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1. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 internalization can occur independent of ligand binding

Author

Lucas Alves Neubus Claus, Derui Liu, Ulrich Hohmann, Nemanja Vukašinović, Roman Pleskot, Jing Liu, Alexei Schiffner, Yvon Jaillais, Guang Wu, Sebastian Wolf, Daniël Van Damme, Michael Hothorn, Eugenia Russinova, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), VIB [Belgium], Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IEB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Universitätsklinikum Tübingen - University Hospital of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Reproduction et développement des plantes (RDP), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Center for Plant Systems Biology (PSB Center), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie [Ghent, Belgique] (VIB), and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)

Subjects
PERCEPTION, ligand-binding, RECEPTOR, Physiology, PROTEINS, ENDOCYTOSIS, Biology and Life Sciences, Plant Science, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, DEGRADATION, EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN, BRI1, brassinosteroids, non-canonical, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Genetics, KINASE, endocytosis, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, TRAFFICKING
Abstract

The brassinosteroid (BR) hormone and its plasma membrane (PM) receptor BR INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) are one of the best-studied receptor–ligand pairs for understanding the interplay between receptor endocytosis and signaling in plants. BR signaling is mainly determined by the PM pool of BRI1, whereas BRI1 endocytosis ensures signal attenuation. As BRs are ubiquitously distributed in the plant, the tools available to study the BRI1 function without interference from endogenous BRs are limited. Here, we designed a BR binding-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant based on protein sequence-structure analysis and homology modeling of members of the BRI1 family. This tool allowed us to re-examine the BRI1 endocytosis and signal attenuation model. We showed that despite impaired phosphorylation and ubiquitination, BR binding-deficient BRI1 internalizes similarly to the wild type form. Our data indicate that BRI1 internalization relies on different endocytic machineries. In addition, the BR binding-deficient mutant provides opportunities to study non-canonical ligand-independent BRI1 functions.

Published
2023

2. Data Comparison and Software Design for Easy Selection and Application of CRISPR-based Genome Editing Systems in Plants

Author

Zhanwu Dai, Fatma Lecourieux, Yi Wang, Shaohua Li, David Lecourieux, Rui Zhang, Zhenchang Liang, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology/CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany [Beijing] (IB-CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (UMR EGFV), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Computer science, G-Q, Computational biology, PARRs, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Genome, Database, 03 medical and health sciences, CRISPR/Cas, Software, Genome editing, Software Design, Genetics, CRISPR, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, computer.programming_language, Gene Editing, 0303 health sciences, Cas9, business.industry, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Computational Mathematics, Software design, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Perl, business, computer, Genome, Plant, GC-content, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; CRISPR-based genome editing systems have been successfully and effectively used in many organisms. However, only a few studies have reported the comparison between CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 systems in the whole-genome applications. Although many web-based toolkits are available, there is still a shortage of comprehensive, user-friendly, and plant-specific CRISPR databases and desktop software. In this study, we identified and analyzed the similarities and differences between CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 systems by considering the abundance of proto-spacer adjacent motif (PAM) sites, effects of GC content, optimal proto-spacer length, potential universality within the plant kingdom, PAM-rich region (PARR) inhibiting ratio, and effects of G-quadruplex (G-Q) structures. Using this information, we built a comprehensive CRISPR database (including 138 plant genome data sources, www.grapeworld.cn/pc/index.html), which provides search tools for the identification of CRISPR editing sites in both CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 systems. We also developed a desktop software on the basis of Perl/TK tool, which facilitates and improves the detection and analysis of CRISPR editing sites at the whole-genome level on Linux and/or Windows platform. Therefore, this study provides helpful data and software for easy selection and application of CRISPR-based genome editing systems in plants.

Published
2021

3. State-of-the-art global models underestimate impacts from climate extremes

Author

Schewe, J., Gosling, S., Reyer, C., Zhao, F., Ciais, P., Elliott, J., Francois, L., Huber, V., Lotze, H., Seneviratne I, S., van Vliet, M., Vautard, R., Wada, Y., Breuer, L., Buechner, M., Carozza, D., Chang, J., Coll, M., Deryng, D., de Wit, A., Eddy, T., Folberth, C., Frieler, K., Friend, A., Gerten, D., Gudmundsson, L., Hanasaki, N., Ito, A., Khabarov, N., Kim, H., Lawrence, P., Morfopoulos, C., Mueller, C., Schmied, H., Orth, R., Ostberg, S., Pokhrel, Y., Pugh, T., Sakurai, G., Satoh, Y., Schmid, E., Stacke, T., https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4637-5337, Steenbeek, J., Steinkamp, J., Tang, Q., Tian, H., Tittensor, D., Volkholz, J., Wang, X., Warszawski, L., Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (PIK), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), East China Normal University [Shangaï] (ECNU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Chicago, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Dalhousie University [Halifax], Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Inst Landscape Ecol & Resources Management, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP), Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Ann Arbor] (CEE), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Ecopath International Initiative Research Association, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Schewe, Jacob [0000-0001-9455-4159], Gosling, Simon N [0000-0001-5973-6862], Ciais, Philippe [0000-0001-8560-4943], Lotze, Heike K [0000-0001-6258-1304], Seneviratne, Sonia I [0000-0001-9528-2917], van Vliet, Michelle TH [0000-0002-2597-8422], Vautard, Robert [0000-0001-5544-9903], Wada, Yoshihide [0000-0003-4770-2539], Breuer, Lutz [0000-0001-9720-1076], Carozza, David A [0000-0001-7343-9442], Chang, Jinfeng [0000-0003-4463-7778], Coll, Marta [0000-0001-6235-5868], de Wit, Allard [0000-0002-5517-6404], Eddy, Tyler D [0000-0002-2833-9407], Folberth, Christian [0000-0002-6738-5238], Gerten, Dieter [0000-0002-6214-6991], Gudmundsson, Lukas [0000-0003-3539-8621], Hanasaki, Naota [0000-0002-5092-7563], Ito, Akihiko [0000-0001-5265-0791], Khabarov, Nikolay [0000-0001-5372-4668], Kim, Hyungjun [0000-0003-1083-8416], Lawrence, Peter [0000-0002-4843-4903], Müller, Christoph [0000-0002-9491-3550], Müller Schmied, Hannes [0000-0001-5330-9923], Ostberg, Sebastian [0000-0002-2368-7015], Pokhrel, Yadu [0000-0002-1367-216X], Steenbeek, Jeroen [0000-0002-7878-8075], Steinkamp, Jörg [0000-0002-7861-8789], Tang, Qiuhong [0000-0002-0886-6699], Tian, Hanqin [0000-0002-1806-4091], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, European Commission, and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)

Subjects
Earth Observation and Environmental Informatics, WIMEK, 0602 Ecology, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Science, Aardobservatie en omgevingsinformatica, Life Science, Water Systems and Global Change, lcsh:Q, PE&RC, lcsh:Science, Article
Abstract

14 pages, 6 figures, supplementary information .-- Data availability. Simulation data from gridded impact models is available through https://esg.pik-potsdam.de/projects/isimip2a/ and citable using the following DOIs: https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2017.002 (terrestrial ecosystems); https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2017.006 (agriculture); https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2017.010 (hydrology); https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2018.004 (marine ecosystems, regional); https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2018.005 (marine ecosystems, global). The city-level mortality model data and country-level hydropower model data are available from the authors upon request, Global impact models represent process-level understanding of how natural and human systems may be affected by climate change. Their projections are used in integrated assessments of climate change. Here we test, for the first time, systematically across many important systems, how well such impact models capture the impacts of extreme climate conditions. Using the 2003 European heat wave and drought as a historical analogue for comparable events in the future, we find that a majority of models underestimate the extremeness of impacts in important sectors such as agriculture, terrestrial ecosystems, and heat-related human mortality, while impacts on water resources and hydropower are overestimated in some river basins; and the spread across models is often large. This has important implications for economic assessments of climate change impacts that rely on these models. It also means that societal risks from future extreme events may be greater than previously thought, The work was supported within the framework of the Leibniz Competition (SAW-2013-PIK-5), the EU FP7 project HELIX (grant no. FP7–603864–2), the FP7 project IMPACT2C (grant agreement#282746) and by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant no. 01LS1201A1)

Published
2019

4. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) from Cherry Valley duck mediates signaling pathways and antiviral activity

Author

Huizhen Cui, Jinjian Luo, Fei Han, Xinyue Zhang, Rong Li, Huihui Zhang, Ning Li, Xiaolan Hou, Xiaofang Hu, Ru Guo, Liangmeng Wei, Gen Liu, and Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, 040301 veterinary sciences, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], HMGB1, Antiviral Agents, Flavivirus Infections, 0403 veterinary science, Avian Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, HMGB1 Protein, Receptor, Phylogeny, Poultry Diseases, Innate immune system, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, biology, Flavivirus, Gene Expression Profiling, Pattern recognition receptor, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Herpesviridae Infections, Protein kinase R, Immunity, Innate, 3. Good health, Cell biology, Mardivirus, 030104 developmental biology, Ducks, Viral replication, biology.protein, lcsh:SF600-1100, Signal transduction, Sequence Alignment, Research Article, Signal Transduction
Abstract

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) shows endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and is also an early warning protein that activates the body’s innate immune system. Here, the full-length coding sequence of HMGB1 was cloned from the spleen of Cherry Valley duck and analyzed. We find that duck HMGB1(duHMGB1) is mostly located in the nucleus of duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells under normal conditions but released into the cytoplasm after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Knocking-down or overexpressing duHMGB1 had no effect on the baseline apoptosis rate of DEF cells. However, overexpression increased weakly apoptosis after LPS activation. In addition, overexpression strongly activated the IFN-I/IRF7 signaling pathway in DEF cells and significantly increased the transcriptional level of numerous pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), IFNs and antiviral molecules (OAS, PKR, Mx) starting from 48 h post-transfection. Overexpression of duHMGB1 strongly impacted duck virus replication, either by inhibiting it from the first stage of infection for novel duck reovirus (NDRV) and at late stage for duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) or duck plague virus (DPV), or promoting replication at early stage for DTMUV and DPV infection. Importantly, data from duHMGB1 overexpression and knockdown experiments, time-dependent DEF cells transcriptional immune responses suggest that duHMGB1 and RIG-I receptor might cooperate to promote the expression of antiviral proteins after NDRV infection, as a potential mechanism of duHMGB1-mediated antiviral activity.

Published
2020

5. Virioplankton distribution in the tropical western Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of a seamount

Author

Li Zhao, Yanchu Zhao, Yuan Zhao, Gérald Grégori, Xuegang Li, Tian Xiao, Shan Zheng, Wuchang Zhang, Institute of Information Science and Engineering [Shandong], Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Zhejiang University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, virioplankton, Range (biology), Seamount, lcsh:QR1-502, viral subclusters, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Pacific ocean, Fluorescence, lcsh:Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Water column, Abundance (ecology), Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, geography, Deep chlorophyll maximum, Pacific Ocean, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, flow cytometry, Biodiversity, Original Articles, Plankton, Oceanography, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Viruses, Caroline Seamount, Original Article, seamount effect, Geology
Abstract

The shallow Caroline Seamount is located in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Its summit is 57 m below the surface and penetrates the euphotic zone. Therefore, it is ideal for the study of the influence of seamount on plankton distribution. Here, virioplankton abundance and distribution were investigated by flow cytometry (FCM) in the Caroline Seamount in August and September 2017. The total abundance of virus‐like particles (VLP) was in the range of 0.64 × 106–18.77 × 106 particles/ml and the average was 5.37 ± 3.75 × 106 particles/ml. Three to four distinct viral subclusters with similar side scatter but different green fluorescence intensities were identified. Above the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), two medium fluorescence virus (MFV) subclusters were discriminated. Between the DCM and the deeper layers, only one MFV subcluster was resolved. In general, low fluorescence viruses (LFV) comprised the most abundant subclusters. In the 75–150 m water column, however, the MFV abundance was higher than the LFV abundance. High fluorescence viruses (HFV) constituted the least abundant subcluster throughout the entire water column. Virioplankton abundance was significantly enhanced at the seamount stations. Environmental factors including water temperature and nitrate concentration were the most correlated with the variation in virioplankton abundance at the seamount stations. Interactions between shallow seamounts and local currents can support large virus standing stocks, causing a so‐called indirect “seamount effect” on the virioplankton., The abundance and distribution of virioplankton were investigated in the Caroline seamount of Western Pacific. Three to four distinct viral subclusters with similar side scatter but different green fluorescence intensity were identified. The interactions of shallow seamount and local current could sustain a significant enhancement of virus standing stock, causing a so‐called “seamount effect” for virioplankton.

Published
2020

6. Endotoxin Producers Overgrowing in Human Gut Microbiota as the Causative Agents for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Author

Liping Zhao, Na Fei, Jinxing Wang, R.Z. Wang, Xiaojun Zhang, Philippe Gérard, Aurélia Bruneau, Sylvie Rabot, MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), and This work was funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (31300712, 31330005, 30730005, 81100632, 31121064, 20825520, and 21221064).

Subjects
Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], intestinal microbiology, Gut flora, medicine.disease_cause, Mice, Liver disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, biology, Fatty liver, Enterobacteriaceae, QR1-502, Obesity, Morbid, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, gut inflammation, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Research Article, Signal Transduction, Adult, Diet, High-Fat, digestive system, Microbiology, Host-Microbe Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, medicine, Animals, Germ-Free Life, Humans, Escherichia coli, 030304 developmental biology, fatty liver, nutritional and metabolic diseases, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, digestive system diseases, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Endotoxins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Toll-Like Receptor 4, TLR4
Abstract

Recent studies have reported a link between gut microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), showing that germfree (GF) mice do not develop metabolic syndromes, including NAFLD. However, the specific bacterial species causing NAFLD, as well as their molecular cross talk with the host for driving liver disease, remain elusive. Here, we found that nonvirulent endotoxin-producing strains of pathogenic species overgrowing in obese human gut can act as causative agents for induction of NAFLD and related metabolic disorders. The cross talk between endotoxin from these specific producers and the host’s TLR4 receptor is the most upstream and essential molecular event for inducing all phenotypes in NAFLD and related metabolic disorders. These nonvirulent endotoxin-producing strains of gut pathogenic species overgrowing in human gut may collectively become a predictive biomarker or serve as a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD and related metabolic disorders., Gut microbiota-derived endotoxin has been linked to human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the specific causative agents and their molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigated whether bacterial strains of endotoxin-producing pathogenic species overgrowing in obese human gut can work as causative agents for NAFLD. We further assessed the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) cross talk in this pathogenicity. Nonvirulent strains of Gram-negative pathobionts were isolated from obese human gut and monoassociated with C57BL/6J germfree (GF) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Deletion of waaG in the bacterial endotoxin synthetic pathway and knockout of TLR4 in GF mice were used to further study the underlying mechanism for a causal relationship between these strains and the development of NAFLD. Three endotoxin-producing strains, Enterobacter cloacae B29, Escherichia coli PY102, and Klebsiella pneumoniae A7, overgrowing in the gut of morbidly obese volunteers with severe fatty liver, induced NAFLD when monoassociated with GF mice on HFD, while HFD alone did not induce the disease in GF mice. The commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (ATCC 29148), whose endotoxin activity was markedly lower than that of Enterobacteriaceae strains, did not induce NAFLD in GF mice. B29 lost its proinflammatory properties and NAFLD-inducing capacity upon deletion of the waaG gene. Moreover, E. cloacae B29 did not induce NAFLD in TLR4-deficient GF mice. These nonvirulent endotoxin-producing strains in pathobiont species overgrowing in human gut may work as causative agents, with LPS-TLR4 cross talk as the most upstream and essential molecular event for NAFLD.

