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Recently, because of the world's critical conditions, the development of new feed additives and the creation of non-traditional double-function feed additives are essential and for improving feeds quality by reducing the content of certain bio-contaminants. This study aimed to reduce environmental pollutants and create effective and economical inhibitors of bio-contaminants by evaluating the aptitude of these feed additives such as particles Miswak (Salvadora persica), black mulberry leaves, and seaweeds (Sargassum linifolium and Posidonia oceanica) algae with different concentrations (500 and 1000 µl) and (50 and 100 µl) before and after nanosizing process, respectively, to reduce the growth of certain gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, such as Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus,, as well as the production of the fungus Aspergillus flavus aflatoxin (B1). Our data illustrated that all the tested particles of Miswak, black mulberry leaves, and Sargassum linifolium and Posidonia oceanica algae possessed antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria, which increased after the nanosizing process, but S. aureus was more susceptible to the tested nanosized treatments than E. cloacae. Treatments with nanosized Miswak had the greatest inhibitory effect on both tested bacteria, with 96.84% regarding S. aureus and 95.185% in the case of E. cloacae at a concentration of 50 μl and dilution10-6 . The aflatoxin detoxification capabilities of these treatments were tested. Posidonia oceanica (P.O.) particles were the best detoxifier agent before and after the nanosizing process, followed by blue mulberry leaves and S. linifolium particles. Nanosized treatments, especially Posidonia oceanica, an antibacterial and aflatoxin detoxifier agent, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolation of a novel endophyte Pantoea ananatis, a bacterial leaf blight on mulberry leaves is the first record in Egypt. Four bacterial isolates (L1, L2, L4, and L5) were obtained from infected and healthy mulberry leaves and were identified by classical techniques which exhibited short rods and Gram-negative as well as their biochemical and physiological characteristics. Molecular identified rDNA sequences of four isolates were performed. The phylogenetic tree analysis confirmed that all isolates belong to P. ananatis. After the pathogenicity test on leaves, bacterial isolates L1 and L4 produced a typical symptom on mulberry leaves. Larvae of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori were orally infected with each of the four P. ananatis isolates separately to assess the silkworms' immune response. Significant variation was observed in the protein concentration and the appearance of the new hemolymph protein bands profile in the infected larvae. It is interesting to note that the immunized hemolymph of the infected larvae exhibited a marked increase in the quantity of antimicrobial peptides with molecular weights less than 30 KDa and the intensity of major proteins. However, the total protein count and humoral immune showed that the bacterial isolates L2 and L5 were more pathogenic to B. mori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agro-ecosystems, Trichoderma species are beneficial microorganisms that improve soil health and crop development. They form mutualistic endophytic relationships with a wide range of plant species, promoting host growth, protecting against pathogen attack, and improving micro-and macronutrient uptake and use efficiency. As a result, they should be promoted because they have the potential to improve agricultural sustainability while reducing the use of harmful chemicals in agriculture. This review provides an overview of the current and potential applications of Trichoderma species for sustainable agriculture, their beneficial roles and how they can be used to boost plant growth and crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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