley Gilmour, Paul Gissen, Sarah Goddard, Keith Gomez, Pavel Gordins, Stefan Gräf, Daniel Greene, Alan Greenhalgh, Andreas Greinacher, Sofia Grigoriadou, Scott Hackett, Charaka Hadinnapola, Rosie Hague, Matthias Haimel, Csaba Halmagyi, Tracey Hammerton, Daniel Hart, Grant Hayman, Johan W.M. Heemskerk, Robert Henderson, Anke Hensiek, Yvonne Henskens, Archana Herwadkar, Fengyuan Hu, Aarnoud Huissoon, Marc Humbert, Roger James, Stephen Jolles, Rashid Kazmi, David Keeling, Peter Kelleher, Anne M. Kelly, Fiona Kennedy, David Kiely, Nathalie Kingston, Ania Koziell, Deepa Krishnakumar, Taco W. Kuijpers, Dinakantha Kumararatne, Manju Kurian, Michael A. Laffan, Michele P. Lambert, Hana Lango Allen, Allan Lawrie, Sara Lear, Claire Lentaigne, Ri Liesner, Rachel Linger, Hilary Longhurst, Lorena Lorenzo, Rajiv Machado, Rob Mackenzie, Robert MacLaren, Eamonn Maher, Jesmeen Maimaris, Sarah Mangles, Ania Manson, Rutendo Mapeta, Hugh S. Markus, Jennifer Martin, Larahmie Masati, Mary Mathias, Vera Matser, Anna Maw, Elizabeth McDermott, Coleen McJannet, Stuart Meacham, Sharon Meehan, Karyn Megy, Michel Michaelides, Carolyn M. Millar, Shahin Moledina, Anthony Moore, Nicholas Morrell, Andrew Mumford, Sai Murng, Elaine Murphy, Sergey Nejentsev, Sadia Noorani, Paquita Nurden, Eric Oksenhendler, Willem H. Ouwehand, Sofia Papadia, Alasdair Parker, John Pasi, Chris Patch, Jeanette Payne, Andrew Peacock, Kathelijne Peerlinck, Christopher J. Penkett, Joanna Pepke-Zaba, David J. Perry, Val Pollock, Gary Polwarth, Mark Ponsford, Waseem Qasim, Isabella Quinti, Stuart Rankin, Karola Rehnstrom, Evan Reid, Christopher J. Rhodes, Michael Richards, Sylvia Richardson, Alex Richter, Irene Roberts, Matthew Rondina, Catherine Roughley, Kevin Rue-Albrecht, Crina Samarghitean, Saikat Santra, Ravishankar Sargur, Sinisa Savic, Sol Schulman, Harald Schulze, Marie Scully, Suranjith Seneviratne, Carrock Sewell, Olga Shamardina, Debbie Shipley, Ilenia Simeoni, Suthesh Sivapalaratnam, Kenneth Smith, Aman Sohal, Laura Southgate, Simon Staines, Emily Staples, Hans Stauss, Penelope Stein, Jonathan Stephens, Kathleen Stirrups, Sophie Stock, Jay Suntharalingam, R. Campbell Tait, Kate Talks, Yvonne Tan, Jecko Thachil, James Thaventhiran, Ellen Thomas, Moira Thomas, Dorothy Thompson, Adrian Thrasher, Catherine Titterton, Cheng-Hock Toh, Mark Toshner, Carmen Treacy, Richard Trembath, Salih Tuna, Wojciech Turek, Ernest Turro, Chris Van Geet, Marijke Veltman, Julie von Ziegenweldt, Anton Vonk Noordegraaf, Ivy Wanjiku, Timothy Q. Warner, Hugh Watkins, Andrew Webster, Steve Welch, Sarah Westbury, John Wharton, Deborah Whitehorn, Martin Wilkins, Lisa Willcocks, Catherine Williamson, Geoffrey Woods, John Wort, Nigel Yeatman, Patrick Yong, Tim Young, Ping Yu, Paediatric Infectious Diseases / Rheumatology / Immunology, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Pediatric surgery, APH - Aging & Later Life, Molecular cell biology and Immunology, Pulmonary medicine, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, and APH - Quality of Care
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Adolescent, Loss of Heterozygosity, Context (language use), Postnatal microcephaly, Neurotransmission, medicine.disease_cause, Bioinformatics, Synaptic Transmission, Loss of heterozygosity, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Calcium Channels, N-Type, Report, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Child, Genetics (clinical), Mutation, Dyskinesias, business.industry, Infant, medicine.disease, Hypotonia, Pedigree, 030104 developmental biology, Dyskinesia, Child, Preschool, Calcium, Female, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: © 2019 American Society of Human Genetics The occurrence of non-epileptic hyperkinetic movements in the context of developmental epileptic encephalopathies is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. Identification of causative mutations provides an important insight into common pathogenic mechanisms that cause both seizures and abnormal motor control. We report bi-allelic loss-of-function CACNA1B variants in six children from three unrelated families whose affected members present with a complex and progressive neurological syndrome. All affected individuals presented with epileptic encephalopathy, severe neurodevelopmental delay (often with regression), and a hyperkinetic movement disorder. Additional neurological features included postnatal microcephaly and hypotonia. Five children died in childhood or adolescence (mean age of death: 9 years), mainly as a result of secondary respiratory complications. CACNA1B encodes the pore-forming subunit of the pre-synaptic neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2/N-type, crucial for SNARE-mediated neurotransmission, particularly in the early postnatal period. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in CACNA1B are predicted to cause disruption of Ca2+ influx, leading to impaired synaptic neurotransmission. The resultant effect on neuronal function is likely to be important in the development of involuntary movements and epilepsy. Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the key role of Cav2.2 in normal human neurodevelopment.