Published
2020

7. Switchable Polymerization Triggered by Fast and Quantitative Insertion of Carbon Monoxide into Cobalt–Oxygen Bonds

Author

Jing Xu, Yajun Zhao, Xiaolin Xie, Shuaishuai Zhu, Xingping Zhou, Rinaldo Poli, Yong Wang, Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), National Key R&D Plan (No.2016YFB0302400), NSFC (No.21604027) of China, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HUST:2019JYCXJJ015), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010405 organic chemistry, Migratory insertion, Radical polymerization, chemistry.chemical_element, General Chemistry, General Medicine, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Polymerization, Intramolecular force, Polymer chemistry, Copolymer, Cobalt, Photoinitiator, Carbon monoxide
Abstract

International audience; A strategy that uses carbon monoxide (CO) as a molecular trigger to switch the polymerization mechanism of a cobalt Salen complex [salen=(R,R)-N,N '-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine] from ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of epoxides/anhydrides to organometallic mediated controlled radical polymerization (OMRP) of acrylates is described. The key phenomenon is a rapid and quantitative insertion of CO into the Co-O bond, allowing for in situ transformation of the ROCOP active species (Salen)Co-III-OR into the OMRP photoinitiator (Salen)Co-III-CO2R. The proposed mechanism, which involves CO coordination to (Salen)Co-III-OR and subsequent intramolecular rearrangement via migratory insertion has been rationalized by DFT calculations. Regulated by both CO and visible light, on-demand sequence control can be achieved for the one-pot synthesis of polyester-b-polyacrylate diblock copolymers (D

Published
2020

8. Global Carbon Budget 2019

Author

P. Friedlingstein, M. W. Jones, M. O'Sullivan, R. M. Andrew, J. Hauck, G. P. Peters, W. Peters, J. Pongratz, S. Sitch, C. Le Quéré, D. C. E. Bakker, J. G. Canadell, P. Ciais, R. B. Jackson, P. Anthoni, L. Barbero, A. Bastos, V. Bastrikov, M. Becker, L. Bopp, E. Buitenhuis, N. Chandra, F. Chevallier, L. P. Chini, K. I. Currie, R. A. Feely, M. Gehlen, D. Gilfillan, T. Gkritzalis, D. S. Goll, N. Gruber, S. Gutekunst, I. Harris, V. Haverd, R. A. Houghton, G. Hurtt, T. Ilyina, A. K. Jain, E. Joetzjer, J. O. Kaplan, E. Kato, K. Klein Goldewijk, J. I. Korsbakken, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. Lenton, S. Lienert, D. Lombardozzi, G. Marland, P. C. McGuire, J. R. Melton, N. Metzl, D. R. Munro, J. E. M. S. Nabel, S.-I. Nakaoka, C. Neill, A. M. Omar, T. Ono, A. Peregon, D. Pierrot, B. Poulter, G. Rehder, L. Resplandy, E. Robertson, C. Rödenbeck, R. Séférian, J. Schwinger, N. Smith, P. P. Tans, H. Tian, B. Tilbrook, F. N. Tubiello, G. R. van der Werf, A. J. Wiltshire, S. Zaehle, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), New Zealand Centre for Ecological Economics (NZCEE), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Geography [München], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics [Los Angeles] (IGPP), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Montana State University (MSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Cycles biogéochimiques marins : processus et perturbations (CYBIOM), University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Princeton University, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa (FAO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), University of California-University of California, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie Institution], College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ARVE, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Isotope Research, Earth Sciences, and Amsterdam Sustainability Institute

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Computer science, information & general works, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, SURFACE-OCEAN, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ddc:910, lcsh:GE1-350, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, FOSSIL-FUEL, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Carbon dioxide, Meteorology and Air Quality, 530 Physics, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), chemistry.chemical_element, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Carbon cycle, ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 UPTAKE, Deforestation, Life Science, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, LAND-COVER CHANGE, WIMEK, Land use, business.industry, Fossil fuel, LEAF-AREA INDEX, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, OCEAN BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, chemistry, 13. Climate action, ddc:000, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business, Carbon
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2009–2018), EFF was 9.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.9±0.02 GtC yr−1 (2.3±0.01 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 2.5±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.6 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.4 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2018 alone, the growth in EFF was about 2.1 % and fossil emissions increased to 10.0±0.5 GtC yr−1, reaching 10 GtC yr−1 for the first time in history, ELUC was 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5±0.9 GtC yr−1 (42.5±3.3 GtCO2). Also for 2018, GATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4±0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 2.6±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 407.38±0.1 ppm averaged over 2018. For 2019, preliminary data for the first 6–10 months indicate a reduced growth in EFF of +0.6 % (range of −0.2 % to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for China, the USA, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. Overall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). The data generated by this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2019 (Friedlingstein et al., 2019).

Published
2019

9. Urban green space classification and water consumption analysis with remote-sensing technology: a case study in Beijing, China

Author

Honglu Liu, Zhao-Liang Li, Xingyao Pan, Ronglin Tang, Yong Niu, Di Suchuang, Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Urban green space, Evapotranspiration (ET), [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, business.industry, Environmental resource management, 0211 other engineering and technologies, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, Space (commercial competition), Urban Green Land, Water Consumption, 01 natural sciences, Water consumption, Remote Sensing, Beijing, 11. Sustainability, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, China, business, Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The water consumption of green space in a large region is difficult to attain through traditional methods. In this article, a practical method is developed using different sources of remote-sensing data. The green space was first derived from a high spatial resolution RapidEye image using the stratified classification method. Then the primary vegetation types of green space were identified using the object-oriented classification method. Afterwards regional green space evapotranspiration was inversed based on multi-temporal Landsat 8 images using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land model. Finally, water consumption patterns for different types of vegetation were analysed, and regional water consumption was estimated. The method was applied to the northwest region of Beijing City with an area of 147.5 km 2 where the green space area was 56.87 km 2 , and the deciduous broadleaf forest area was the largest among six vegetation types. The total quantity of water consumption for green space in the growing period in the study region was 41.52 × 10 6 m 3 (Mm 3). The quantity of water consumed by different types of vegetation in an order from high to low were deciduous broadleaf forest, mixed green space, grassland, evergreen needleleaf forest, golf course, and aquatic vegetation, ranging from 17.43 to 0.79 Mm 3. The results are helpful for identifying vegetation types, monitoring vegetation growth status, managing green space, and optimizing green space ecological functions in the Beijing region. The method presented in this article, having higher accuracy and more convenience, has great potential to be applied to other areas across the world.

Published
2018

10. Perceptual Reduced-Reference Visual Quality Assessment for Contrast Alteration

Author

Wenjun Zhang, Guangtao Zhai, Ke Gu, Min Liu, Patrick Le Callet, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Image Perception Interaction (IPI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
business.industry, Image quality, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Pattern recognition, 02 engineering and technology, Visualization, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Histogram, Metric (mathematics), Human visual system model, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Media Technology, Contrast (vision), 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Quality (business), Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Divergence (statistics), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common
Abstract

In image/video systems, contrast adjustment which manages to enhance visual quality is nowadays an important research topic. Yet very limited struggles have been made to the exploration of visual quality assessment for contrast adjustment. To tackle the issue, this paper proposes a novel reduced-reference (RR) quality metric with the integration of bottom-up and top-down strategies. The former one stems from the recently revealed free energy principle that tells that the human visual system seeks to comprehend an input image via uncertainty removal, while the latter one is toward using the symmetric Kullback–Leibler divergence to compare the histogram of the contrast-altered image with that of the pristine image. The bottom-up and top-down strategies are lastly incorporated to derive the RR contrast-altered image quality measure. A comparison using numerous existing IQA models is carried out on five contrast related databases/subsets in CID2013, CCID2014, CSIQ, TID2008, and TID2013, and experimental results validate the superiority of the proposed technique.

Published
2017

11. Field-experiment constraints on the enhancement of the terrestrial carbon sink by CO2 fertilization

Author

Yuanyuan Fang, Ning Zeng, Xiaoying Shi, Trevor F. Keenan, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Kai Wang, Shilong Piao, M. A. Arain, Qiuan Zhu, Mengtian Huang, Tao Wang, Jian Song, Joshua B. Fisher, Anna M. Michalak, Josep Peñuelas, Changhui Peng, Atul K. Jain, Chris Huntingford, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Yongwen Liu, Jiafu Mao, Yaxing Wei, Thomas Gasser, Hanqin Tian, Ivan A. Janssens, Maoyi Huang, Shiqiang Wan, Christopher R. Schwalm, Hui Yang, Xuhui Wang, Benjamin Poulter, Han Wang, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Henan University, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco), The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Chemistry [University of Houston], University of Houston, University of Oxford, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Carnegie Observatories, Carnegie Institution for Science, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Northwest A and F University, Laboratoire de Chimie - UMR5182 (LC), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Henan University, Kaifeng (HENU), Henan University, Kaifeng, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), University of Oxford [Oxford], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Life on Land, Field experiment, Physics, Northern Hemisphere, Carbon sink, 15. Life on land, Carbon sequestration, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Temperate climate, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Terrestrial ecosystem, Ecosystem, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Clarifying how increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) contributes to accelerated land carbon sequestration remains important since this process is the largest negative feedback in the coupled carbon–climate system. Here, we constrain the sensitivity of the terrestrial carbon sink to eCO2 over the temperate Northern Hemisphere for the past five decades, using 12 terrestrial ecosystem models and data from seven CO2 enrichment experiments. This constraint uses the heuristic finding that the northern temperate carbon sink sensitivity to eCO2 is linearly related to the site-scale sensitivity across the models. The emerging data-constrained eCO2 sensitivity is 0.64 ± 0.28 PgC yr−1 per hundred ppm of eCO2. Extrapolating worldwide, this northern temperate sensitivity projects the global terrestrial carbon sink to increase by 3.5 ± 1.9 PgC yr−1 for an increase in CO2 of 100 ppm. This value suggests that CO2 fertilization alone explains most of the observed increase in global land carbon sink since the 1960s. More CO2 enrichment experiments, particularly in boreal, arctic and tropical ecosystems, are required to explain further the responsible processes. The northern temperate carbon sink is estimated to increase by 0.64 PgC each year for each increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations by 100 ppm, suggests an analysis of data from field experiments at 7 sites constraints.

Published
2019

12. Negative extreme events in gross primary productivity and their drivers in China during the past three decades

Author

Yitong Yao, Danica Lombardozzi, Anthony P. Walker, Dan Zhu, Atul K. Jain, Weizhe Chen, Vanessa Haverd, Chunju Huang, Sebastian Lienert, Hanqin Tian, Pierre Friedlingstein, Ning Zeng, Markus Kautz, N. Vuichard, Stephen Sitch, Philippe Ciais, Benjamin Poulter, Etsushi Kato, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Exeter Climate Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global warming, Extreme events, Primary production, Climate change, Forestry, 01 natural sciences, Gross primary productivity, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Precipitation, China, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Agronomy and Crop Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010606 plant biology & botany, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Climate extremes have remarkable impacts on ecosystems and are expected to increase with future global warming. However, only few studies have focused on the ecological extreme events and their drivers in China. In this study, we carried out an analysis of negative extreme events in gross primary productivity (GPP) in China and the sub-regions during 1982–2015, using monthly GPP simulated by 12 process-based models (TRENDYv6) and an observation-based model (Yao-GPP). Extremes were defined as the negative 5th percentile of GPP anomalies, which were further merged into individual extreme events using a three-dimensional contiguous algorithm. Spatio-temporal patterns of negative GPP anomalies were analyzed by taking the 1000 largest extreme events into consideration. Results showed that the effects of extreme events decreased annual GPP by 2.8% (i.e. 208 TgC year−1) in TRENDY models and 2.3% (i.e. 151 TgC year−1) in Yao-GPP. Hotspots of extreme GPP deficits were mainly observed in North China (−53 gC m−2 year−1) in TRENDY models and Northeast China (−42 gC m−2 year−1) in Yao-GPP. For China as a whole, attribution analyses suggested that extreme low precipitation was associated with 40%–50% of extreme negative GPP events. Most events in northern and western China could be explained by meteorological droughts (i.e. low precipitation) while GPP extreme events in southern China were more associated with temperature extremes, in particular with cold spells. GPP was revealed to be much more sensitive to heat/drought than to cold/wet extreme events. Combined with projected changes in climate extremes in China, GPP negative anomalies caused by drought events in northern China and by temperature extremes in southern China might be more prominent in the future.

Published
2019

13. Global vegetation biomass production efficiency constrained by models and observations

Author

Anna M. Michalak, Changhui Peng, Yuanyuan Fang, Daniel J. Hayes, Dahe Qin, Kai Wang, Atul K. Jain, Yongwen Liu, Campioli Matteo, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Sara Vicca, Josep Peñuelas, Daniel S. Goll, M. Altaf Arain, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Jiafu Mao, Xiaoying Shi, Qiuan Zhu, Yaxing Wei, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ivan A. Janssens, Kevin Schaefer, Benjamin Poulter, Xiangyi Li, Shushi Peng, Joshua B. Fisher, Yue He, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Hanqin Tian, Ning Zeng, University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), School of Geography and earth sciences, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Department of Chemistry [University of Houston], University of Houston, University of Oxford [Oxford], Cyprus Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus (UCY), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Carnegie Observatories, Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Montana State University (MSU), Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Northwest A and F University, University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), and Carnegie Institution for Science

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Carbon Sequestration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Photosynthesis, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, Trees, Environmental Chemistry, Compounds of carbon, Ecosystem, Biomass, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, Carbon sink, Primary production, 15. Life on land, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon, Chemistry, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract

Plants use only a fraction of their photosynthetically derived carbon for biomass production (BP). The biomass production efficiency (BPE), defined as the ratio of BP to photosynthesis, and its variation across and within vegetation types is poorly understood, which hinders our capacity to accurately estimate carbon turnover times and carbon sinks. Here, we present a new global estimation of BPE obtained by combining field measurements from 113 sites with 14 carbon cycle models. Our best estimate of global BPE is 0.41 +/- 0.05, excluding cropland. The largest BPE is found in boreal forests (0.48 +/- 0.06) and the lowest in tropical forests (0.40 +/- 0.04). Carbon cycle models overestimate BPE, although models with carbon-nitrogen interactions tend to be more realistic. Using observation-based estimates of global photosynthesis, we quantify the global BP of non-cropland ecosystems of 41 +/- 6 Pg C/year. This flux is less than net primary production as it does not contain carbon allocated to symbionts, used for exudates or volatile carbon compound emissions to the atmosphere. Our study reveals a positive bias of 24 +/- 11% in the model-estimated BP (10 of 14 models). When correcting models for this bias while leaving modeled carbon turnover times unchanged, we found that the global ecosystem carbon storage change during the last century is decreased by 67% (or 58 Pg C).

Published
2019

14. Weakened growth of cropland-N2O emissions in China associated with nationwide policy interventions

Author

Qihui Wang, Åsa Kasimir, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Eri Saikawa, Radosław Juszczak, Robert M. Rees, Ziyin Shang, Jinfeng Chang, Minpeng Chen, Feng Zhou, Georg Wohlfahrt, Xiaoqing Cui, Stephen J. Del Grosso, Pete Smith, Simone Sabbatini, Vincenzo Magliulo, Yan Bo, Volodymyr I. Medinets, Hanqin Tian, Simona Castaldi, Sergiy Medinets, Shang, Z., Zhou, F., Smith, P., Saikawa, E., Ciais, P., Chang, J., Tian, H., Del Grosso, S. J., Ito, A., Chen, M., Wang, Q., Bo, Y., Cui, X., Castaldi, S., Juszczak, R., Kasimir, A., Magliulo, V., Medinets, S., Medinets, V., Rees, R. M., Wohlfahrt, G., Sabbatini, S., Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], University of Aberdeen, Emory University [Atlanta, GA], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Meteorology, National Research Council (CNR), The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology-Nottingham Trent University, University of Innsbruck, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Economic growth, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, temporal trend, agricultural management, Agricultural management, Psychological intervention, land surface model, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Political science, Environmental Chemistry, policy analysi, China, Observation data, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Productivity, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, agricultural soil, Ecology, nitrous oxide, business.industry, Nitrous oxide, agricultural soils, emission, flux upscaling, process-based model, spatial pattern, emission inventory, 15. Life on land, Policy analysis, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, business
Abstract

China has experienced rapid agricultural development over recent decades, accompanied by increased fertilizer consumption in croplands; yet, the trend and drivers of the associated nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions remain uncertain. The primary sources of this uncertainty are the coarse spatial variation of activity data and the incomplete model representation of N2 O emissions in response to agricultural management. Here, we provide new data-driven estimates of cropland-N2 O emissions across China in 1990-2014, compiled using a global cropland-N2 O flux observation dataset, nationwide survey-based reconstruction of N-fertilization and irrigation, and an updated nonlinear model. In addition, we have evaluated the drivers behind changing cropland-N2 O patterns using an index decomposition analysis approach. We find that China's annual cropland-N2 O emissions increased on average by 11.2GgN/year2 (p&nbsp

