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Introduction: Lack of existence of traditional medicine based on the academic sciences and lack of a study on the knowledge of the community about the indication and contraindications and drug interactions with herbal remedies, we decided to investigate the attitudes and knowledge of people with medical education.Methods and materials: In this cross-sectional study, people from medical, nursing and pharmacy groups were selected randomly. Implicit consent was obtained from individuals. The questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics and four parts of the questions were as following, the first part consisting of people's attitude, the second part containing questions related to indication, the third part of questions related to contraindication and the last part was about drug interactions.Results: In this study, 388 participants were enrolled. The mean age of the participants was 29.66 ± 8.37 years .180 were female (46.4%). Most patients (66%)rarely or occasionally recommend herbal remedies. Most participants (68%) occasionally or rarely recommend herbal medicines as an alternative for common medicine. 256 participants (66%) believe that the use of herbal remedies has increased and 112 (28.9%) declare unawareness and 20 (5.2%) believe that Consumption has not increased. The reason for increased use is often that people think these drugs are natural.Conclusion: Most participants do not have enough information about herbal remedies and medications and often claim that because herbal remedies are natural, cheaper and less risky, the tendency to herbal remedies and medicines has increased but the participants themselves often do not recommend replacing prescription medicine with them.

Additional file 1. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or nonrandomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both.

In some clinical guidelines, emergency triage nurses request radiographies according to the clinical decision-making priorities. While some studies have suggested that nurses are not as accurate as doctors in assessing major complications of trauma to the knee, it is thought that they are as capable in detecting minor traumas and inconsequential episodes (1). Many studies have shown that the cost of treatment and the waiting period for patients in the emergency department decrease without missing fractures when traumas are initially assessed by a certified nurse. Routinely, a clinical criteria termed Ottawa Knee Rule is utilized to determine if a patient is in need of a knee radiography or not (2, 3). According to this guideline, if a patient with suspected knee trauma meets any of the following criteria, he or she should undergo imaging modalities: Age above 55 years, tenderness at head of fibula, isolated tenderness of patella, inability to flex the knee more than 90°, and inability to bear weight (4).

Background: The medical definition of trauma is “any kind of intentional or unintentional, penetrating or ‎non-penetrating injury or wound caused by external causes”. Traumatic injury is a health threat ‎all over the world and the cause of 9% of worldwide mortality. Having a total of 258 trauma-‎scoring models indicates the versatile state of using trauma scores. Currently, there are no ‎national models for prediction of trauma-caused preventable death in Iran; This study, ‎conducted in 2018 and 2019, aimed to adapt a national model for Iran.‎ Methods: Using appropriate keywords, the most commonly used scales for predicting death in traumatic ‎patients were searched from literature. These included ISS, GCS, TRISS, GAP, MGAP, PTS, ‎REMS, APACHE II, T-RTS, RTSc, NISS, MISS, and PHI. The potential trauma mortality ‎determinants and parameters were then identified and organized in a data collection form to be ‎measured through prospective examination of trauma cases after being assessed for its content ‎validity.‎ Results: The final tool was comprised of three sections. The first section should be completed through ‎the first day of admission to an emergency department. It included the following items: pre-‎hospital health services, past medical history, medication use, Glasgow Coma Scale, vital signs, ‎routine laboratory tests in trauma, psychoactive and addictive drug history and alcohol misuse, ‎AIS index, PTS, trauma mechanism and external cause according to International Classification ‎of Diseases. The second section belonged to secondary evaluation 24 hours after the first ‎evaluation and included vital signs, GCS, AIS and admission decision. The third section was for ‎one-month follow-up and included the Glasgow Outcome Scale.‎ Conclusions: The developed tool at three sections was found valid and applicable based on expert views and ‎identified feasible through its pilot administration.‎ Keywords: Trauma score, Iran, Death, Predictors, National model

Introduction: Postoperative atrial fibrillation occurs in 20 % to 40 % of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG ) and contributes to increasing length of stay and hospital cost . The purpose of our study was to compare the length of hospital stay between patients of postoperative atrial fibrillation treated with amiodarone (experimental) and those with normal sinus rhythm ( NSR ) (Control ) after CABG. Methods: From October of 2008 to October 2010, our experimental group including 26 patients was treated with amiodarone in Tabriz Madani Heart Center. The background variables, length of atrial fibrillation, and length of hospital stay were recorded. The experimental group was compared with a control group of 50 patients. The two groups were the same in terms of age, gender, ejection fraction, vascular diseases and risk factors. Results: The hospital stay duration was 8.0 ±1.6 and 7.4 ±1.4 days (p = 0.08) for experimental, and control groups respectively. Atrial fibrillation occurred mainly (60%) on the second postoperative day. Conclusion: 25 patients out of 26 patients (96 %) returned to NSR after starting the amiodarone protocol and the length of hospital stay in the experimental group was not significantly different from that of the control group. Thus, treating with Amiodarone in postoperative atrial fibrillation can reduce hospital stay duration compared to that of normal sinus patients., Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research; ISSN 2008-6830