Published: 2018
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40. Correction: The ARID1B spectrum in 143 patients

Author: Mitsuhiro Kato, Grazia M.S. Mancini, Krystyna H. Chrzanowska, Alexander P.A. Stegmann, Stephen P. Robertson, Suzanne C E H Sallevelt, Yasemin Alanay, Melissa Lees, Sarju G. Mehta, Anne Destree, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Seiji Mizuno, David Hunt, Laurent Pasquier, H. lya Kayserili, Karin R. Heitink, Ineke van der Burgt, Christian Netzer, Duco Steenbeek, Mónica Roselló, Rachel K. Earl, Sharon N. M. Olminkhof, Arie van Haeringen, Katherine Berry, Ute Grasshoff, Francisco Martínez, Alwin F. J. Brouwer, Nursel Elcioglu, Patricia G. Wheeler, Rolph Pfundt, Shane McKee, Maian Roifman, Yoyo W. Y. Chu, Brain H. Y. Chung, John B. Moeschler, Barbara Oehl-Jaschkowitz, Denise Horn, Karin Dahan, Ellen R. Elias, Natalie Canham, Pelin Ozlem Simsek-Kiper, Vanesa López-González, Samantha A. Vergano, Tracy Dudding-Byth, Esra Kılıç, Charlotte W. Ockeloen, Carlo Marcelis, Levinus A. Bok, Gijs W. E. Santen, Philippe M. Campeau, Kylin Lammers, Anneke T. Vulto-van Silfhout, Stefanie Beck-Wödl, Allan Bayat, Eyyup Uctepe, Louise C. Wilson, Sarina G. Kant, Pleuntje J. van der Sluijs, Fatma Mujgan Sonmez, Tomoki Kosho, Marianne McGuire, Evan E. Eichler, Mahmut Şamil Sağıroğlu, Vera Riehmer, Caroline Rooryck, Miho Adachi-Fukuda, Rogier Kersseboom, Saskia M. Maas, Jeff M. Milunsky, Johanna C. Herkert, Anwar Baban, Nicolette S. den Hollander, Amparo Sanchis Calvo, Lone W. Laulund, Sandra Jansen, Golder N. Wilson, Kay Metcalfe, Fabienne G. Ropers, Caroline Pottinger, Gabriela Soares, Isabelle Maystadt, Miranda Splitt, Constance T. R. M. Stumpel, Catherine Vincent-Delorme, Bert B.A. de Vries, Jill Clayton-Smith, Claudia A. L. Ruivenkamp, Marjan De Rademaeker, Bernd Wollnik, Nobuhiko Okamoto, Christina Fagerberg, Erica H. Gerkes, Damien Lederer, Carmen Orellana, Alice Gardham, Saori Tanabe, Małgorzata Krajewska-Walasek, Adila Al-Kindy, Catheline Vilain, Dagmar Wieczorek, G. Eda Utine, Sunita Venkateswaran, Blanca Gener, Lucia Solaeche, and Hermine E. Veenstra-Knol
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Coffin–Siris syndrome, Correction, medicine.disease, Genealogy, Spelling, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Intellectual disability, medicine, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genetics (clinical), 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Pleuntje J. van der Sluijs, which was incorrectly given as Eline (P. J.) van der Sluijs. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Published: 2019
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41. De novo, heterozygous, loss-of-function mutations in SYNGAP1 cause a syndromic form of intellectual disability

Author: Shehla Mohammed, Soo-Mi Park, David R. FitzPatrick, Alex Magee, Damien Lederer, Michael Parker, Alan Fryer, Katherine Lachlan, Deborah J. Shears, Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, Valérie Benoit, Shane McKee, Isabelle Maystadt, and Pradeep C. Vasudevan
Subjects: Genetics, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, SYNGAP1, medicine.disease, Hypotonia, Frameshift mutation, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Intellectual disability, Medicine, Missense mutation, Copy-number variation, medicine.symptom, business, Haploinsufficiency, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genetics (clinical), 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: De novo mutations (DNM) in SYNGAP1, encoding Ras/Rap GTPase-activating protein SynGAP, have been reported in individuals with nonsyndromic intellectual disability (ID). We identified 10 previously unreported individuals with SYNGAP1 DNM; seven via the Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) Study, one through clinical analysis for copy number variation and the remaining two (monozygotic twins) via a research multi-gene panel analysis. Seven of the nine heterozygous mutations are likely to result in loss-of-function (3 nonsense; 3 frameshift; 1 whole gene deletion). The remaining two mutations, one of which affected the monozygotic twins, were missense variants. Each individual carrying a DNM in SYNGAP1 had moderate-to-severe ID and 7/10 had epilepsy; typically myoclonic seizures, absences or drop attacks. 