Published
2019

15. Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Author

Brown, Peter, Tan, Aik-Choon, El-Esawi, Mohamed A., Liehr, Thomas, Blanck, Oliver, Gladue, Douglas, Almeida, Gabriel M. F., Cernava, Tomislav, Sorzano, Carlos, Yeung, Andy W. K., Engel, Michael S., Chandrasekaran, -., Muth, Thilo, Staege, Martin S., Daulatabad, Swapna V., Widera, Darius, Zhang, Junpeng, Meule, Adrian, Honjo, Ken, Pourret, Olivier, Yin, Cong-Cong, Zhang, Zhongheng, Cascella, Marco, Flegel, Willy A., Goodyear, Carl S., Raaj, Mark J., Bukowy-Bieryllo, Zuzanna, Campana, Luca G., Kurniawan, Nicholas A., Lalaouna, David, Huttner, Felix J., Ammerman, Brooke A., Ehret, Felix, Cobine, Paul A., Tan, Ene-Choo, Han, Hyemin M., Xia, Wenfeng F., Mc Crum, Christopher, Dings, Ruud P. M., Marinello, Francesco, Nilsson, Henrik, Nixon, Brett, Voskarides, Konstantinos, Yang, Long, Costa, Vincent D., Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bradshaw, William, Grimm, Dominik G., Kumar, Nitin, Martis, Elvis, Prieto, Daniel, Sabnis, Sandeep C., Amer, Said E. D. R., Liew, Alan W. C., Perco, Paul, Rahimi, Farid, Riva, Guiseppe, Zhang, Chongxing, Devkota, Hari P., Ogami, Koichi, Basharat, Zarrin, Fierz, Walter, Siebers, Robert, Tan, Kok-Hian, Boehme, Karen A., Brenneisen, Peter, Brown, James A. L., Dalrymple, Brian P., Harvey, David J., Ng, Grace, Werten, Sebastiaan, Bleackley, Mark R., Dai, Zhanwu, Dhariwal, Raman, Gelfer, Yael, Hartmann, Marcus D., Miotla, Pawel, Tamalan, Radu, Pragashnie Govender (nee' Naidoo), Gurney-Champion, Oliver J., Kauppila, Joonas H., Zhang, Xiaolei L., Echeverria, Natalia, Subhash, Santhilal, Salimon, Hannes, Tofani, Marco, Bae, Taeok, Bosch, Oliver, Cuiv, Paraic O., Danchin, Antoine, Diouf, Barthélémy, Eerola, Tuomas, Evangelou, Evangelos, Filipp, Fabian V., Klump, Hannes, Kurgan, Lukasz, Smith, Simon S., Terrier, Olivier, Tuttle, Neil, Ascher, David B., Janga, Sarath C., Alaux, Cédric, Zhou, Yaoq, Forano, Evelyne, Griffith University, University of Colorado, University of Colorado [Boulder], Tanta University, Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS (EBCL - USDA ARS), Department of Biological and Environmental Science [Jyväskylä], University of Jyväskylä (JYU), Graz University of Technology, Partenaires INRAE, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Hong Kong, University of Kansas, State University of New York (SUNY), Robert Koch Institute [Berlin] (RKI), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Indiana University, Indiana University System, University of Reading (UOR), Dali University, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Schoen Clin Roseneck, University of Tsukuba, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, Henry Ford Hlth System, Zhejiang University, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, National Institutes of Health, University of Glasgow, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Universitad de Padua, Eindhoven University of Technology, IBMC, Heidelberg University, University of Notre Dame, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Auburn University (AU), KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKH), University of Alabama, Department of Finance, University College of London [London] (UCL), Maastricht University [Maastricht], University of Arkansas, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, University of Gothenburg (GU), University of Newcastle (UoN), University of Cyprus, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), National Institute of Mental Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Applied Sciences of Weihenstephan, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Bombay Coll. Pharm., Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Gem Hosp & Res. Ctr, Fac. Sci., Dept. Zool., Charles University, Innsbruck Medical University, Australian National University (ANU), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Shandong University, Kumamoto University, Nagoya University, University of Karachi, Labomed Zentrum Dr Risch, MED, Université ouverte de Grèce, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf [Düsseldorf], National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), University of Western Australia, La Trobe University, Université de Bordeaux (UB), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Agr & Agri Food Canada, Agr & Agroalimentaire Canada, St. George’s Hospital University, Max-Planck-Institut, Medical University in Lublin, National Institute of Research and Development for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies ICSI Rm. Valcea, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Institute of cancer research, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Wenzhou Medical University, Universidad de la República, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin / Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Hospital Bambino Gesù, University of Regensburg, Central Queensland University (CQU), Translat. Res. Inst., Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Durham University, University of Ioannina, Sch Life Sci Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Center München (GmbH), Essen University Hospital, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), UR 406 Abeilles & Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne (MEDIS), and Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.

Published
2019

16. Nanostructural insights into the dissolution behavior of Sr-doped hydroxyapatite

Author

Lijuan Sun, Hui Zhu, Hongyuan Li, Kewei Xu, Dagang Guo, Dorian A. H. Hanaor, Franziska Schmidt, Xidian University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Expérimentation et modélisation pour le génie civil et urbain (IFSTTAR/MAST/EMGCU), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Communauté Université Paris-Est, and Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu)

Subjects
Materials science, Nanostructure, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Simulated body fluid, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Bioactivity, Hydroxyapatite, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Biomaterials, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Materials Chemistry, [INFO.INFO-BT]Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, [SDV.IB.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Biomaterials, Dissolution, Acicular, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), Bioceramics, Physics - Applied Physics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Nanocrystal, Chemical engineering, Ceramics and Composites, Grain boundary, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Crystallite, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; In this study, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was employed to characterize the nanostructure of strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) and its evolution following in vitro immersion in physiological solutions. HRTEM images showed that the substitution of Sr induced local distortions in the hydroxyapatite (HA) lattice: minor levels of edge dislocations were detected at low doping contents of Sr ions (1 at %); when the Sr content exceeded 10 at%, the density of grain boundaries increased notably and triple junctions were clearly observed. The dissolution of undoped HA was initiated at crystallite surfaces, whereas the dissolution of Sr-HA started around grain boundaries. Acicular nanocrystal reprecipitation was observed on grain surfaces immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF), while not in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). These findings suggest appropriate levels of Sr incorporation can introduce imperfections in the crystal structure of apatite and thus enhance its dissolution rate towards enhanced physicochemical performance in biomedical applicationshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.07.056; Dans cette étude, la microscopie électronique à transmission à haute résolution (HRTEM) a été utilisée pour caractériser la nanostructure de l'hydroxyapatite substituée au strontium (Sr-HA) et son évolution après immersion in vitro dans des solutions physiologiques. Les images HRTEM ont montré que la substitution des distorsions locales induites par le Sr dans le réseau d'hydroxyapatite (HA): des niveaux mineurs de dislocations de bords ont été détectés à de faibles teneurs en dopage d'ions Sr (1 at%); lorsque la teneur en Sr dépassait 10% at%, la densité des joints de grains augmentait de manière notable et des triple jonctions étaient clairement observées. La dissolution de l'HA non dopée a été initiée au niveau des surfaces de cristallites, alors que la dissolution de Sr-HA a commencé autour des joints de grains. Une reprécipitation aciculaire de nanocristaux a été observée sur des surfaces de grains immergées dans un fluide corporel simulé (SBF), mais non dans de l'acide chlorhydrique dilué (HCl). Ces découvertes suggèrent que des niveaux appropriés d’incorporation de Sr peuvent introduire des imperfections dans la structure cristalline de l’apatite et ainsi augmenter sa vitesse de dissolution afin d’améliorer les performances physicochimiques dans les applications biomédicales.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.07.056

Published
2018

17. Meristem Biology Flourishes Under Mt. Tai

Author

Xian Sheng Zhang, Olivier Hamant, Yuling Jiao, Zhaojun Ding, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Reproduction et développement des plantes (RDP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, cell-type, Cytokinins, Indoleacetic Acids, Plant roots, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Meristem, Arabidopsis, Plant Science, 15. Life on land, Biology, Plant Roots, 01 natural sciences, splicing, 03 medical and health sciences, 13. Climate action, Botany, key determinant, China, Molecular Biology, Plant Shoots, 030304 developmental biology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The green and lush Mt. Tai provided an appropriate backdrop for the First International Conference on Plant Meristem Biology held on June 9 and 10, 2016. Proposed and organized by Xian Sheng Zhang (Shandong Agricultural University, China), Jiayang Li (Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, China), Elliot Meyerowitz (California Institute of Technology, USA), and Yuling Jiao (Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, China), the conference was hosted by Shandong Agricultural University and sponsored by the Department of Education, Shandong Province, China.

Published
2016

18. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018):a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Author

Théry, Clotilde, Witwer, Kenneth W, Aikawa, Elena, Alcaraz, Maria Jose, Anderson, Johnathon D, Andriantsitohaina, Ramaroson, Antoniou, Anna, Arab, Tanina, Archer, Fabienne, Atkin-Smith, Georgia K, Ayre, D Craig, Bach, Jean-Marie, Bachurski, Daniel, Baharvand, Hossein, Balaj, Leonora, Baldacchino, Shawn, Bauer, Natalie N, Baxter, Amy A, Bebawy, Mary, Beckham, Carla, Bedina Zavec, Apolonija, Benmoussa, Abderrahim, Berardi, Anna C, Bergese, Paolo, Bielska, Ewa, Blenkiron, Cherie, Bobis-Wozowicz, Sylwia, Boilard, Eric, Boireau, Wilfrid, Bongiovanni, Antonella, Borràs, Francesc E, Bosch, Steffi, Boulanger, Chantal M, Breakefield, Xandra, Breglio, Andrew M, Brennan, Meadhbh Á, Brigstock, David R, Brisson, Alain, Broekman, Marike Ld, Bromberg, Jacqueline F, Bryl-Górecka, Paulina, Buch, Shilpa, Buck, Amy H, Burger, Dylan, Busatto, Sara, Buschmann, Dominik, Bussolati, Benedetta, Buzás, Edit I, Byrd, James Bryan, Camussi, Giovanni, Carter, David Rf, Caruso, Sarah, Chamley, Lawrence W, Chang, Yu-Ting, Chen, Chihchen, Chen, Shuai, Cheng, Lesley, Chin, Andrew R, Clayton, Aled, Clerici, Stefano P, Cocks, Alex, Cocucci, Emanuele, Coffey, Robert J, Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela, Couch, Yvonne, Coumans, Frank Aw, Coyle, Beth, Crescitelli, Rossella, Criado, Miria Ferreira, D'Souza-Schorey, Crislyn, Das, Saumya, Datta Chaudhuri, Amrita, de Candia, Paola, De Santana, Eliezer F, De Wever, Olivier, Del Portillo, Hernando A, Demaret, Tanguy, Deville, Sarah, Devitt, Andrew, Dhondt, Bert, Di Vizio, Dolores, Dieterich, Lothar C, Dolo, Vincenza, Dominguez Rubio, Ana Paula, Dominici, Massimo, Dourado, Mauricio R, Driedonks, Tom Ap, Duarte, Filipe V, Duncan, Heather M, Eichenberger, Ramon M, Ekström, Karin, El Andaloussi, Samir, Elie-Caille, Celine, Erdbrügger, Uta, Falcón-Pérez, Juan M, Fatima, Farah, Fish, Jason E, Flores-Bellver, Miguel, Försönits, András, Frelet-Barrand, Annie, Fricke, Fabia, Fuhrmann, Gregor, Gabrielsson, Susanne, Gámez-Valero, Ana, Gardiner, Chris, Gärtner, Kathrin, Gaudin, Raphael, Gho, Yong Song, Giebel, Bernd, Gilbert, Caroline, Gimona, Mario, Giusti, Ilaria, Goberdhan, Deborah Ci, Görgens, André, Gorski, Sharon M, Greening, David W, Gross, Julia Christina, Gualerzi, Alice, Gupta, Gopal N, Gustafson, Dakota, Handberg, Aase, Haraszti, Reka A, Harrison, Paul, Hegyesi, Hargita, Hendrix, An, Hill, Andrew F, Hochberg, Fred H, Hoffmann, Karl F, Holder, Beth, Holthofer, Harry, Hosseinkhani, Baharak, Hu, Guoku, Huang, Yiyao, Huber, Veronica, Hunt, Stuart, Ibrahim, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin, Ikezu, Tsuneya, Inal, Jameel M, Isin, Mustafa, Ivanova, Alena, Jackson, Hannah K, Jacobsen, Soren, Jay, Steven M, Jayachandran, Muthuvel, Jenster, Guido, Jiang, Lanzhou, Johnson, Suzanne M, Jones, Jennifer C, Jong, Ambrose, Jovanovic-Talisman, Tijana, Jung, Stephanie, Kalluri, Raghu, Kano, Shin-Ichi, Kaur, Sukhbir, Kawamura, Yumi, Keller, Evan T, Khamari, Delaram, Khomyakova, Elena, Khvorova, Anastasia, Kierulf, Peter, Kim, Kwang Pyo, Kislinger, Thomas, Klingeborn, Mikael, Klinke, David J, Kornek, Miroslaw, Kosanović, Maja M, Kovács, Árpád Ferenc, Krämer-Albers, Eva-Maria, Krasemann, Susanne, Krause, Mirja, Kurochkin, Igor V, Kusuma, Gina D, Kuypers, Sören, Laitinen, Saara, Langevin, Scott M, Languino, Lucia R, Lannigan, Joanne, Lässer, Cecilia, Laurent, Louise C, Lavieu, Gregory, Lázaro-Ibáñez, Elisa, Le Lay, Soazig, Lee, Myung-Shin, Lee, Yi Xin Fiona, Lemos, Debora S, Lenassi, Metka, Leszczynska, Aleksandra, Li, Isaac Ts, Liao, Ke, Libregts, Sten F, Ligeti, Erzsebet, Lim, Rebecca, Lim, Sai Kiang, Linē, Aija, Linnemannstöns, Karen, Llorente, Alicia, Lombard, Catherine A, Lorenowicz, Magdalena J, Lörincz, Ákos M, Lötvall, Jan, Lovett, Jason, Lowry, Michelle C, Loyer, Xavier, Lu, Quan, Lukomska, Barbara, Lunavat, Taral R, Maas, Sybren Ln, Malhi, Harmeet, Marcilla, Antonio, Mariani, Jacopo, Mariscal, Javier, Martens-Uzunova, Elena S, Martin-Jaular, Lorena, Martinez, M Carmen, Martins, Vilma Regina, Mathieu, Mathilde, Mathivanan, Suresh, Maugeri, Marco, McGinnis, Lynda K, McVey, Mark J, Meckes, David G, Meehan, Katie L, Mertens, Inge, Minciacchi, Valentina R, Möller, Andreas, Møller Jørgensen, Malene, Morales-Kastresana, Aizea, Morhayim, Jess, Mullier, François, Muraca, Maurizio, Musante, Luca, Mussack, Veronika, Muth, Dillon C, Myburgh, Kathryn H, Najrana, Tanbir, Nawaz, Muhammad, Nazarenko, Irina, Nejsum, Peter, Neri, Christian, Neri, Tommaso, Nieuwland, Rienk, Nimrichter, Leonardo, Nolan, John P, Nolte-'t Hoen, Esther NM, Noren Hooten, Nicole, O'Driscoll, Lorraine, O'Grady, Tina, O'Loghlen, Ana, Ochiya, Takahiro, Olivier, Martin, Ortiz, Alberto, Ortiz, Luis A, Osteikoetxea, Xabier, Østergaard, Ole, Ostrowski, Matias, Park, Jaesung, Pegtel, D Michiel, Peinado, Hector, Perut, Francesca, Pfaffl, Michael W, Phinney, Donald G, Pieters, Bartijn Ch, Pink, Ryan C, Pisetsky, David S, Pogge von Strandmann, Elke, Polakovicova, Iva, Poon, Ivan Kh, Powell, Bonita H, Prada, Ilaria, Pulliam, Lynn, Quesenberry, Peter, Radeghieri, Annalisa, Raffai, Robert L, Raimondo, Stefania, Rak, Janusz, Ramirez, Marcel I, Raposo, Graça, Rayyan, Morsi S, Regev-Rudzki, Neta, Ricklefs, Franz L, Robbins, Paul D, Roberts, David D, Rodrigues, Silvia C, Rohde, Eva, Rome, Sophie, Rouschop, Kasper Ma, Rughetti, Aurelia, Russell, Ashley E, Saá, Paula, Sahoo, Susmita, Salas-Huenuleo, Edison, Sánchez, Catherine, Saugstad, Julie A, Saul, Meike J, Schiffelers, Raymond M, Schneider, Raphael, Schøyen, Tine Hiorth, Scott, Aaron, Shahaj, Eriomina, Sharma, Shivani, Shatnyeva, Olga, Shekari, Faezeh, Shelke, Ganesh Vilas, Shetty, Ashok K, Shiba, Kiyotaka, Siljander, Pia R-M, Silva, Andreia M, Skowronek, Agata, Snyder, Orman L, Soares, Rodrigo Pedro, Sódar, Barbara W, Soekmadji, Carolina, Sotillo, Javier, Stahl, Philip D, Stoorvogel, Willem, Stott, Shannon L, Strasser, Erwin F, Swift, Simon, Tahara, Hidetoshi, Tewari, Muneesh, Timms, Kate, Tiwari, Swasti, Tixeira, Rochelle, Tkach, Mercedes, Toh, Wei Seong, Tomasini, Richard, Torrecilhas, Ana Claudia, Tosar, Juan Pablo, Toxavidis, Vasilis, Urbanelli, Lorena, Vader, Pieter, van Balkom, Bas Wm, van der Grein, Susanne G, Van Deun, Jan, van Herwijnen, Martijn Jc, Van Keuren-Jensen, Kendall, van Niel, Guillaume, van Royen, Martin E, van Wijnen, Andre J, Vasconcelos, M Helena, Vechetti, Ivan J, Veit, Tiago D, Vella, Laura J, Velot, Émilie, Verweij, Frederik J, Vestad, Beate, Viñas, Jose L, Visnovitz, Tamás, Vukman, Krisztina V, Wahlgren, Jessica, Watson, Dionysios C, Wauben, Marca Hm, Weaver, Alissa, Webber, Jason P, Weber, Viktoria, Wehman, Ann M, Weiss, Daniel J, Welsh, Joshua A, Wendt, Sebastian, Wheelock, Asa M, Wiener, Zoltán, Witte, Leonie, Wolfram, Joy, Xagorari, Angeliki, Xander, Patricia, Xu, Jing, Yan, Xiaomei, Yáñez-Mó, María, Yin, Hang, Yuana, Yuana, Zappulli, Valentina, Zarubova, Jana, Žėkas, Vytautas, Zhang, Jian-Ye, Zhao, Zezhou, Zheng, Lei, Zheutlin, Alexander R, Zickler, Antje M, Zimmermann, Pascale, Zivkovic, Angela M, Zocco, Davide, Zuba-Surma, Ewa K, dB&C I&I, LS Celbiologie-Algemeen, Celbiologie, Afd Pharmaceutics, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Biomol.Mass Spect. and Proteomics, Afd Pharmacology, Urology, Pathology, Medical Oncology, Immunité et cancer, Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore], Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques (SOPAM), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - U 1192 (PRISM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée - UMR 754 (IVPC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Immuno-Endocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire [Nantes] (IECM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Department for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of chemitry, Slovenia, Biologie, génétique et thérapies ostéoarticulaires et respiratoires (BIOTARGEN), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Institut de pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IPMC), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Immuno-Endocrinologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IECM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC - UMR-S U970), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Imagerie Moléculaire et Nanobiotechnologies - Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University (JCU), Department of Oncology - Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska [Karolinska Institutet] (CCK), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults [Modena, Italy] (Laboratory of Cellular Therapy), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Partner site Munich, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen [Essen], Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Psychiatry, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology [Helsinki], Haartman Institute [Helsinki], Faculty of Medecine [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Faculty of Medecine [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Rigshospitalet [Copenhagen], Copenhagen University Hospital, Dalhousie University [Halifax], Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, University of Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Glycobiologie et signalisation cellulaire, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg (GU), Universidad de Alicante, École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Créteil (UPEC ESPE Créteil), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), University of Antwerp (UA), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù [Roma], Department of Veterinary Disease Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Biologie et Pathologie du Neurone (Brain-C), Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement = Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Ecole des Ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris (EIVP), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center [Montreal] (MUHC), Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaires (CDC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition (CarMeN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], University Medical Center [Utrecht], University of Toronto, Fiocruz Minas - René Rachou Research Center / Instituto René Rachou [Belo Horizonte, Brésil], Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Federal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp), Functional Genomics / Genómica Funcional [Montevideo], Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Hospital Santa Cristina Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa C, Unidad de Investigación, Institut Curie [Paris]-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physiology, University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California-University of California, University of Vermont [Burlington], Peking University [Beijing], Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Taipa, Macau SAR, (Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences), Human Genetics, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], INSERM, Institut Curie, INCa [INCA-11548], French National Research Agency [ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*, ANR-11-LABX-0043], SIDACTION [17-1-AAE-1138], Fondation ARC [PGA1 RF20180206962, PJA 20171206453], NIDA [DA040385, DA047807], Ministry of Education, NIA [AG057430], NIMH [MH118164], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes-École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Nantes (UN), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia = University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Universität Duisburg-Essen = University of Duisburg-Essen [Essen], Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Aberystwyth University, University of Copenhagen 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(UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-CNRS : UMR6174, Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MECADEV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Johannes Gutenberg - University of Mainz (JGU), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona], Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Fiocruz Minas - René Rachou Research Center / Instituto René Rachou, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Curie-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Vermont College of Medicine [Burlington, VT, USA], Extracellular Vesicles, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Thery, C., Witwer, K. W., Aikawa, E., Alcaraz, M. J., Anderson, J. D., Andriantsitohaina, R., Antoniou, A., Arab, T., Archer, F., Atkin-Smith, G. K., Ayre, D. C., Bach, J. -M., Bachurski, D., Baharvand, H., Balaj, L., Baldacchino, S., Bauer, N. N., Baxter, A. A., Bebawy, M., Beckham, C., Bedina Zavec, A., Benmoussa, A., Berardi, A. C., Bergese, P., Bielska, E., Blenkiron, C., Bobis-Wozowicz, S., Boilard, E., Boireau, W., Bongiovanni, A., Borras, F. E., Bosch, S., Boulanger, C. M., Breakefield, X., Breglio, A. M., Brennan, M. A., Brigstock, D. R., Brisson, A., Broekman, M. L. D., Bromberg, J. F., Bryl-Gorecka, P., Buch, S., Buck, A. H., Burger, D., Busatto, S., Buschmann, D., Bussolati, B., Buzas, E. I., Byrd, J. B., Camussi, G., Carter, D. R. F., Caruso, S., Chamley, L. W., Chang, Y. -T., Chaudhuri, A. D., Chen, C., Chen, S., Cheng, L., Chin, A. R., Clayton, A., Clerici, S. P., Cocks, A., Cocucci, E., Coffey, R. J., Cordeiro-da-Silva, A., Couch, Y., Coumans, F. A. W., Coyle, B., Crescitelli, R., Criado, M. F., D'Souza-Schorey, C., Das, S., de Candia, P., De Santana, E. F., De Wever, O., del Portillo, H. A., Demaret, T., Deville, S., Devitt, A., Dhondt, B., Di Vizio, D., Dieterich, L. C., Dolo, V., Dominguez Rubio, A. P., Dominici, M., Dourado, M. R., Driedonks, T. A. P., Duarte, F. V., Duncan, H. M., Eichenberger, R. M., Ekstrom, K., EL Andaloussi, S., Elie-Caille, C., Erdbrugger, U., Falcon-Perez, J. M., Fatima, F., Fish, J. E., Flores-Bellver, M., Forsonits, A., Frelet-Barrand, A., Fricke, F., Fuhrmann, G., Gabrielsson, S., Gamez-Valero, A., Gardiner, C., Gartner, K., Gaudin, R., Gho, Y. S., Giebel, B., Gilbert, C., Gimona, M., Giusti, I., Goberdhan, D. C. I., Gorgens, A., Gorski, S. M., Greening, D. W., Gross, J. C., Gualerzi, A., Gupta, G. N., Gustafson, D., Handberg, A., Haraszti, R. A., Harrison, P., Hegyesi, H., Hendrix, A., Hill, A. F., Hochberg, F. H., Hoffmann, K. F., Holder, B., Holthofer, H., Hosseinkhani, B., Hu, G., Huang, Y., Huber, V., Hunt, S., Ibrahim, A. G. -E., Ikezu, T., Inal, J. M., Isin, M., Ivanova, A., Jackson, H. K., Jacobsen, S., Jay, S. M., Jayachandran, M., Jenster, G., Jiang, L., Johnson, S. M., Jones, J. C., Jong, A., Jovanovic-Talisman, T., Jung, S., Kalluri, R., Kano, S. -I., Kaur, S., Kawamura, Y., Keller, E. T., Khamari, D., Khomyakova, E., Khvorova, A., Kierulf, P., Kim, K. P., Kislinger, T., Klingeborn, M., Klinke, D. J., Kornek, M., Kosanovic, M. M., Kovacs, A. F., Kramer-Albers, E. -M., Krasemann, S., Krause, M., Kurochkin, I. V., Kusuma, G. D., Kuypers, S., Laitinen, S., Langevin, S. M., Languino, L. R., Lannigan, J., Lasser, C., Laurent, L. C., Lavieu, G., Lazaro-Ibanez, E., Le Lay, S., Lee, M. -S., Lee, Y. X. F., Lemos, D. S., Lenassi, M., Leszczynska, A., Li, I. T. S., Liao, K., Libregts, S. F., Ligeti, E., Lim, R., Lim, S. K., Line, A., Linnemannstons, K., Llorente, A., Lombard, C. A., Lorenowicz, M. J., Lorincz, A. M., Lotvall, J., Lovett, J., Lowry, M. C., Loyer, X., Lu, Q., Lukomska, B., Lunavat, T. R., Maas, S. L. N., Malhi, H., Marcilla, A., Mariani, J., Mariscal, J., Martens-Uzunova, E. S., Martin-Jaular, L., Martinez, M. C., Martins, V. R., Mathieu, M., Mathivanan, S., Maugeri, M., Mcginnis, L. K., Mcvey, M. J., Meckes, D. G., Meehan, K. L., Mertens, I., Minciacchi, V. R., Moller, A., Moller Jorgensen, M., Morales-Kastresana, A., Morhayim, J., Mullier, F., Muraca, M., Musante, L., Mussack, V., Muth, D. C., Myburgh, K. H., Najrana, T., Nawaz, M., Nazarenko, I., Nejsum, P., Neri, C., Neri, T., Nieuwland, R., Nimrichter, L., Nolan, J. P., Nolte-'t Hoen, E. N. M., Noren Hooten, N., O'Driscoll, L., O'Grady, T., O'Loghlen, A., Ochiya, T., Olivier, M., Ortiz, A., Ortiz, L. A., Osteikoetxea, X., Ostegaard, O., Ostrowski, M., Park, J., Pegtel, D. M., Peinado, H., Perut, F., Pfaffl, M. W., Phinney, D. G., Pieters, B. C. H., Pink, R. C., Pisetsky, D. S., Pogge von Strandmann, E., Polakovicova, I., Poon, I. K. H., Powell, B. H., Prada, I., Pulliam, L., Quesenberry, P., Radeghieri, A., Raffai, R. L., Raimondo, S., Rak, J., Ramirez, M. I., Raposo, G., Rayyan, M. S., Regev-Rudzki, N., Ricklefs, F. L., Robbins, P. D., Roberts, D. D., Rodrigues, S. C., Rohde, E., Rome, S., Rouschop, K. M. A., Rughetti, A., Russell, A. E., Saa, P., Sahoo, S., Salas-Huenuleo, E., Sanchez, C., Saugstad, J. A., Saul, M. J., Schiffelers, R. M., Schneider, R., Schoyen, T. H., Scott, A., Shahaj, E., Sharma, S., Shatnyeva, O., Shekari, F., Shelke, G. V., Shetty, A. K., Shiba, K., Siljander, P. R. -M., Silva, A. M., Skowronek, A., Snyder, O. L., Soares, R. P., Sodar, B. W., Soekmadji, C., Sotillo, J., Stahl, P. D., Stoorvogel, W., Stott, S. L., Strasser, E. F., Swift, S., Tahara, H., Tewari, M., Timms, K., Tiwari, S., Tixeira, R., Tkach, M., Toh, W. S., Tomasini, R., Torrecilhas, A. C., Tosar, J. P., Toxavidis, V., Urbanelli, L., Vader, P., van Balkom, B. W. M., van der Grein, S. G., Van Deun, J., van Herwijnen, M. J. C., Van Keuren-Jensen, K., van Niel, G., van Royen, M. E., van Wijnen, A. J., Vasconcelos, M. H., Vechetti, I. J., Veit, T. D., Vella, L. J., Velot, E., Verweij, F. J., Vestad, B., Vinas, J. L., Visnovitz, T., Vukman, K. V., Wahlgren, J., Watson, D. C., Wauben, M. H. M., Weaver, A., Webber, J. P., Weber, V., Wehman, A. M., Weiss, D. J., Welsh, J. A., Wendt, S., Wheelock, A. M., Wiener, Z., Witte, L., Wolfram, J., Xagorari, A., Xander, P., Xu, J., Yan, X., Yanez-Mo, M., Yin, H., Yuana, Y., Zappulli, V., Zarubova, J., Zekas, V., Zhang, J. -Y., Zhao, Z., Zheng, L., Zheutlin, A. R., Zickler, A. M., Zimmermann, P., Zivkovic, A. M., Zocco, D., Zuba-Surma, E. K., dB&C I&I, LS Celbiologie-Algemeen, Celbiologie, Afd Pharmaceutics, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Biomol.Mass Spect. and Proteomics, Afd Pharmacology, CCA - Imaging and biomarkers, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms

Subjects
ectosome, ectosomes, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, guidelines, microparticles, microvesicles, minimal information requirements, reproducibility, rigor, standardization, Histology, Cell Biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], size-exclusion, Medicine and Health Sciences, CELL-DERIVED MICROPARTICLES, FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION, requirements, circulating, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, lcsh:Cytology, PROSTATE-CANCER, microparticle, Cell interaction, microvesicle, chromatography, Position Paper, guideline, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, ectosomes, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, guidelines, microparticles, microvesicles, minimal information requirements, reproducibility, rigor, standardization, MEMBRANE-VESICLES, FETAL BOVINE, Ectosomes, Exosomes, Extracellular Vesicles, Guidelines, Microparticles, Microvesicles, Minimal Information Requirements, Reproducibility, Rigor, Standardization, CIRCULATING MICROPARTICLES, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, ddc:570, exosome, SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE, ddc:610, lcsh:QH573-671, Biology, Interacció cel·lular, Science & Technology, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/mcrc, Cell membranes, HUMAN URINARY EXOSOMES, PREANALYTICAL PARAMETERS, minimal information requirement, SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY, 1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, extracellular vesicle, Human medicine, Membranes cel·lulars
Abstract

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

Published
2018

19. Fungal spores as a source of sodium salt particles in the Amazon basin

Author

Johannes Weis, Joel Brito, John Cliff, M. Tanarhte, Bingbing Wang, G. G. Cirino, Susannah M. Burrows, Luciana V. Rizzo, Mary K. Gilles, Paulo Artaxo, Po-Lun Ma, Swarup China, Alexander Laskin, Tristan H. Harder, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)

Subjects
Spores, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, Biosphere, food and beverages, Spores, Fungal, Sodium salt, Fungal, Environmental chemistry, Terrestrial ecosystem, Seasons, geographic locations, Brazil, Amazon basin, Wet season, Rainforest, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Science, Sodium, Salt (chemistry), chemistry.chemical_element, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, parasitic diseases, MD Multidisciplinary, Life Below Water, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Aerosols, fungi, General Chemistry, social sciences, 15. Life on land, Spore, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Particulate Matter
Abstract

In the Amazon basin, particles containing mixed sodium salts are routinely observed and are attributed to marine aerosols transported from the Atlantic Ocean. Using chemical imaging analysis, we show that, during the wet season, fungal spores emitted by the forest biosphere contribute at least 30% (by number) to sodium salt particles in the central Amazon basin. Hydration experiments indicate that sodium content in fungal spores governs their growth factors. Modeling results suggest that fungal spores account for ~69% (31–95%) of the total sodium mass during the wet season and that their fractional contribution increases during nighttime. Contrary to common assumptions that sodium-containing aerosols originate primarily from marine sources, our results suggest that locally-emitted fungal spores contribute substantially to the number and mass of coarse particles containing sodium. Hence, their role in cloud formation and contribution to salt cycles and the terrestrial ecosystem in the Amazon basin warrant further consideration., Salt particles in the Amazon basin are typically attributed to marine aerosols transported from the Atlantic Ocean. Here the authors show the potential importance of fungal spores as a source of sodium-salt particles in the Amazon rainforest.