8/10 had hypotonia, 5/10 had significant constipation, 7/10 had wide-based/unsteady gait, 3/10 had strabismus, and 2/10 had significant hip dysplasia. A proportion of the affected individuals had a similar, myopathic facial appearance, with broad nasal bridge, relatively long nose and full lower lip vermilion. A distinctive behavioral phenotype was also observed with aggressive/challenging behavior and significant sleep problems being common. 7/10 individuals had MR imaging of the brain each of which was reported as normal. The clinical features of the individuals reported here show significant overlap with those associated with 6p21.3 microdeletions, confirming that haploinsufficiency for SYNGAP1 is responsible for both disorders. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Published: 2015
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42. Histone Lysine Methylases and Demethylases in the Landscape of Human Developmental Disorders

Author: Víctor Faundes, William G. Newman, Laura Bernardini, Natalie Canham, Jill Clayton-Smith, Bruno Dallapiccola, Sally J. Davies, Michelle K. Demos, Amy Goldman, Harinder Gill, Rachel Horton, Bronwyn Kerr, Dhavendra Kumar, Anna Lehman, Shane McKee, Jenny Morton, Michael J. Parker, Julia Rankin, Lisa Robertson, I. Karen Temple, Siddharth Banka, Shelin Adam, Christèle du Souich, Alison M. Elliott, Jill Mwenifumbo, Tanya N. Nelson, Clara van Karnebeek, Jan M. Friedman, Jeremy F. McRae, Stephen Clayton, Tomas W. Fitzgerald, Joanna Kaplanis, Elena Prigmore, Diana Rajan, Alejandro Sifrim, Stuart Aitken, Nadia Akawi, Mohsan Alvi, Kirsty Ambridge, Daniel M. Barrett, Tanya Bayzetinova, Philip Jones, Wendy D. Jones, Daniel King, Netravathi Krishnappa, Laura E. Mason, Tarjinder Singh, Adrian R. Tivey, Munaza Ahmed, Uruj Anjum, Hayley Archer, Ruth Armstrong, Jana Awada, Meena Balasubramanian, Diana Baralle, Angela Barnicoat, Paul Batstone, David Baty, Chris Bennett, Jonathan Berg, Birgitta Bernhard, A. Paul Bevan, Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, Edward Blair, Moira Blyth, David Bohanna, Louise Bourdon, David Bourn, Lisa Bradley, Angela Brady, Simon Brent, Carole Brewer, Kate Brunstrom, David J. Bunyan, John Burn, Bruce Castle, Kate Chandler, Elena Chatzimichali, Deirdre Cilliers, Angus Clarke, Susan Clasper, Virginia Clowes, Andrea Coates, Trevor Cole, Irina Colgiu, Amanda Collins, Morag N. Collinson, Fiona Connell, Nicola Cooper, Helen Cox, Lara Cresswell, Gareth Cross, Yanick Crow, Mariella D’Alessandro, Tabib Dabir, Rosemarie Davidson, Sally Davies, Dylan de Vries, John Dean, Charu Deshpande, Gemma Devlin, Abhijit Dixit, Angus Dobbie, Alan Donaldson, Dian Donnai, Deirdre Donnelly, Carina Donnelly, Angela Douglas, Sofia Douzgou, Alexis Duncan, Jacqueline Eason, Sian Ellard, Ian Ellis, Frances Elmslie, Karenza Evans, Sarah Everest, Tina Fendick, Richard Fisher, Frances Flinter, Nicola Foulds, Andrew Fry, Alan Fryer, Carol Gardiner, Lorraine Gaunt, Neeti Ghali, Richard Gibbons, Judith Goodship, David Goudie, Emma Gray, Andrew Green, Philip Greene, Lynn Greenhalgh, Susan Gribble, Rachel Harrison, Lucy Harrison, Victoria Harrison, Rose Hawkins, Liu He, Stephen Hellens, Alex Henderson, Sarah Hewitt, Lucy Hildyard, Emma Hobson, Simon Holden, Muriel Holder, Susan Holder, Georgina Hollingsworth, Tessa Homfray, Mervyn Humphreys, Jane Hurst, Ben Hutton, Stuart Ingram, Melita Irving, Lily Islam, Andrew Jackson, Joanna Jarvis, Lucy Jenkins, Diana Johnson, Elizabeth Jones, Dragana Josifova, Shelagh Joss, Beckie Kaemba, Sandra Kazembe, Rosemary Kelsell, Helen Kingston, Usha Kini, Esther Kinning, Gail Kirby, Claire Kirk, Emma Kivuva, Alison Kraus, V.K. Ajith Kumar, Katherine Lachlan, Wayne Lam, Anne Lampe, Caroline Langman, Melissa Lees, Derek Lim, Cheryl Longman, Gordon Lowther, Sally A. Lynch, Alex Magee, Eddy Maher, Alison Male, Sahar Mansour, Karen Marks, Katherine Martin, Una Maye, Emma McCann, Vivienne McConnell, Meriel McEntagart, Ruth McGowan, Kirsten McKay, Dominic J. McMullan, Susan McNerlan, Catherine McWilliam, Sarju Mehta, Kay Metcalfe, Anna Middleton, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Emma Miles, Shehla Mohammed, Tara Montgomery, David Moore, Sian Morgan, Hood Mugalaasi, Victoria Murday, Helen