Published
2018

20. Planktonic ciliates in different water masses in open waters near Prydz Bay (East Antarctica) during austral summer, with an emphasis on tintinnid assemblages

Author

Zhencheng Tao, Wuchang Zhang, Gérald Grégori, Yi Dong, Chaolun Li, Haibo Li, Chen Liang, Yuan Zhao, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Institute of Information Science and Engineering [Shandong], Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire de MicrobiologiE de Géochimie et d'Ecologie Marines (LMGEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Water mass, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Temperature salinity diagrams, 01 natural sciences, Prydz, Abundance, Circumpolar deep water, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, biology, Planktonic ciliates, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Pelagic zone, Plankton, biology.organism_classification, Oceanography, Bay, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Upwelling, Antarctica, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Tintinnid
Abstract

International audience; Planktonic ciliates are important microzooplankton in pelagic ecosystems. Previous studies in Antarctic waters have only investigated ciliate assemblages in different habitats without considering water masses. In this article, we report the characteristics of ciliate assemblages in different water masses in open waters near Prydz Bay (East Antarctica) during austral summer. Three water masses were identified according to temperature and salinity: Summer Surface Water (SSW), Winter Water (WW), and Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). SSW was further divided into SSW Chl a < 3 (in vivo Chlorophyll a > 3 mg m −3) and SSW Chl a < 3 (in vivo Chlorophyll a < 3 mg m −3). Ciliate abundance and biomass in water masses decreased in the order: SSW > WW > CDW. SSW Chl a > 3 had a higher proportion (38.2%) of tintinnids to the total ciliate abundance and larger aloricate ciliates (ciliates in the 10-20 µm size class were < 15% of the total aloricate ciliate abundance) than in other water masses. WW had a higher proportion (> 30%) of Southern Ocean endemic tintinnid species in total tintinnid abundance than in other water masses. Each water mass had the following indigenous tintinnid species: SSW, Salpingella sp., Codonellopsis gaussi; WW, Salpingella costata, S. faurei, Cymatocylis affinis/convallaria forma drygalskii, and C. vanhoeffeni. Laackman-niella naviculaefera and C. affinis/convallaria forma cristallina were present at high abundance in both WW and SSW Chl a > 3. Upwelling caused discontinuity of the ciliate distribution. Our results will help predict the spatial and temporal variations of ciliate assemblages and other plankton according to the dynamics of water masses in Antarctic waters.

Published
2018

21. Impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial carbon cycle constrained by bottom-up and top-down approaches

Author

Bastos, Ana, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Chen, Chi, Mialon, Arnaud, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Arora, Vivek, Briggs, Peter, Canadell, Josep, Ciais, Philippe, Chevallier, Frédéric, Cheng, Lei, Delire, Christine, Haverd, Vanessa, Jain, Atul, Joos, Fortunat, Kato, Etsushi, Lienert, Sebastian, Lombardozzi, Danica, Melton, Joe, Myneni, Ranga, Nabel, Julia, Pongratz, Julia, Poulter, Benjamin, Rödenbeck, Christian, Séférian, Roland, Tian, Hanqin, van Eck, Christel, Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony, Wiltshire, Andy, Yang, Jia, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Ning, Zhu, Dan, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, National University of Defense Technology [China], Centre d'Applications et de Recherches en TELédétection (CARTEL), Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke], Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Earth and Environment, Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Montana State University (MSU), Max-Planck-Institut, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre d'Applications et de Recherches en TELédétection [Sherbrooke] (CARTEL), Département de géomatique appliquée [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EC H2020 project CRESCENDO 641816, European Research Council (ERC) under European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (QUINCY) 647204, European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Carnegie Institution for Science, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
cycle du carbone, Carbon Sequestration, dessèchement, 530 Physics, atmospheric inversions, Medical and Health Sciences, Theoretical, El Nino/Southern Oscillation, Models, zone tropicale, phénomène climatique, carbon cycle, réchauffement climatique, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Evolutionary Biology, climat, Atmospheric inversions, Atmosphere, adaptation au stress, Articles, Carbon cycle, Biological Sciences, Models, Theoretical, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, évolution spatiotemporelle, Land-surface models, land-surface models, El Niño/Southern Oscillation, carbone du sol, Biologie, Research Article
Abstract

Evaluating the response of the land carbon sink to the anomalies in temperature and drought imposed by El Niño events provides insights into the present-day carbon cycle and its climate-driven variability. It is also a necessary step to build confidence in terrestrial ecosystems models’ response to the warming and drying stresses expected in the future over many continents, and particularly in the tropics. Here we present an in-depth analysis of the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to the 2015/2016 El Niño that imposed extreme warming and dry conditions in the tropics and other sensitive regions. First, we provide a synthesis of the spatio-temporal evolution of anomalies in net land–atmosphere CO2 fluxes estimated by two in situ measurements based on atmospheric inversions and 16 land-surface models (LSMs) from TRENDYv6. Simulated changes in ecosystem productivity, decomposition rates and fire emissions are also investigated. Inversions and LSMs generally agree on the decrease and subsequent recovery of the land sink in response to the onset, peak and demise of El Niño conditions and point to the decreased strength of the land carbon sink: by 0.4–0.7 PgC yr21 (inversions) and by 1.0 PgC yr21 (LSMs) during 2015/2016. LSM simulations indicate that a decrease in productivity, rather than increase in respiration, dominated the net biome productivity anomalies in response to ENSO throughout the tropics, mainly associated with prolonged drought conditions. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2018

22. Novel Sulfur Host Composed of Cobalt and Porous Graphitic Carbon Derived from MOFs for the High-Performance Li–S Battery

Author

Xin-Xing Peng, Shi-Gang Sun, Ling Huang, Yao Zhou, Zhen-Guang Gao, Xiao-Dong Zhou, Shao-Jian Zhang, Yan-Qiu Lu, Jolanta Światowska, Yi-Jin Wu, Tian Sheng, Li Deng, Jun-Tao Li, Rui Nie, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Surfaces (LPCS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST)

Subjects
Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [CHIM.INOR]Chemical Sciences/Inorganic chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Sulfur, Decomposition, Cathode, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, Catalysis, Adsorption, chemistry, Chemical engineering, law, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, Bimetallic strip, Cobalt, Carbon
Abstract

International audience; A composite consisting of cobalt and graphitic porous carbon (Co@ GC-PC) is synthesized from bimetallic metal−organic frameworks and employed as the sulfur host for high-performance Li−S batteries. Because of the presence of a large surface area (724 m 2 g −1) and an abundance of macro-/mesopores, the Co@ GC-PC electrode is able to alleviate the debilitating effect originating from the volume expansion/contraction of sulfur species during the cycling process. Our in situ UV/vis analysis indicates that the existence of Co@GC-PC promotes the adsorption of polysulfides during the discharge process. Density functional theory calculations show a strong interaction between Co and Li 2 S and a low decomposition barrier of Li 2 S on Co(111), which is beneficial to the following Li 2 S oxidation in the charge process. As a result, at 0.2C, the discharge capacity of the S/Co@GC-PC cathode is stabilized at 790 mAh g −1 after 220 cycles, much higher than that of a carbon-based cathode, which delivers a discharge capacity of 188 mAh g −1.

Published
2018

23. Solar Ultraviolet Bursts

Author

Shin Toriumi, Chris J. Nelson, Luc Rouppe van der Voort, Kevin Reardon, Hardi Peter, Peter R. Young, Maria S. Madjarska, Sanja Danilovic, Petr Heinzel, Brigitte Schmieder, Gregal J. M. Vissers, Zhenghua Huang, Lakshmi Pradeep Chitta, Yukio Katsukawa, A. Berlicki, Robert J. Rutten, C. A. Madsen, Mark C. M. Cheung, Hui Tian, Centre for Research on Environmental Systems and Statistics (CRES), Lancaster University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), School of Earth and Space Sciences [Beijing], Peking University [Beijing], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Albanova University Centre, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Astronomical Institute [Wroclaw], University of Wrocław [Poland] (UWr), Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FEATURES, Flux, Astrophysics, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, transition region [Sun], MAGNETIC RECONNECTION, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, activity [Sun], Sun: transition region, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, EXPLOSIVE EVENTS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physical Sciences, Physics::Space Physics, SI-IV, Space Science, atmosphere [Sun], H-ALPHA, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Atmosphere, ELLERMAN BOMBS, Sun: activity, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), TRANSITION-REGION BLINKERS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, UV radiation [Sun], Photosphere, Sunspot, Science & Technology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Magnetic reconnection, IV BURSTS, Sun: UV radiation, Planetary science, QUIET-SUN, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, EMERGING FLUX, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Sun: atmosphere, Ultraviolet
Abstract

The term "ultraviolet (UV) burst" is introduced to describe small, intense, transient brightenings in ultraviolet images of solar active regions. We inventorize their properties and provide a definition based on image sequences in transition-region lines. Coronal signatures are rare, and most bursts are associated with small-scale, canceling opposite-polarity fields in the photosphere that occur in emerging flux regions, moving magnetic features in sunspot moats, and sunspot light bridges. We also compare UV bursts with similar transition-region phenomena found previously in solar ultraviolet spectrometry and with similar phenomena at optical wavelengths, in particular Ellerman bombs. Akin to the latter, UV bursts are probably small-scale magnetic reconnection events occurring in the low atmosphere, at photospheric and/or chromospheric heights. Their intense emission in lines with optically thin formation gives unique diagnostic opportunities for studying the physics of magnetic reconnection in the low solar atmosphere. This paper is a review report from an International Space Science Institute team that met in 2016-2017., Review article accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews

Published
2018

24. Selective laser melting of tungsten carbide reinforced maraging steel composite

Author

KANG, Nan, MA, Wenyou, HERAUD, Lorene, EL MANSORI, Mohamed, LI, Fuhai, LIU, Min, LIAO, Hanlin, Mechanics surfaces and materials processing (MSMP), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Guangdong Institute of Education [Guangzhou], Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne [Dijon] (LICB), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Procédés de Fabrication (LMPF), MECASURF (MECASURF), Arts et Métiers Paristech ENSAM Aix-en-Provence, Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Beijing Computational Science Research Center [Beijing] (CSRC), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAEE), Laboratoire d'Études et de Recherches sur les Matériaux, les Procédés et les Surfaces (IRTES - LERMPS), and Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Institut de Recherche sur les Transports, l'Energie et la Société - IRTES

Subjects
additive manufacturins, material science, additive manufacturins, Matériaux [Sciences de l'ingénieur], material science, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract

International audience; In this work, tungsten carbide (WC) reinforced maraging steel matrix composites were in-situ manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) from powder mixture. The SLM processed samples presented high relative density (over 99%) with a homogenous distribution of WC. The as-fabricated surface quality of SLM processed samples was improved significantly by the addition of WC. Focused ion beam and transmission electron microscopy were employed to characterize the interfacial properties between tungsten carbide and steel matrix. The elemental analysis indicates that metallurgical bonding appears at interfacial region due to the diffusion. Tensile behavior of SLM processed maraging steel was different from their composite with several WC contents.

Published
2018

25. Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to altered precipitation simulated by ecosystem models across three long-term grassland sites

Author

Simone Fatichi, Nicolas Viovy, Yiqi Luo, Yongwen Liu, Ying-Ping Wang, Yue He, Almut Arneth, Julia Pongratz, Donghai Wu, Julia Nabel, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Stephen Sitch, Sebastian Sippel, Qiuan Zhu, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Johannes Ingrisch, Hélène Genet, Michael Schmitt, Alan K. Knapp, Athanasios Paschalis, Changhui Peng, Anna B. Harper, David Reinthaler, Shilong Piao, Kevin R. Wilcox, Xiaoying Shi, Lena Boysen, Anna M. Ukkola, Hanqin Tian, Sara Vicca, Michael Bahn, Jiafu Mao, Markus Kautz, Guangsheng Chen, Benjamin Poulter, Jakob Zscheischler, Melinda D. Smith, Roland Hasibeder, Patrick Meir, Xiangyi Li, Shree R. S. Dangal, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), University of Oklahoma (OU), Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), University of Antwerp (UA), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Northeast Forestry University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska [Anchorage], Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of Innsbruck, Research School of Biology [Canberra, Australia], Australian National University (ANU), Northwest A and F University, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Auburn University (AU), Exeter Climate Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Climate Change Science Institute [Oak Ridge] (CCSI), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Environnement de Réseaux Autonomes (ERA), Institut Charles Delaunay (ICD), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), Northeast Forestry University (NEFU), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Carnegie Institution for Science, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, and University of Exeter

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Steppe, Geography & travel, 04 Earth Sciences, 05 Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Life, Atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Ecosystem, Precipitation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Primary productivity, Earth-Surface Processes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ddc:910, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Physics, Simulation modeling, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Primary production, 06 Biological Sciences, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Chemistry, Productivity (ecology), 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract

Field measurements of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in temperate grasslands suggest that both positive and negative asymmetric responses to changes in precipitation (P) may occur. Under normal range of precipitation variability, wet years typically result in ANPP gains being larger than ANPP declines in dry years (positive asymmetry), whereas increases in ANPP are lower in magnitude in extreme wet years compared to reductions during extreme drought (negative asymmetry). Whether the current generation of ecosystem models with a coupled carbon–water system in grasslands are capable of simulating these asymmetric ANPP responses is an unresolved question. In this study, we evaluated the simulated responses of temperate grassland primary productivity to scenarios of altered precipitation with 14 ecosystem models at three sites: Shortgrass steppe (SGS), Konza Prairie (KNZ) and Stubai Valley meadow (STU), spanning a rainfall gradient from dry to moist. We found that (1) the spatial slopes derived from modeled primary productivity and precipitation across sites were steeper than the temporal slopes obtained from inter-annual variations, which was consistent with empirical data; (2) the asymmetry of the responses of modeled primary productivity under normal inter-annual precipitation variability differed among models, and the mean of the model ensemble suggested a negative asymmetry across the three sites, which was contrary to empirical evidence based on filed observations; (3) the mean sensitivity of modeled productivity to rainfall suggested greater negative response with reduced precipitation than positive response to an increased precipitation under extreme conditions at the three sites; and (4) gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP), aboveground NPP (ANPP) and belowground NPP (BNPP) all showed concave-down nonlinear responses to altered precipitation in all the models, but with different curvatures and mean values. Our results indicated that most models overestimate the negative drought effects and/or underestimate the positive effects of increased precipitation on primary productivity under normal climate conditions, highlighting the need for improving eco-hydrological processes in those models in the future.

Published
2018

26. Global Carbon Budget 2017

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard, Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan D., Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank J., Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Padin, X. Antonio, Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, Zhu, Dan, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Climate Change Science Institute [Oak Ridge] (CCSI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, ESRL Chemical Sciences Division [Boulder] (CSD), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Climatic Research Unit, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Cycles biogéochimiques marins : processus et perturbations (CYBIOM), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST)-Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Montana State University (MSU), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

International audience; Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the "global carbon budget" – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2007–2016), EFF was 9.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 6.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.7 ± 1.0 GtC yr−1, with a small BIM of −0.3 GtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007–2016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small SLAND consistent with El Niño conditions. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 402.8 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2016. For 2017, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.0 % (range of 0.8 to 3.0 %) based on national emissions projections for China, USA, and India, and projections of gross domestic product (GDP) corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2017 (GCP, 2017).

Published
2018

27. Elemental Mixing State of Aerosol Particles Collected in Central Amazonia during GoAmazon2014/15

Author

Alexander Laskin, Swarup China, Don Q. Pham, Suzane S. de Sá, Daniel Bonanno, Christopher Pöhlker, Matthew Fraund, Scot T. Martin, Paulo Artaxo, Samara Carbone, Joel Brito, Meinrat O. Andreae, Ryan C. Moffet, Bingbing Wang, Mary K. Gilles, Tristan H. Harder, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, mixing state, Amazon, elemental composition, aerosol, STXM, SEM, EDX, diversity, aging, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental Science and Management, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), lcsh:QC851-999, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Cluster (physics), Spectroscopy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Range (particle radiation), Amazon rainforest, Sampling (statistics), 15. Life on land, XANES, Aerosol, 13. Climate action, Particle, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology
Abstract

International audience; Two complementary techniques, Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy/Near Edge Fine Structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), have been quantitatively combined to characterize individual atmospheric particles. This pair of techniques was applied to particle samples at three sampling sites (ATTO, ZF2, and T3) in the Amazon basin as part of the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign during the dry season of 2014. The combined data was subjected to k-means clustering using mass fractions of the following elements: C, N, O, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Zn. Cluster analysis identified 12 particle types across different sampling sites and particle sizes. Samples from the remote Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO, also T0a) exhibited less cluster variety and fewer anthropogenic clusters than samples collected at the sites nearer to the Manaus metropolitan region, ZF2 (also T0t) or T3. Samples from the ZF2 site contained aged/anthropogenic clusters not readily explained by transport from ATTO or Manaus, possibly suggesting the effects of long range atmospheric transport or other local aerosol sources present during sampling. In addition, this data set allowed for recently established diversity parameters to be calculated. All sample periods had high mixing state indices (χ) that were >0.8. Two individual particle diversity (D i) populations were observed, with particles 0.5 µm particles having a D i of ~3.6, which likely correspond to fresh and aged aerosols, respectively. The diversity parameters determined by the quantitative method presented here will serve to aid in the accurate representation of aerosol mixing state, source apportionment, and aging in both less polluted and more developed environments in the Amazon Basin.

Published
2017

28. Detection of formaldehyde oxidation catalysis by MCR-ALS analysis of multiset ToF-SIMS data in positive and negative modes

Author

Jean-François Lamonier, Xin Zhang, Ludovic Duponchel, Nicolas Nuns, Romà Tauler, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire de Catalyse et Environnement (LCE), MREI, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Intéractions la Réactivité et l'Environnement - UMR 8516 (LASIRE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille Institut (CLIL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille Institut (CLIL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille

Subjects
Birnessite, Inorganic chemistry, Formaldehyde, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Manganese, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Catalysis, Ion, Metal, chemistry.chemical_compound, Molecule, Spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Complex data type, Chemistry, Process Chemistry and Technology, 010401 analytical chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Computer Science Applications, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology, Software
Abstract

Toxicity of formaldehyde is extremely high even at very low concentration in air. We have used ToF-SIMS (Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy) to explore formaldehyde oxidation catalyzed by birnessite (K x (Mn 4+ ,Mn 3+ ) 2 O 4 ) in the temperature range from 25 to 200 °C. ToF-SIMS is a powerful tool for the generation of chemical maps because of its high spatial resolution, its sensitivity and relatively low acquisition time. In this method the mass analysis of positive and negative ions sputtered out of the uppermost layers of the analyzed sample is performed. ToF-SIMS produces large raw data sets with rich chemical information but rather complex to be analyzed and interpreted. This is why the application of chemometric methods is proposed in this work for the exploration of ToF-SIMS complex data sets. In this work, MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares) has been applied to resolve both the positive and negative ions present in ToF-SIMS data sets simultaneously analyzed using a data matrix augmentation strategy. Birnessite without catalyzed formaldehyde was first analyzed to resolve background contributions and use them to implement a selectivity constraint for MCR-ALS to remove them in the analysis of the formaldehyde oxidation data sets. Results show that, following the temperature increase, concentration of formaldehyde combined with manganese ions decreased whereas concentration of manganese oxide increased. Conformation changes of manganese formaldehyde metal complex were then inferred. It is concluded that the formation of the metal complex species formed between two manganese ions and only one formaldehyde molecule is very unlikely to exist.

Published
2017

29. Toward 'optimal' integration of terrestrial biosphere models

Author

Huimin Lei, Atul K. Jain, Robert B. Cook, Weile Wang, Hanqin Tian, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Ning Zeng, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Kevin W. Bowman, Bassil El-Masri, Yaxing Wei, Joshua B. Fisher, Kevin Schaefer, Junjie Liu, Anthony W. King, Xiaoying Shi, Anna M. Michalak, Chaoqun Lu, Bo Tao, Jiafu Mao, Daniel J. Hayes, Maoyi Huang, Shushi Peng, Christopher R. Schwalm, Benjamin Poulter, Jia Yang, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GSCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Carbon metabolism, Meteorology, Biosphere, Grid cell, 15. Life on land, Carbon cycle, Geophysics, Earth system modeling, 13. Climate action, Econometrics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Model development, Predictability, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract

International audience; Multimodel ensembles (MME) are commonplace in Earth system modeling. Here we perform MME integration using a 10-member ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) from the Multiscale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). We contrast optimal (skill based for present-day carbon cycling) versus naïve ("one model-one vote") integration. MsTMIP optimal and naïve mean land sink strength estimates (À1.16 versus À1.15 Pg C per annum respectively) are statistically indistinguishable. This holds also for grid cell values and extends to gross uptake, biomass, and net ecosystem productivity. TBM skill is similarly indistinguishable. The added complexity of skill-based integration does not materially change MME values. This suggests that carbon metabolism has predictability limits and/or that all models and references are misspecified. Resolving this issue requires addressing specific uncertainty types (initial conditions, structure, and references) and a change in model development paradigms currently dominant in the TBM community.

Published
2015

30. Tailoring porosity and dimensionality of Co3O4 nanophase using channel interconnectivity control by steaming of nanocasting SBA-15

Author

Yu Yejun, Qing-Song Xue, Koon Fung Lam, Laurent Bonneviot, Belén Albela, Tai-Qun Yang, Xing Junling, Kun Zhang, Ma Xiaojing, EAST CHINA UNIVERSITY, KEY LAB, Laboratoire de Chimie - UMR5182 (LC), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Agronomy - State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology [Taian], Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Oxide, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Interconnectivity, 01 natural sciences, Hydrothermal circulation, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, General Materials Science, Calcination, Porosity, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Transmission electron microscopy, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Two-dimensional hexagonal arrays of interconnected Co3O4 nano-rods or disconnected mono-dimensional Co3O4 nano-rods were nano-cast fabricated using SBA-15 as hard template with or without intra-wall microporosity, respectively. A clean, efficient and facile high temperature steam post-treatment is proposed to control the microporosity and the interconnectivity of the nanocasted oxide phase. Characterization by small-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) suggests that the selective removal of micropores is resulted from hydrothermal restructuring within the pore wall of calcined SBA-15 followed by a sequential process, including hydrolysis and re-condensation of internal surface siloxane bonds and dissolution–migration–deposition of amorphous debris external onto the SBA-15 under the atmosphere of pure water vapor.

Published
2014

31. Entangling Two Individual Atoms of Different Isotopes via Rydberg Blockade

Author

G. V. Shlyapnikov, Min Liu, Xiaodong He, D. J. Papoular, Yangyang Liu, Peng Xu, Jin Wang, Mingsheng Zhan, Yong Zeng, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisation (LPTM - UMR 8089), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques (LPTMS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Wuhan Branch], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Quantum Gases & Quantum Information (WZI, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, Physics, General Physics and Astronomy, Quantum Physics, Quantum entanglement, Quantum Hall effect, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, Computer Science::Emerging Technologies, Quantum gate, Heteronuclear molecule, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Atom, Rydberg formula, symbols, Quantum metrology, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Quantum computer
Abstract

11 pages, 6 figures; International audience; Quantum entanglement is crucial for simulating and understanding exotic physics of strongly correlated many-body systems, such as high--temperature superconductors, or fractional quantum Hall states. The entanglement of non-identical particles exhibits richer physics of strong many-body correlations and offers more opportunities for quantum computation, especially with neutral atoms where in contrast to ions the interparticle interaction is widely tunable by Feshbach resonances. Moreover, the inter-species entanglement forms a basis for the properties of various compound systems, ranging from Bose-Bose mixtures to photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes. So far, the inter-species entanglement has only been obtained for trapped ions. Here we report on the experimental realization of entanglement of two neutral atoms of different isotopes. A ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atom and a ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atom are confined in two single--atom optical traps separated by 3.8 $\mu$m. Creating a strong Rydberg blockade, we demonstrate a heteronuclear controlled--NOT (C--NOT) quantum gate and generate a heteronuclear entangled state, with raw fidelities $0.73 \pm 0.01$ and $0.59 \pm 0.03$, respectively. Our work, together with the technologies of single--qubit gate and C--NOT gate developed for identical atoms, can be used for simulating any many--body system with multi-species interactions. It also has applications in quantum computing and quantum metrology, since heteronuclear systems exhibit advantages in low crosstalk and in memory protection.

Published
2017

32. Benchmarking carbon fluxes of the ISIMIP2a biome models

Author

Chang, Jinfeng, Ciais, Philippe, Wang, Xuhui, Piao, Shilong, Asrar, Ghassem, Betts, Richard, Chevallier, Frédéric, Dury, Marie, François, Louis, Frieler, Katja, Ros, Anselmo García Cantú, Henrot, Alexandra-Jane, Hickler, Thomas, Ito, Akihiko, Morfopoulos, Catherine, Munhoven, Guy, Nishina, Kazuya, Ostberg, Sebastian, Pan, Shufen, Peng, Shushi, Rafique, Rashid, Reyer, Christopher, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schaphoff, Sibyll, Steinkamp, Jörg, Tian, Hanqin, Viovy, Nicolas, Yang, Jia, Zeng, Ning, Zhao, Fang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Liège, Unité de Modélisation du Climat et des Cycles Biogéochimiques (UMCCB), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the eight ISIMIP2a biome models against independent estimates of long-term net carbon fluxes (i.e. Net Biome Productivity, NBP) over terrestrial ecosystems for the recent four decades (1971–2010). We evaluate modeled global NBP against 1) the updated global residual land sink (RLS) plus land use emissions (E LUC) from the Global Carbon Project (GCP), presented as R + L in this study by Le Quéré et al (2015), and 2) the land CO2 fluxes from two atmospheric inversion systems: Jena CarboScope s81_v3.8 and CAMS v15r2, referred to as F Jena and F CAMS respectively. The model ensemble-mean NBP (that includes seven models with land-use change) is higher than but within the uncertainty of R + L, while the simulated positive NBP trend over the last 30 yr is lower than that from R + L and from the two inversion systems. ISIMIP2a biome models well capture the interannual variation of global net terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes. Tropical NBP represents 31 ± 17% of global total NBP during the past decades, and the year-to-year variation of tropical NBP contributes most of the interannual variation of global NBP. According to the models, increasing Net Primary Productivity (NPP) was the main cause for the generally increasing NBP. Significant global NBP anomalies from the long-term mean between the two phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are simulated by all models (p < 0.05), which is consistent with the R + L estimate (p = 0.06), also mainly attributed to NPP anomalies, rather than to changes in heterotrophic respiration (Rh). The global NPP and NBP anomalies during ENSO events are dominated by their anomalies in tropical regions impacted by tropical climate variability. Multiple regressions between R + L, F Jena and F CAMS interannual variations and tropical climate variations reveal a significant negative response of global net terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes to tropical mean annual temperature variation, and a non-significant response to tropical annual precipitation variation. According to the models, tropical precipitation is a more important driver, suggesting that some models do not capture the roles of precipitation and temperature changes adequately.

Published
2017

33. Assessing the impacts of 1.5°C global warming - Simulation protocol of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b)

Author

K. Frieler, S. Lange, F. Piontek, C. P. O. Reyer, J. Schewe, L. Warszawski, F. Zhao, L. Chini, S. Denvil, K. Emanuel, T. Geiger, K. Halladay, G. Hurtt, M. Mengel, D. Murakami, S. Ostberg, A. Popp, R. Riva, M. Stevanovic, T. Suzuki, J. Volkholz, E. Burke, P. Ciais, K. Ebi, T. D. Eddy, J. Elliott, E. Galbraith, S. N. Gosling, F. Hattermann, T. Hickler, J. Hinkel, C. Hof, V. Huber, J. Jägermeyr, V. Krysanova, R. Marcé, H. Müller Schmied, I. Mouratiadou, D. Pierson, D. P. Tittensor, R. Vautard, M. van Vliet, M. F. Biber, R. A. Betts, B. L. Bodirsky, D. Deryng, S. Frolking, C. D. Jones, H. K. Lotze, H. Lotze-Campen, R. Sahajpal, K. Thonicke, H. Tian, Y. Yamagata, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (PIK), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Chicago, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Montréal] (EPS), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], School of Geography [Nottingham], University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Global Climate Forum e.V., Senckenberg Museum [Frankfurt], Research Domain Earth System Analysis, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Scottish Agricultural College, University of Edinburgh, Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), University of New Hampshire (UNH), University of Reading (UOR), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Emanuel, Kerry Andrew, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 12. Responsible consumption, Conference of the parties, Political science, 11. Sustainability, Impact model, Life Science, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Protocol (object-oriented programming), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, WIMEK, business.industry, Global warming, Environmental resource management, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, 020801 environmental engineering, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Water Systems and Global Change, Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, business
Abstract

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 In Paris, France, December 2015, the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) invited the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to provide a special report in 2018 on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways. In Nairobi, Kenya, April 2016, the IPCC panel accepted the invitation. Here we describe the response devised within the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP) to provide tailored, cross-sectorally consistent impact projections to broaden the scientific basis for the report. The simulation protocol is designed to allow for (1) separation of the impacts of historical warming starting from pre-industrial conditions from impacts of other drivers such as historical land-use changes (based on pre-industrial and historical impact model simulations); (2) quantification of the impacts of additional warming up to 1.5 °C, including a potential overshoot and long-term impacts up to 2299, and comparison to higher levels of global mean temperature change (based on the low-emissions Representative Concentration Pathway RCP2.6 and a no-mitigation pathway RCP6.0) with socio-economic conditions fixed at 2005 levels; and (3) assessment of the climate effects based on the same climate scenarios while accounting for simultaneous changes in socio-economic conditions following the middle-of-the-road Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP2, Fricko et al., 2016) and in particular differential bioenergy requirements associated with the transformation of the energy system to comply with RCP2.6 compared to RCP6.0. With the aim of providing the scientific basis for an aggregation of impacts across sectors and analysis of cross-sectoral interactions that may dampen or amplify sectoral impacts, the protocol is designed to facilitate consistent impact projections from a range of impact models across different sectors (global and regional hydrology, lakes, global crops, global vegetation, regional forests, global and regional marine ecosystems and fisheries, global and regional coastal infrastructure, energy supply and demand, temperature-related mortality, and global terrestrial biodiversity).

Published
2017

34. Self-assembly of (WO 3 ) 3 clusters on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface and nanowire formation: a combined experimental and theoretical study

Author

Florent Calvo, Xin Tang, Kit H. Bowen, Shandong Agricultural and Engineering College, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])

Subjects
Coalescence (physics), Materials science, Nanostructure, Nanowire, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, Crystallography, Molecular dynamics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, chemistry, Chemical physics, Tungsten carbide, Cluster (physics), [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Self-assembly, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Tungsten oxide cluster anions (WO3)3− produced from a magnetron source were soft-landed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces at different temperatures, and the structures formed upon deposition were analyzed using ex situ atomic force microscopy. Under liquid nitrogen cooling conditions of 100 K, the clusters form small branched nanostructures extending over a few nanometers with a height not exceeding 1 nm. At 673 K, nanowires approximately 100 nm long and less than 10 nm in diameter are observed. Dedicated atomistic modeling of the early steps of the assembly process was carried out using a polarizable potential parametrized to reproduce electronic structure calculations on small clusters, and accounting for the corrugated interaction with the ideal HOPG surface. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduce the branched nanostructures formed at low temperature fairly well, and confirm the loss of ramification at higher temperatures. Additional simulations of coalescence processes between nanoislands containing a hundred (WO3)3 units produce elongated shapes as observed experimentally, providing a typical size of the individual building blocks. The preferred orientation of nanowires and additional in situ X-ray photoelectron spectra both further suggest that the nanostructures grow along terraces and could bind through chemical processes and possibly tungsten carbide formation.