Murphy, Swati Naik, Andrea Nemeth, Louise Nevitt, Ruth Newbury-Ecob, Andrew Norman, Rosie O’Shea, Caroline Ogilvie, Kai-Ren Ong, Soo-Mi Park, Chirag Patel, Joan Paterson, Stewart Payne, Daniel Perrett, Julie Phipps, Daniela T. Pilz, Martin Pollard, Caroline Pottinger, Joanna Poulton, Norman Pratt, Katrina Prescott, Sue Price, Abigail Pridham, Annie Procter, Hellen Purnell, Oliver Quarrell, Nicola Ragge, Raheleh Rahbari, Josh Randall, Lucy Raymond, Debbie Rice, Leema Robert, Eileen Roberts, Jonathan Roberts, Paul Roberts, Gillian Roberts, Alison Ross, Elisabeth Rosser, Anand Saggar, Shalaka Samant, Julian Sampson, Richard Sandford, Ajoy Sarkar, Susann Schweiger, Richard Scott, Ingrid Scurr, Ann Selby, Anneke Seller, Cheryl Sequeira, Nora Shannon, Saba Sharif, Charles Shaw-Smith, Emma Shearing, Debbie Shears, Eamonn Sheridan, Ingrid Simonic, Roldan Singzon, Zara Skitt, Audrey Smith, Kath Smith, Sarah Smithson, Linda Sneddon, Miranda Splitt, Miranda Squires, Fiona Stewart, Helen Stewart, Volker Straub, Mohnish Suri, Vivienne Sutton, Ganesh Jawahar Swaminathan, Elizabeth Sweeney, Kate Tatton-Brown, Cat Taylor, Rohan Taylor, Mark Tein, Jenny Thomson, Marc Tischkowitz, Susan Tomkins, Audrey Torokwa, Becky Treacy, Claire Turner, Peter Turnpenny, Carolyn Tysoe, Anthony Vandersteen, Vinod Varghese, Pradeep Vasudevan, Parthiban Vijayarangakannan, Julie Vogt, Emma Wakeling, Sarah Wallwark, Jonathon Waters, Astrid Weber, Diana Wellesley, Margo Whiteford, Sara Widaa, Sarah Wilcox, Emily Wilkinson, Denise Williams, Nicola Williams, Louise Wilson, Geoff Woods, Christopher Wragg, Michael Wright, Laura Yates, Michael Yau, Chris Nellåker, Michael Parker, Helen V. Firth, Caroline F. Wright, David R. FitzPatrick, Jeffrey C. Barrett, and Matthew E. . Hurles
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, ASH1L, Male, Methyltransferase, Adolescent, Histone lysine methylation, KMT5B, Developmental Disabilities, Haploinsufficiency, Biology, Compound heterozygosity, histone lysine methyltransferase, Chromatin remodeling, chromatin remodeling, 03 medical and health sciences, histone lysine demethylase, Report, Genetics, Humans, Child, Genetics (clinical), Regulation of gene expression, Histone Demethylases, Developmental disorders, KMT2C, KMT2B, Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase, 030104 developmental biology, Histone, Overgrowth syndrome, Child, Preschool, Mutation, biology.protein, KDM5B, Female
Abstract: Histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) underpin gene regulation. Here we demonstrate that variants causing haploinsufficiency of KMTs and KDMs are frequently encountered in individuals with developmental disorders. Using a combination of human variation databases and existing animal models, we determine 22 KMTs and KDMs as additional candidates for dominantly inherited developmental disorders. We show that KMTs and KDMs that are associated with, or are candidates for, dominant developmental disorders tend to have a higher level of transcription, longer canonical transcripts, more interactors, and a higher number and more types of post-translational modifications than other KMT and KDMs. We provide evidence to firmly associate KMT2C, ASH1L, and KMT5B haploinsufficiency with dominant developmental disorders. Whereas KMT2C or ASH1L haploinsufficiency results in a predominantly neurodevelopmental phenotype with occasional physical anomalies, KMT5B mutations cause an overgrowth syndrome with intellectual disability. We further expand the phenotypic spectrum of KMT2B-related disorders and show that some individuals can have severe developmental delay without dystonia at least until mid-childhood. Additionally, we describe a recessive histone lysine-methylation defect caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous KDM5B variants and resulting in a recognizable syndrome with developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, and camptodactyly. Collectively, these results emphasize the significance of histone lysine methylation in normal human development and the importance of this process in human developmental disorders. Our results demonstrate that systematic clinically oriented pathway-based analysis of genomic data can accelerate the discovery of rare genetic disorders.