Published
2017

35. The global methane budget 2000-2012

Author

Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Peter Bergamaschi, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, David J. Beerling, Cyril Crevoisier, Philippe Bousquet, Julia Marshall, Simona Castaldi, Isabelle Pison, Heon Sook Kim, Yasunori Tohjima, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Atsushi Takizawa, Charles L. Curry, Debra Wunch, Kyle C. McDonald, Michel Ramonet, David Bastviken, Simon O'Doherty, Josep G. Canadell, Robin Locatelli, Francesco N. Tubiello, Prabir K. Patra, P. Steele, Brett F. Thornton, Catherine Prigent, Sander Houweling, Toshinobu Machida, David J. Wilton, Joe R. Melton, Ronald G. Prinn, William J. Riley, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Monia Santini, Giuseppe Etiope, Doug Worthy, Guido R. van der Werf, Christian Frankenberg, Shushi Peng, Vivek K. Arora, Patrick M. Crill, Ray F. Weiss, Nicolas Viovy, Michiel van Weele, Anna Peregon, Shamil Maksyutov, Vaishali Naik, Zhen Zhang, Thomas Kleinen, Lori Bruhwiler, Yukio Yoshida, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Kristofer R. Covey, Fortunat Joos, Misa Ishizawa, Bowen Zhang, Christine Wiedinmyer, Ronny Schroeder, Nicola Gedney, Hanqin Tian, Changhui Peng, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Mihai Alexe, Victor Brovkin, Ray L. Langenfelds, Isamu Morino, Glen P. Peters, Xiyan Xu, Andy Wiltshire, Isobel J. Simpson, Ben Poulter, Marielle Saunois, Qiuan Zhu, Donald R. Blake, Paul B. Krummel, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Makoto Saito, Gordon Brailsford, Robert B. Jackson, Renato Spahni, Earth and Climate, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Poulter, Ben, Peregon, Anna, Ciais, Philippe, Canadell Josep, G, Dlugokencky Edward, J., Etiope, Giuseppe, Bastviken, David, Houweling, Sander, Janssens Maenhout, Greet, Tubiello Francesco, N., Castaldi, Simona, Jackson Robert, B., Alexe, Mihai, Arora Vivek, K., Beerling David, J., Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake Donald, R., Brailsford, Gordon, Brovkin, Victor, Bruhwiler, Lori, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick, Covey, Kristofer, Curry, Charle, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Höglund Isaksson, Lena, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Joos, Fortunat, Kim Heon, Sook, Kleinen, Thoma, Krummel, Paul, Lamarque Jean, Françoi, Langenfelds, Ray, Locatelli, Robin, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, McDonald Kyle, C., Marshall, Julia, Melton Joe, R., Morino, Isamu, Naik Vaishali, Oapo, Doherty, Simon, Parmentier Frans Jan, W., Patra Prabir, K., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters Glen, P., Pison, Isabelle, Prigent, Catherine, Prinn, Ronald, Ramonet, Michel, Riley William, J., Saito, Makoto, Santini, Monia, Schroeder, Ronny, Simpson Isobel, J., Spahni, Renato, Steele, Paul, Takizawa, Atsushi, Thornton Brett, F., Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Viovy, Nicola, Voulgarakis, Apostolo, van Weele, Michiel, van der Werf Guido, R., Weiss, Ray, Wiedinmyer, Christine, Wilton David, J., Wiltshire, Andy, Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Xu, Xiyan, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Zhen, Zhu, Qiuan, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, The Department of Thematic Studies - Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University (LIU), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), LM, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Tropospheric sounding, assimilation, and modeling group [JPL], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Strathom Energie, Centre Européen de Réalité Virtuelle (CERV), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Climate Research Division [Toronto], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (UMR 8213) (LPEM), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California (USC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Prinn, Ronald G, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and University of California-University of California

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Naturgeografi, TRACE GASES, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Natural gas, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, Greenhouse effect, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, lcsh:GE1-350, [PHYS]Physics [physics], GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS, methane, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Geology, PAST 2 DECADES, Carbon project, Atmospheric chemistry, Physical Sciences, hydroxyl, Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, Wetland methane emissions, BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS, NATURAL-GAS, PROCESS-BASED MODEL, TROPOSPHERIC METHANE, 530 Physics, methane sources, Climate change, Atmospheric Sciences, ATMOSPHERIC HYDROXYL RADICALS, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION, 550 Earth sciences & geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, global model, Science & Technology, business.industry, Environmental engineering, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, 15. Life on land, methane budget, lcsh:Geology, Climate Action, Geochemistry, chemistry, Physical Geography, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT ACCMIP
Abstract

The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (similar to biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories and data-driven approaches (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003-2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by top-down inversions at 558 TgCH(4) yr(-1), range 540-568. About 60% of global emissions are anthropogenic (range 50-65 %). Since 2010, the bottom-up global emission inventories have been closer to methane emissions in the most carbon-intensive Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP8.5) and higher than all other RCP scenarios. Bottom-up approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 TgCH(4) yr(-1), range 596-884) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the bottom-up approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from top-down emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions (similar to 64% of the global budget, amp;lt;30 degrees N) as compared to mid (similar to 32 %, 30-60 degrees N) and high northern latitudes (similar to 4 %, 60-90 degrees N). Top-down inversions consistently infer lower emissions in China (similar to 58 TgCH(4) yr(-1), range 51-72, -14 %) and higher emissions in Africa (86 TgCH(4) yr(-1), range 73-108, + 19 %) than bottom-up values used as prior estimates. Overall, uncertainties for anthropogenic emissions appear smaller than those from natural sources, and the uncertainties on source categories appear larger for top-down inversions than for bottom-up inventories and models. The most important source of uncertainty on the methane budget is attributable to emissions from wetland and other inland waters. We show that the wetland extent could contribute 30-40% on the estimated range for wetland emissions. Other priorities for improving the methane budget include the following: (i) the development of process-based models for inland-water emissions, (ii) the intensification of methane observations at local scale (flux measurements) to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scale (surface networks and satellites) to constrain top-down inversions, (iii) improvements in the estimation of atmospheric loss by OH, and (iv) improvements of the transport models integrated in top-down inversions. The data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (http://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/GLOBAL_METHANE_BUDGET_2016_V1.1) and the Global Carbon Project. Funding Agencies|Swiss National Science Foundation; NASA [NNX14AF93G, NNX14AO73G]; National Environmental Science Program - Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub; European Commission [283576, 633080]; ESA Climate Change Initiative Greenhouse Gases Phase 2 project; US Department of Energy, BER [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; FAO member countries; Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan [2-1502]; ERC [322998]; NERC [NE/J00748X/1]; Swedish Research Council VR; Research Council of Norway [244074]; NSF [1243232, 1243220]; National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Chinas QianRen Program; CSIRO Australia; Australian Bureau of Meteorology; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Australian Antarctic Division; NOAA USA; Meteorological Service of Canada; National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) [NAG5-12669, NNX07AE89G, NNX11AF17G, NNX07AE87G, NNX07AF09G, NNX11AF15G, NNX11AF16G]; Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC, UK) [GA01081]; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO Australia); Bureau of Meteorology (Australia); Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme [GA01101]

Published
2016

36. Global Carbon Budget 2016

Author

Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, Josep G. Canadell, Pieter P. Tans, Abdirahman M Omar, Thomas A. Boden, Leticia Barbero, Arne Körtzinger, Adrienne J. Sutton, Guido R. van der Werf, Frank J. Millero, Benjamin D. Stocker, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Louise Chini, Denis Pierrot, Scott C. Doney, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Andrew Lenton, Kim I. Currie, Nicolas Viovy, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Sönke Zaehle, Oliver Andrews, Philippe Ciais, Peter Landschützer, Ute Schuster, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Vanessa Haverd, Simone R. Alin, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Atul K. Jain, Nathalie Lefèvre, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Joe R. Melton, Mario Hoppema, Benjamin Poulter, Frédéric Chevallier, Taro Takahashi, Hanqin Tian, Thanos Gkritzalis, Tsuneo Ono, Etsushi Kato, Andrew C. Manning, Roland Séférian, Danica Lombardozzi, Jörg Schwinger, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, David R. Munro, Corinne Le Quéré, Anthony P. Walker, Laurent Bopp, Peter Anthoni, Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, Andy Wiltshire, Sebastian Lienert, Are Olsen, Ralph F. Keeling, Nicolas Metzl, Robbie M. Andrew, Christine Delire, Joe Salisbury, Kees Klein Goldewijk, K. O'Brien, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Global Carbon Project (GCP), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Norwich] (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)-University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Berkeley] (CEE), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Entrepôts, Représentation et Ingénierie des Connaissances (ERIC), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Max-Planck-Institut, Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory (OPAL), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Imperial College London, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Earth and Climate, University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), and Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, 530 Physics, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Carbon cycle, Latitude, SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals, Deforestation, ddc:550, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Life Science, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, WIMEK, business.industry, Fossil fuel, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Sink (computing), 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates and consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models. We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2006–2015), EFF was 9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.5 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. For year 2015 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, showing a slowdown in growth of these emissions compared to the average growth of 1.8 % yr−1 that took place during 2006–2015. Also, for 2015, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 6.3 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 1.9 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was higher in 2015 compared to the past decade (2006–2015), reflecting a smaller SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 399.4 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2015. For 2016, preliminary data indicate the continuation of low growth in EFF with +0.2 % (range of −1.0 to +1.8 %) based on national emissions projections for China and USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. In spite of the low growth of EFF in 2016, the growth rate in atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to be relatively high because of the persistence of the smaller residual terrestrial sink (SLAND) in response to El Niño conditions of 2015–2016. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2016, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach 565 ± 55 GtC (2075 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2016, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2016).

Published
2016

37. Rupturing of Biological Spores As a Source of Secondary Particles in Amazonia

Author

Bingbing Wang, Alexander Laskin, G. G. Cirino, Libor Kovarik, Swarup China, Johannes Weis, Joel Brito, Paulo Artaxo, Mary K. Gilles, Luciana V. Rizzo, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Chemical Sciences Division [LBNL Berkeley] (CSD), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Federal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp), Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Department of Chemistry, Purdue University [West Lafayette], and University of São Paulo (USP)

Subjects
Spores, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Amazonian, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Pollen, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Relative humidity, Environmental scanning electron microscope, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, High humidity, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Chemistry, fungi, Fungi, food and beverages, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Spores, Fungal, Allergens, Spore, Inorganic salts, Fungal, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

© 2016 American Chemical Society. Airborne biological particles, such as fungal spores and pollen, are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere and may influence the atmospheric environment and climate, impacting air quality, cloud formation, and the Earth's radiation budget. The atmospheric transformations of airborne biological spores at elevated relative humidity remain poorly understood and their climatic role is uncertain. Using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), we observed rupturing of Amazonian fungal spores and subsequent release of submicrometer size fragments after exposure to high humidity. We find that fungal fragments contain elements of inorganic salts (e.g., Na and Cl). They are hygroscopic in nature with a growth factor up to 2.3 at 96% relative humidity, thus they may potentially influence cloud formation. Due to their hygroscopic growth, light scattering cross sections of the fragments are enhanced by up to a factor of 10. Furthermore, rupturing of fungal spores at high humidity may explain the bursting events of new particle formation in Amazonia.

Published
2016

38. The detection of magnetotactic bacteria in deep sea sediments from the east Pacific Manganese Nodule Province

Author

Dong, Yi, Li, Jinhua, Zhang, Wuchang, Zhang, Wenyan, Zhao, Yuan, Xiao, Tian, Wu, Long-Fei, Pan, Hongmiao, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Institute of Information Science and Engineering [Shandong], Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Laboratoire de chimie bactérienne (LCB), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM)

Subjects
[SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology
Abstract

International audience; Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are distributed ubiquitously in sediments from coastal environments to the deep sea. The Pacific Manganese Nodule Province contains numerous polymetallic nodules mainly composed of manganese, iron, cobalt, copper and nickel. In the present study we used Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology to assess the communities of putative MTB in deep sea surface sediments at nine stations in the east Pacific Manganese Nodule Province. A total of 402 sequence reads from MTB were classified into six operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Among these, OTU113 and OTU759 were affiliated with the genus Magnetospira, OTU2224 and OTU2794 were affiliated with the genus Magnetococcus and Magnetovibrio, respectively, OTU3017 had no known genus affiliation, and OTU2556 was most similar to CandidatusMagnetananas. Interestingly, OTU759 was widely distributed, occurring at all study sites. Magnetism measurements revealed that all sediments were dominated by low coercivity, non-interacting single domain magnetic minerals. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the magnetic minerals were magnetosomes. Our data suggest that diverse putative MTB are widely distributed in deep sea surface sediments from the east Pacific Manganese Nodule Province.

Published
2016

39. Increased light-use efficiency in northern terrestrial ecosystems indicated by CO 2 and greening observations

Author

Xiaoying Shi, Shushi Peng, Anna M. Michalak, Iain Colin Prentice, Joshua B. Fisher, Ning Zeng, Daniel J. Hayes, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Rebecca T. Thomas, Atul K. Jain, Jiafu Mao, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Hanqin Tian, Maoyi Huang, Benjamin Poulter, Christopher R. Schwalm, Heather Graven, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Imperial College London, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of Maine, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Carnegie Observatories, Carnegie Institution for Science, Peking University [Beijing], Montana State University (MSU), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, AXA Research Fund, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Carbon cycle, Greening, MD Multidisciplinary, ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE, PROGRAM MULTISCALE SYNTHESIS, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, MODEL INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Science & Technology, LAND-USE, Biosphere, Geology, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, SEASONAL AMPLITUDE, BIOSPHERE MODELS, TRENDS, CLIMATE, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Physical Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, VEGETATION, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, ELEVATED CO2, Seasonal cycle, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Observations show an increasing amplitude in the seasonal cycle of CO 2 (ASC) north of 45 ∘ N of 56 ± 9.8% over the last 50 years and an increase in vegetation greenness of 7.5-15% in high northern latitudes since the 1980s. However, the causes of these changes remain uncertain. Historical simulations from terrestrial biosphere models in the Multiscale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project are compared to the ASC and greenness observations, using the TM3 atmospheric transport model to translate surface fluxes into CO 2 concentrations. We find that the modeled change in ASC is too small but the mean greening trend is generally captured. Modeled increases in greenness are primarily driven by warming, whereas ASC changes are primarily driven by increasing CO 2. We suggest that increases in ecosystem-scale light use efficiency (LUE) have contributed to the observed ASC increase but are underestimated by current models. We highlight potential mechanisms that could increase modeled LUE.

Published
2016

40. Toward more realistic projections of soil carbon dynamics by Earth system models

Author

Ying-Ping Wang, Margaret S. Torn, Chris D. Jones, Changhui Peng, Jianyang Xia, Philippe Ciais, Victor Brovkin, Yaxing Wei, Tristram O. West, Matthew J. Smith, William R. Wieder, William J. Parton, Anders Ahlström, Carlos A. Sierra, James T. Randerson, Nuno Carvalhais, Hanqin Tian, Alejandro Salazar, Junyi Liang, Eric A. Davidson, Charles D. Koven, Robert B. Jackson, Steven D. Allison, Adien Finzi, Lifen Jiang, Yiqi Luo, Xia Xu, A. David McGuire, Kees Jan van Groenigen, Francesca M. Hopkins, Bertrand Guenet, Katerina Georgiou, Yujie He, Adrian Chappell, Xiaofeng Xu, Mark J. Lara, Niels H. Batjes, Oleksandra Hararuk, Tao Zhou, Jennifer W. Harden, Katherine Todd-Brown, University of Oklahoma (OU), Lund University [Lund], Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Irvine], University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, World Soil Information (ISRIC), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Max Planck Society, Cardiff University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland System, Boston University [Boston] (BU), University of California [Berkeley], University of California, Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), University of British Columbia (UBC), United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, University of Reading (UOR), Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS)-University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Institut de Géographie, Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, COACTIS (COACTIS), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Chaire économie du climat, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), COnception de l'ACTIon en Situation (COACTIS), and Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, LAND MODELS, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Data assimilation, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, MICROBIAL MODELS, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, geography.geographical_feature_category, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 6. Clean water, ISRIC - World Soil Information, PARAMETER-ESTIMATION, Soil texture, Climate change, HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION, Atmospheric Sciences, LITTER DECOMPOSITION, ORGANIC-CARBON, GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE, DATA-ASSIMILATION, TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY, Environmental Chemistry, CMIP5, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, External variable, geography, Earth system models, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, Climate Action, Earth system science, Geochemistry, realistic projections, 13. Climate action, recommendations, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, soil carbon dynamics
Abstract

©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Soil carbon (C) is a critical component of Earth system models (ESMs), and its diverse representations are a major source of the large spread across models in the terrestrial C sink from the third to fifth assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Improving soil C projections is of a high priority for Earth system modeling in the future IPCC and other assessments. To achieve this goal, we suggest that (1) model structures should reflect real-world processes, (2) parameters should be calibrated to match model outputs with observations, and (3) external forcing variables should accurately prescribe the environmental conditions that soils experience. First, most soil C cycle models simulate C input from litter production and C release through decomposition. The latter process has traditionally been represented by first-order decay functions, regulated primarily by temperature, moisture, litter quality, and soil texture. While this formulation well captures macroscopic soil organic C (SOC) dynamics, better understanding is needed of their underlying mechanisms as related to microbial processes, depth-dependent environmental controls, and other processes that strongly affect soil C dynamics. Second, incomplete use of observations in model parameterization is a major cause of bias in soil C projections from ESMs. Optimal parameter calibration with both pool- and flux-based data sets through data assimilation is among the highest priorities for near-term research to reduce biases among ESMs. Third, external variables are represented inconsistently among ESMs, leading to differences in modeled soil C dynamics. We recommend the implementation of traceability analyses to identify how external variables and model parameterizations influence SOC dynamics in different ESMs. Overall, projections of the terrestrial C sink can be substantially improved when reliable data sets are available to select the most representative model structure, constrain parameters, and prescribe forcing fields.