Published: 2017
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43. Fantastic Data and Where to Find It

Author: Shane McKee
Subjects: Access to Information, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Health Information Interoperability, Electronic Health Records, Humans, Guest Editorial, Northern Ireland
Published: 2017

44. NovelKDM6A(UTX) mutations and a clinical and molecular review of the X-linked Kabuki syndrome (KS2)

Author: D. Beysen, Deborah J. Shears, Siddharth Banka, Bernard Grisart, Grazia M.S. Mancini, Damien Lederer, S. Bunstone, Ravi Savarirayan, Dian Donnai, Valérie Benoit, Shane McKee, E. Jenkins, Bronwyn Kerr, Isabelle Maystadt, E. Howard, Susan M. White, Ronald D. Cohn, H. Stewart, and I C Lloyd
Subjects: Hypertrichosis, Genetics, Mutation, Mutation rate, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, medicine.disease, Short stature, Hypotonia, Exon, medicine, Missense mutation, medicine.symptom, Kabuki syndrome, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: We describe seven patients with KDM6A (located on Xp11.3 and encodes UTX) mutations, a rare cause of Kabuki syndrome (KS2, MIM 300867) and report, for the first time, germ-line missense and splice-site mutations in the gene. We demonstrate that less than 5% cases of Kabuki syndrome are due to KDM6A mutations. Our work shows that similar to the commoner Type 1 Kabuki syndrome (KS1, MIM 147920) caused by KMT2D (previously called MLL2) mutations, KS2 patients are characterized by hypotonia and feeding difficulties during infancy and poor postnatal growth and short stature. Unlike KS1, developmental delay and learning disability are generally moderate-severe in boys but mild-moderate in girls with KS2. Some girls may have a normal developmental profile. Speech and cognition tend to be more severely affected than motor development. Increased susceptibility to infections, join laxity, heart, dental and ophthalmological anomalies are common. Hypoglycaemia is more common in KS2 than in KS1. Facial dysmorphism with KDM6A mutations is variable and diagnosis on facial gestalt alone may be difficult in some patients. Hypertrichosis, long halluces and large central incisors may be useful clues to an underlying KDM6A mutation in some patients.
Published: 2014
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45. Loss-of-function HDAC8 mutations cause a phenotypic spectrum of Cornelia de Lange syndrome-like features, ocular hypertelorism, large fontanelle and X-linked inheritance

Author: María Concepción Gil-Rodríguez, Angela E. Scheuerle, Kathleen A. Leppig, Hane Lee, Miguel Del Campo, Peter Diakumis, Katsuhiko Shirahige, Encarna Guillén-Navarro, Juliane Eckhold, Sally Ann Lynch, Holly Dubbs, A. Micheil Innes, Joe Ann S. Moser, Sulagna C. Saitta, Naohito Nozaki, Fabiola Quintero-Rivera, Helger G. Yntema, Antonie D. Kline, Antonio Perez-Aytes, Dinah Clark, Patrick Willems, Lynette S. Penney, Bryan D. Hall, David A. Dyment, Samuel P. Strom, Matthew A. Deardorff, Maninder Kaur, Kathleen A. Williamson, Diana Braunholz, Ieva Micule, Jennifer M. Hunter, Jose Ferreira, Laird G. Jackson, Sarah Ernst, Paldeep S. Atwal, Raoul C.M. Hennekam, Shane McKee, Sarju G. Mehta, David R. FitzPatrick, Sarah E. Noon, David J. Amor, Yolanda Gyftodimou, David W. Christianson, Louanne Hudgins, Christopher T. Fincher, Melanie Hullings, Inga Vater, Victoria Mok Siu, Feliciano J. Ramos, Michael B. Petersen, Christophe Decroos, Antonio Musio, Morad Ansari, Elizabeth Roeder, Nicole Revencu, Heidi Thiese, Shehla Mohammed, Beatriz Puisac, Louise C. Wilson, John Pappas, Lauren J. Francey, Zita Krumina, Zornitza Stark, Karen L. Schindeler, Juan Pié, Ellen Moran, Jolanta Wierzba, Nataliya Di Donato, Hakon Hakonarson, Frank J. Kaiser, Gabriele Gillessen-Kaesbach, Geert Mortier, Han G. Brunner, Linda Mannini, Melanie Bahlo, Jonathan J. Wilde, Masashige Bando, Jacquelyn J. Bradley, Mark B. Mallozzi, Ulrike Gehlken, Christine M. Bowman, Luis Nunes, Ian D. Krantz, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health, Human Genetics, UCL - SSS/IREC - Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, UCL - (SLuc) Centre de génétique médicale UCL, UCL - (SLuc) Centre de malformations vasculaires congénitales, CareRare Canada Consortium, and University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics
Subjects: Male, Care4Rare Canada Consortium, medicine.disease_cause, Bioinformatics, Medical and Health Sciences, Cohort Studies, Congenital, Genes, X-Linked, De Lange Syndrome, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Missense mutation, Eye Abnormalities, Aetiology, Hypertelorism, Child, Genetics (clinical), X-linked recessive inheritance, Pediatric, Genetics & Heredity, Genetics, screening and diagnosis, Mutation, Genetic disorder, Articles, General Medicine, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Detection, Phenotype, Child, Preschool, Female, medicine.symptom, Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, Cohesin complex, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Molecular Sequence Data, Cranial Fontanelles, Mutation, Missense, Biology, Histone Deacetylases, Rare Diseases, medicine, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease, Sensory disorders Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 12], University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Preschool, Molecular Biology, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], Infant, NIPBL, X-Linked, medicine.disease, Brain Disorders, 4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies, Repressor Proteins, Genes, Human medicine, Missense, Sequence Alignment
Abstract: Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is amultisystemgenetic disorder with distinct facies, growth failure, intellectual disability, distal limb anomalies, gastrointestinal and neurological disease. Mutations in NIPBL, encoding a cohesin regulatory protein, account for >80% of cases with typical facies. Mutations in the core cohesin complex proteins, encoded by the SMC1A, SMC3 and RAD21 genes, together account for ̃5% of subjects, often with atypical CdLS features. Recently, we identified mutations in the X-linked gene HDAC8 as the cause of a small number of CdLS cases. Here, we report a cohort of 38 individuals with an emerging spectrum of features caused by HDAC8 mutations. For several individuals, the diagnosis of CdLS was not considered prior to genomic testing. Most mutations identified are missense and de novo. Many cases are heterozygous females, each with marked skewing of X-inactivation in peripheral blood DNA.Wealso identified eight hemizygous males who are more severely affected. The craniofacial appearance caused by HDAC8 mutations overlaps that of typical CdLS but often displays delayed anterior fontanelle closure, ocular hypertelorism, hooding of the eyelids, a broader nose and dental anomalies, which may be useful discriminating features. HDAC8 encodes the lysine deacetylase for the cohesin subunit SMC3 and analysis of the functional consequences of the missense mutations indicates that all cause a loss of enzymatic function. These data demonstrate that loss-of-function mutations in HDAC8 cause a range of overlapping human developmental phenotypes, including a phenotypically distinct subgroup of CdLS. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Published: 2014
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46. Deletions in 14q24.1q24.3 are associated with congenital heart defects, brachydactyly, and mild intellectual disability

Author: Susan E. McNerlan, Shane McKee, Björn Menten, Georg Weber, Anne De Paepe, Andreas Tzschach, Thomas Martin, Barbara Oehl-Jaschkowitz, Simone Scheid, Romain Krier, Alexander Christmann, and Olivier Vanakker
Subjects: Heart Defects, Congenital, Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Persistent truncus arteriosus, Intellectual Disability, Intellectual disability, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Hypertelorism, Child, Genetics (clinical), Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, business.industry, Brachydactyly, Facies, Infant, medicine.disease, Ectopic kidney, Phenotype, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Intestinal malrotation, Child, Preschool, Female, Chromosome Deletion, medicine.symptom, Haploinsufficiency, Pulmonary atresia, business