Published
2016

41. Non-Intrusive Structural Coverage for Objective Caml

Author

Philippe Wang, Adrien Jonquet, Emmanuel Chailloux, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Algorithmes, Programmes et Résolution (APR), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Code Coverage, Source code, General Computer Science, Dead code, Computer science, Program animation, media_common.quotation_subject, Code coverage, 02 engineering and technology, Certification Tools Design, Objective Caml Virtual Machine, computer.software_genre, Theoretical Computer Science, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Code generation, Redundant code, media_common, 060201 languages & linguistics, [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL], Programming language, 06 humanities and the arts, Debugging, Threaded code, Object code, 0602 languages and literature, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, KPI-driven code analysis, Unreachable code, Machine code, computer, Computer Science(all)
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents a non-intrusive method for Objective Caml code coverage analysis. While classic methods rewrite the source code to an instrumented version that will produce traces at runtime, our approach chooses not to rewrite the source code. Instead, we use a virtual machine to monitor instructions execution and produce traces. These low-level traces are used to create a machine code coverage report. Combined with control-flow debug information, they can be analyzed to produce a source code coverage report. The purpose of this approach is to make available a method to generate code coverage analysis with the same binary for testing and for production. Our customized virtual machine respects the same semantics as the original virtual machine; one of its original aspects is that it is implemented in the Objective Caml, the very language we build the tool for.This work is part of the Coverage project, which aims to develop open source tools for safety-critical embedded applications and their code generators.

Published
2011

42. Global Carbon Budget 2018

Author

C. Le Quéré, R. M. Andrew, P. Friedlingstein, S. Sitch, J. Hauck, J. Pongratz, P. A. Pickers, J. I. Korsbakken, G. P. Peters, J. G. Canadell, A. Arneth, V. K. Arora, L. Barbero, A. Bastos, L. Bopp, F. Chevallier, L. P. Chini, P. Ciais, S. C. Doney, T. Gkritzalis, D. S. Goll, I. Harris, V. Haverd, F. M. Hoffman, M. Hoppema, R. A. Houghton, G. Hurtt, T. Ilyina, A. K. Jain, T. Johannessen, C. D. Jones, E. Kato, R. F. Keeling, K. K. Goldewijk, P. Landschützer, N. Lefèvre, S. Lienert, Z. Liu, D. Lombardozzi, N. Metzl, D. R. Munro, J. E. M. S. Nabel, S.-I. Nakaoka, C. Neill, A. Olsen, T. Ono, P. Patra, A. Peregon, W. Peters, P. Peylin, B. Pfeil, D. Pierrot, B. Poulter, G. Rehder, L. Resplandy, E. Robertson, M. Rocher, C. Rödenbeck, U. Schuster, J. Schwinger, R. Séférian, I. Skjelvan, T. Steinhoff, A. Sutton, P. P. Tans, H. Tian, B. Tilbrook, F. N. Tubiello, I. T. van der Laan-Luijkx, G. R. van der Werf, N. Viovy, A. P. Walker, A. J. Wiltshire, R. Wright, S. Zaehle, B. Zheng, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), New Zealand Centre for Ecological Economics (NZCEE), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (WHOI), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Climate Change Science Institute [Oak Ridge] (CCSI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Centre for Studies in Advanced Learning Technology (CSALT), The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Cycles biogéochimiques marins : processus et perturbations (CYBIOM), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Montana State University (MSU), Department of Geosciences [Princeton], Princeton University, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Carnegie Institution for Science, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Isotope Research, Earth Sciences, and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, 530 Physics, Climate change, chemistry.chemical_element, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 UPTAKE, DATA ASSIMILATION, OCEAN, Deforestation, ddc:550, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Life Science, Energy statistics, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, LAND-COVER CHANGE, WIMEK, lcsh:QE1-996.5, LEAF-AREA INDEX, Biosphere, 15. Life on land, FLUX VARIABILITY, MODEL, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbon dioxide, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Carbon, FIRE EMISSIONS
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere - the "global carbon budget" - is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use and land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2008-2017), EFF was 9.4±0.5 GtC yrĝ'1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yrĝ'1, GATM 4.7±0.02 GtC yrĝ'1, SOCEAN 2.4±0.5 GtC yrĝ'1, and SLAND 3.2±0.8 GtC yrĝ'1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.5 GtC yrĝ'1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2017 alone, the growth in EFF was about 1.6 % and emissions increased to 9.9±0.5 GtC yrĝ'1. Also for 2017, ELUC was 1.4±0.7 GtC yrĝ'1, GATM was 4.6±0.2 GtC yrĝ'1, SOCEAN was 2.5±0.5 GtC yrĝ'1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 GtC yrĝ'1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 405.0±0.1 ppm averaged over 2017. For 2018, preliminary data for the first 6-9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.7 % (range of 1.8 % to 3.7 %) based on national emission projections for China, the US, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. The analysis presented here shows that the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period of 1959-2017, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yrĝ'1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations show (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land-use change emissions, (2) a persistent low agreement among the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models, originating outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013).

Published
2018

43. Disentangling climatic and anthropogenic controls on global terrestrial evapotranspiration trends

Author

Benjamin Poulter, Wenting Fu, Altaf Arain, Willis Otieno Shem, Anna M. Michalak, Chaoqun Lu, Changhui Peng, Daniel J. Hayes, Qiuan Zhu, Weile Wang, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Zhenzhong Zeng, Maoyi Huang, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Yaxing Wei, Elchin Jafarov, Peter E. Thornton, Christopher R. Schwalm, Robert E. Dickinson, Shushi Peng, Yongjiu Dai, Jiafu Mao, Atul K. Jain, Robert B. Cook, Kevin Schaefer, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Hanqin Tian, Anthony W. King, Kaicun Wang, Xiaoying Shi, Shilong Piao, Fang Zhao, Forrest M. Hoffman, Suo Huang, Mingquan Mu, Joshua B. Fisher, Ning Zeng, Zaichun Zhu, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Huimin Lei, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), School of Geography and Earth Sciences [Hamilton ON], McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Cyprus Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus (UCY), Climate Change Science Institute [Oak Ridge] (CCSI), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montana State University (MSU), UT-Battelle, LLC, Soochow University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Univeristy of Cyprus, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
Canopy, Plant growth, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Shrub, Natural (archaeology), Evapotranspiration, Water cycle, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Transpiration, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, ved/biology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Physical geography, Factorial analysis
Abstract

We examined natural and anthropogenic controls on terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) changes from 1982 to 2010 using multiple estimates from remote sensing-based datasets and process-oriented land surface models. A significant increasing trend of ET in each hemisphere was consistently revealed by observationally-constrained data and multi-model ensembles that considered historic natural and anthropogenic drivers. The climate impacts were simulated to determine the spatiotemporal variations in ET. Globally, rising CO2 ranked second in these models after the predominant climatic influences, and yielded decreasing trends in canopy transpiration and ET, especially for tropical forests and high-latitude shrub land. Increasing nitrogen deposition slightly amplified global ET via enhanced plant growth. Land-use-induced ET responses, albeit with substantial uncertainties across the factorial analysis, were minor globally, but pronounced locally, particularly over regions with intensive land-cover changes. Our study highlights the importance of employing multi-stream ET and ET-component estimates to quantify the strengthening anthropogenic fingerprint in the global hydrologic cycle.

Published
2015

44. Global land carbon sink response to temperature and precipitation varies with ENSO phase

Author

Weile Wang, Yaxing Wei, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Xiaoying Shi, Anna M. Michalak, Chaoqun Lu, Atul K. Jain, Robert B. Cook, Christopher R. Schwalm, Yuanyuan Fang, Joshua B. Fisher, Daniel J. Hayes, Benjamin Poulter, Jia Yang, Bo Tao, Hanqin Tian, Joseph A. Berry, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Huimin Lei, Shushi Peng, Jiafu Mao, Shilong Piao, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Maoyi Huang, Department of Chemistry [University of Houston], University of Houston, Carnegie Observatories, Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Montana State University (MSU), University of Oxford [Oxford], Cyprus Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus (UCY), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Auburn University (AU), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Carnegie Institution for Science, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, and University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Climate change, Carbon sink, chemistry.chemical_element, Carbon sequestration, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, El Niño Southern Oscillation, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Phase (matter), Environmental science, Precipitation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Carbon, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

International audience

Published
2017

45. Condition-based component replacement of the pneumatic valve with the unscented particle filter

Author

Wei Zhao, Jinping Sun, Enrico Zio, Tao Tao, Yan-Fu Li, Chaire Sciences des Systèmes et Défis Energétiques EDF/ECP/Supélec (SSEC), Ecole Centrale Paris-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-CentraleSupélec-EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 (LGI), CentraleSupélec, and Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU)

Subjects
Engineering, 021103 operations research, Unscented particle filter, business.industry, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Mechanical engineering, Computer Science Applications1707 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Control engineering, 02 engineering and technology, conditiion-based replacement, prognosis, unscented particle filter, Software, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Health Information Management, 01 natural sciences, Pneumatic valve, 010104 statistics & probability, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Component (UML), 0101 mathematics, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2014

46. Comparative genomic analysis provides insights into the evolution and niche adaptation of marine Magnetospira sp. QH-2 strain

Author

Ji, B. Y., Zhang, S. D., Arnoux, P., Rouy, Z., Alberto, F., Philippe, N., Murat, D., Zhang, W. J., Rioux, J. B., Ginet, N., Sabaty, M., Mangenot, S., Pradel, Nathalie, Tian, J. S., Yang, J., Zhang, L. C., Zhang, W. Y., Pan, H. M., Henrissat, B., Coutinho, P. M., Li, Y., Xiao, T., Medigue, C., Barbe, V., Pignol, D., Talla, E., Wu, L. F., Laboratoire de chimie bactérienne (LCB), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Microbiologie Environnementale et Moléculaire (MEM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Génomique métabolique (UMR 8030), Genoscope - Centre national de séquençage [Evry] (GENOSCOPE), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Adaptation et pathogénie des micro-organismes [Grenoble] (LAPM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Génomique d'Evry (IG), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,College of Hunan, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Qingdao], Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS), This work was supported by Grands Projets de Séquençage, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR‐2010‐BLAN‐1320‐01 to L.F.W.), National Science Fundation of China (NSFC40776094, 41276170 to T.X.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (to LIA‐BioMNSL) and the Chinese Scholarship Council fellowship (to B.J., S.D.Z., W.J.Z and J.Y.)., ANR-10-BLAN-1320,MagneticFlAp,Mécanismes d'assemblage et de fonctionnement de l'appareillage flagellaire des bactéries magnétotactiques(2010), Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
DNA, Bacterial, Genomic Islands, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Symporters/genetics, Adaptation, Biological, MESH: Bacterial Proteins/genetics, Synteny, MESH: Quinone Reductases/genetics, MESH: Biological Evolution, MESH: Magnetospirillum/genetics, Bacterial Proteins, MESH: Magnetospirillum/physiology, MESH: Genomic Islands, Seawater, MESH: Seawater/microbiology, Magnetospirillum, Quinone Reductases, MESH: Phylogeny, Ecosystem, Phylogeny, MESH: Adaptation, Biological/genetics, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, Symporters, MESH: Magnetosomes/genetics, MESH: Synteny, MESH: Genome, Bacterial, Biological Evolution, MESH: Ecosystem, MESH: DNA, Bacterial/genetics, MESH: Comparative Genomic Hybridization, MESH: DNA Transposable Elements, Multigene Family, DNA Transposable Elements, MESH: Multigene Family, Magnetosomes, Genome, Bacterial
Abstract

International audience; Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are capable of synthesizing intracellular organelles, the magnetosomes, that are membrane-bounded magnetite or greigite crystals arranged in chains. Although MTB are widely spread in various ecosystems, few axenic cultures are available, and only freshwater Magnetospirillum spp. have been genetically analysed. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of a marine magnetotactic spirillum, Magnetospira sp. QH-2. The high number of repeats and transposable elements account for the differences in QH-2 genome structure compared with other relatives. Gene cluster synteny and gene correlation analyses indicate that the insertion of the magnetosome island in the QH-2 genome occurred after divergence between freshwater and marine magnetospirilla. The presence of a sodium-quinone reductase, sodium transporters and other functional genes are evidence of the adaptive evolution of Magnetospira sp. QH-2 to the marine ecosystem. Genes well conserved among freshwater magnetospirilla for nitrogen fixation and assimilatory nitrate respiration are absent from the QH-2 genome. Unlike freshwater Magnetospirillum spp., marine Magnetospira sp. QH-2 neither has TonB and TonB-dependent receptors nor does it grow on trace amounts of iron. Taken together, our results show a distinct, adaptive evolution of Magnetospira sp. QH-2 to marine sediments in comparison with its closely related freshwater counterparts.

Published
2014

47. ( S )-(−)-(2-MeBu)N(Pr) 2 MeI Salt as Template in the Enantioselective Synthesis of the Enantiopure Two-dimensional ( S )-(−)-(2-MeBu)N(Pr) 2 Me[ΛMnΔCr(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ] Ferromagnet

Author

Gruselle, Michel, Li, Yanling, Ovanesyan, Nikolay, Makhaev, Viktor, Shilov, Gennadi, Mushenok, Fedor, Train, Cyrille, Aldoshin, Serguey, Architectures Moléculaires (A.R.C), Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Grenoble (LNCMI-G), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2013

48. Thermal crosslinked and nanodiamond reinforced SPEEK composite membrane for PEMFC

Author

Jean-François Chailan, Maria Luisa Di Vona, E. Sgreccia, Hongying Hou, Riccardo Polini, Philippe Knauth, Xianxi Liu, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering [Taian], Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin - EA 4323 (MAPIEM), and Université de Toulon (UTLN)

Subjects
Materials science, SPEEK, Nanodiamond, Composite membrane, Mechanical strength, Hydrothermal stability, PEMFC, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Matrix (chemical analysis), Proton transport, Polymer chemistry, Thermal stability, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Settore CHIM/03 - Chimica Generale e Inorganica, Capillary condensation, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Settore CHIM/07 - Fondamenti Chimici delle Tecnologie, Dynamic mechanical analysis, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Fuel Technology, Membrane, Chemical engineering, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

SPEEK has been widely considered as a promising alternative to Nafion® membrane for PEMFC. However, a conflict between high degree of sulfonation (DS) and poor mechanical strength needs to be resolved prior to wide application. In this work, such an effort was made by double strategies: thermal crosslinking and adding nanodiamond into high DS SPEEK matrix. The obtained sample was characterized by XRD, high resolution TGA and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Small part of –SO3H groups within SPEEK matrix participated in the crosslinking process by forming –SO2– bridge bond, while the rest large part of –SO3H groups still contributed to the proton transport. Mechanical and thermal stability of SPEEK membrane were modified by crosslinking-induced three-dimensional (3D) networks and interactions of SPEEK with nanodiamond. In addition, the water uptakes of composite membranes were also slightly improved possibly due to the capillary condensation in nanodiamond particles.

Published
2013

49. Signature of magnetization dynamics in spin-transfer-driven nanopillars with tilted easy axis

Author

Zongzhi Zhang, Yaowen Liu, Hong Zhang, Weiwei Lin, Stéphane Mangin, Tongji University, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Fudan University [Shanghai]

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Magnetization dynamics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed matter physics, Spin polarization, Spin valve, Spin-transfer torque, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Magnetic anisotropy, Magnetization, Spin wave, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, Micromagnetics
Abstract

Equipe 101 : Nanomagnétisme et électronique de spin; International audience; Special spin-transfer-driven magnetic behaviors can take place in a spin valve nanopillar with perpendicular anisotropy due to reduced symmetry of easy axis. Micromagnetic simulation demonstrates a dip in the average magnetization curve, which corresponds to the experimentally observed undulation of dc resistance. The dip is a signature of spin-transfer-driven reversable magnetic process with slightly tilted easy axis in the free layer. This featured magnetization dynamics includes non-uniform magnetization precession and multi-mode propagating spin waves, which are attributed to the competition among tilted magnetic anisotropy, magnetic field, and spin transfer torque. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics.

Published
2013

50. A Fast Processing Method of Foreign Fiber Images Based on HSV Color Space

Author

Daoliang Li, Zhenbo Li, Shuangxi Liu, Qinxiang Wang, Jinxing Wang, Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), China Agriculture University [Beijing], Beijing Engineering & Technology Research Center for Internet of Things in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China (MOA), Daoliang Li, Yingyi Chen, TC 5, and WG 5.14

Subjects
Channel (digital image), Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Scale-space segmentation, 02 engineering and technology, HSL and HSV, Cotton, 01 natural sciences, Image texture, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Contrast (vision), Computer vision, S channel, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], 010306 general physics, media_common, Image segmentation, business.industry, Fiber (mathematics), Foreign fibers, Region growing, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract

International audience; Traditionally, it was hard for image segmentation to suit the cotton image segmentation of foreign fibers. To solve this problem, this paper proposed an image segmentation method of foreign fibers based on HSV color space. The value of foreign fibers images’ S channel was enhanced in this method to improve the contrast of foreign fiber and its background which help the subsequent image segmentation. The result of experiment shows that the method could highlight the images of foreign fibers, speed up subsequent image segmentation and realize fast image segmentation.

Published
2012

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