Abstract: Interstitial deletions of chromosome band 14q24.1q24.3 are apparently very rare. We report on three unrelated patients with overlapping de novo deletions of sizes 5.4, 2.8, and 2.3 Mb in this region. While some clinical problems such as intestinal malrotation, cryptorchidism, and ectopic kidney were only observed in single patients, all three patients had mild intellectual disability, congenital heart defects (truncus arteriosus, pulmonary atresia, atrial septal defect, and/or ventricular septal defect), brachydactyly, hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge, and thin upper lips. Likely haploinsufficiency of one or several of the 19 genes in the common deleted interval (ACTN1, DCAF5, EXD2, GALNTL1, ERH, SLC39A9, PLEKHD1, CCDC177, KIAA0247, LOC100289511, SRSF5, SLC10A1, SMOC1, SLC8A3, ADAM21P1, COX16, SYNJ2BP, SYNJ2BP-COX16, ADAM21) was responsible for these manifestations, but apart from SMOC1, mutations in which cause autosomal recessive Waardenburg anophthalmia syndrome, and ACTN1, mutations in which are associated with congenital macrothrombocytopenia, no disease associations have so far been reported for the other genes. Functional studies and a systematic search for mutations or chromosome aberrations in this region will elucidate the role of individual genes in the clinical manifestations and will provide insight into the underlying biological mechanisms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Published: 2013
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47. Mutations in the histone methyltransferase gene KMT2B cause complex early-onset dystonia

Author: Brian T. Wilson, Vasiliki Nakou, Henry Houlden, Angela Barnicoat, Joost Nicolai, Miriam S. Reuter, Patrick Rump, F Lucy Raymond, Nicholas W. Wood, Serena Barral, Sanjay Bhate, Jonathan R. Chubb, Manju A. Kurian, Michèl A.A.P. Willemsen, Esther Meyer, André Reis, Nicola Foulds, Shekeeb S Mohammed, Kathryn J. Peall, Patricia Limousin, Apostolos Papandreou, Margaret Kaminska, Magnus Nilsson, Russell C. Dale, Susan M. White, Paul Gissen, Hilla Ben-Pazi, Gregory Peters, Christopher Wragg, Zvi Israel, Jean-Pierre Lin, Sarah Wiethoff, Simon Pope, Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, William A. Gahl, Alan Pittman, Niccolo E. Mencacci, Wui K. Chong, Margje Sinnema, Dagmar Wieczorek, Erik-Jan Kamsteeg, Martin Smith, A. Hills, John M.E. Nichols, Shane McKee, Keren J. Carss, Maya Topf, S Heales, Gidon Winter, Amber Boys, Hardev Pall, Peter D. Turnpenny, Camilo Toro, Julia Rankin, Jane A. Hurst, Reeval Segel, Nicholas Gutowski, Hagai Bergman, Niklas Darin, Shibalik Misra, Lucinda Carr, Agnel Praveen Joseph, Joanne Ng, Deborah Morrogh, David Arkadir, Detelina Grozeva, Adeline Ngoh, Daniel E. Lumsden, Belén Pérez-Dueñas, Prab Prabhakar, Kailash P. Bhatia, Klinische Neurowetenschappen, MUMC+: MA Med Staf Spec Neurologie (9), MUMC+: DA KG Polikliniek (9), and RS: FHML non-thematic output
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Methyltransferase, Deep brain stimulation, Adolescent, Histone lysine methylation, DISORDERS, medicine.medical_treatment, VARIANTS, Bioinformatics, bcs, Sensory disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 12], MECHANISMS, Histones, 03 medical and health sciences, BRAIN IRON ACCUMULATION, Genetics, medicine, KABUKI SYNDROME, Humans, Laryngeal dystonia, Dystonia, Regulation of gene expression, biology, Lysine, METHYLATION, NEURODEGENERATION, Nuclear Proteins, Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase, medicine.disease, Disorders of movement Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 3], DNA-Binding Proteins, 030104 developmental biology, Histone, Histone methyltransferase, Mathematik, Mutation, biology.protein, Histone Methyltransferases, UPDATE, Female, PROTEIN STABILITY, LEUKEMIA
Abstract: Item does not contain fulltext Histone lysine methylation, mediated by mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) proteins, is now known to be critical in the regulation of gene expression, genomic stability, cell cycle and nuclear architecture. Despite MLL proteins being postulated as essential for normal development, little is known about the specific functions of the different MLL lysine methyltransferases. Here we report heterozygous variants in the gene KMT2B (also known as MLL4) in 27 unrelated individuals with a complex progressive childhood-onset dystonia, often associated with a typical facial appearance and characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Over time, the majority of affected individuals developed prominent cervical, cranial and laryngeal dystonia. Marked clinical benefit, including the restoration of independent ambulation in some cases, was observed following deep brain stimulation (DBS). These findings highlight a clinically recognizable and potentially treatable form of genetic dystonia, demonstrating the crucial role of KMT2B in the physiological control of voluntary movement.
Published: 2017

48. Clinical and molecular consequences of disease-associated de novo mutations in SATB2

Author: Hemant, Bengani, Mark, Handley, Mohsan, Alvi, Rita, Ibitoye, Melissa, Lees, Sally Ann, Lynch, Wayne, Lam, Madeleine, Fannemel, Ann, Nordgren, H, Malmgren, M, Kvarnung, Sarju, Mehta, Shane, McKee, Margo, Whiteford, Fiona, Stewart, Fiona, Connell, Jill, Clayton-Smith, Sahar, Mansour, Shehla, Mohammed, Alan, Fryer, Jenny, Morton, Detelina, Grozeva, Tara, Asam, David, Moore, Alejandro, Sifrim, Jeremy, McRae, Matthew E, Hurles, Helen V, Firth, F Lucy, Raymond, Usha, Kini, Christoffer, Nellåker, Ddd Study, and David R, FitzPatrick
Subjects: CUT domain, Whole Genome Sequencing, Mutation, Missense, absent speech, Haploinsufficiency, Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins, de novo mutation, Cell Line, Cohort Studies, SATB2, Loss of Function Mutation, intellectual disability, Humans, Original Research Article, Genetic Association Studies, HeLa Cells, Protein Binding, Transcription Factors
Abstract: Purpose: To characterize features associated with de novo mutations affecting SATB2 function in individuals ascertained on the basis of intellectual disability. Methods: Twenty previously unreported individuals with 19 different SATB2 mutations (11 loss-of-function and 8 missense variants) were studied. Fibroblasts were used to measure mutant protein production. Subcellular localization and mobility of wild-type and mutant SATB2 were assessed using fluorescently tagged protein. Results: Recurrent clinical features included neurodevelopmental impairment (19/19), absent/near absent speech (16/19), normal somatic growth (17/19), cleft palate (9/19), drooling (12/19), and dental anomalies (8/19). Six of eight missense variants clustered in the first CUT domain. Sibling recurrence due to gonadal mosaicism was seen in one family. A nonsense mutation in the last exon resulted in production of a truncated protein retaining all three DNA-binding domains. SATB2 nuclear mobility was mutation-dependent; p.Arg389Cys in CUT1 increased mobility and both p.Gly515Ser in CUT2 and p.Gln566Lys between CUT2 and HOX reduced mobility. The clinical features in individuals with missense variants were indistinguishable from those with loss of function. Conclusion: SATB2 haploinsufficiency is a common cause of syndromic intellectual disability. When mutant SATB2 protein is produced, the protein appears functionally inactive with a disrupted pattern of chromatin or matrix association. Genet Med advance online publication 02 February 2017
Published: 2016

49. MLL2mosaic mutations and intragenic deletion-duplications in patients with Kabuki syndrome

Author: Sarju G. Mehta, Siddharth Banka, John Tolmie, Bronwyn Kerr, Emma Howard, Dian Donnai, Katherine Lachlan, Sancha Bunstone, Kate Chandler, Shane McKee, and Ana Lisa Taylor Tavares
Subjects: Sanger sequencing, Genetics, Mutation, Point mutation, Disease, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Bioinformatics, medicine.disease, Phenotype, symbols.namesake, Gene duplication, Genotype, medicine, symbols, Kabuki syndrome, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare multi-system disorder that can result in a variety of congenital malformations, typical dysmorphism and variable learning disability. It is caused by MLL2 point mutations in the majority of the cases and, rarely by deletions involving KDM6A. Nearly one third of cases remain unsolved. Here, we expand the known genetic basis of KS by presenting five typical patients with the condition, all of whom have novel MLL2 mutation types- two patients with mosaic small deletions, one with a mosaic whole-gene deletion, one with a multi-exon deletion and one with an intragenic multi-exon duplication. We recommend MLL2 dosage studies for all patients with typical KS, where traditional Sanger sequencing fails to identify mutations. The prevalence of such MLL2 mutations in KS may be comparable with deletions involving KDM6A. These findings may be helpful in understanding the mutational mechanism of MLL2 and the disease mechanism of KS.
Published: 2012
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50. 7q11.23 Microduplication: a recognizable phenotype

Author: Philippos C. Patsalis, Sahar Mansour, Ajoy Sarkar, Abhijit Dixit, Shane McKee, S McCullough, Kate Martin, Violetta Anastasiadou, Mohnish Suri, Sarju G. Mehta, and George A. Tanteles
Subjects: Male, Williams Syndrome, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Audiology, Facial dysmorphism, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Language Development Disorders, Autistic features, Short philtrum, Child, Genetic Association Studies, Genetics (clinical), business.industry, Microdeletion syndrome, medicine.disease, Phenotype, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Autism spectrum disorder, Child, Preschool, Speech delay, Female, Williams syndrome, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Williams-Beuren syndrome is a well-known microdeletion syndrome with a recognizable clinical phenotype. The subtle phenotype of the reciprocal microduplication of the Williams-Beuren critical region has been described recently. We report seven further patients, and a transmitting parent, with 7q11.23 microduplication. All our patients had speech delay, autistic features and facial dysmorphism consistent with the published literature. We conclude that the presence of specific dysmorphic features, including straight, neat eyebrows, thin lips and a short philtrum, in our patients with speech delay and autistic features provides further evidence that the children with 7q11.23 microduplication have a recognizable phenotype.
Published: 2012
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