Search

Cryptosporidium is a primary cause of waterborne epidemics, despite being previously considered only an opportunistic pathogen. The disease is associated with significant economic losses in humans and animals that are brought on by diarrhea, which frequently causes dehydration. Contact with diseased people or animals, as well as polluted water, is the major cause of infection. Different drugs are used to control the parasites. Nitazoxanide (NTZ), which is an anti-protozoan and anti-viral drug, can be used to control helminths, viruses, and protozoan parasites as a broad-spectrum antibiotic and has been approved by the food and drug authority (FDA). However, the problem is the development of resistance over a period of time in these parasites. Nanoparticles have received significant attention as possible anti-parasitic agents in recent years. By directing medications to specific cellular locations, targeted drug delivery minimizes the side effects of medications. Nanoparticles have demonstrated effectiveness against different Cryptosporidium species. Nanoparticles loaded with NTZ are found to be an effective remedy for C. parvum in young ones and decrease the oocyst count shed in the stools. Additionally, silver nanoparticles have proven to be effective against C. parvum by releasing silver ions that breach the cell wall of the oocyst, causing the escape of intracellular contents and the destruction of sporozoites within the oocyst. Implementing tiny particles for the purification of consuming water from Cryptosporidium is an economical and environmentally sustainable process. However, the use of nanoparticles in medicine requires more research. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 704-719]

Seafood is an essential part of nutrient acquisition and is considered a staple food in areas located nearby water bodies. The potential pathogens associated with seafood consumption are often neglected to make foodborne zoonosis more likely to occur. Anisakiasis resulting from infected nematodes Anisakis has worldwide distribution including developing continents like Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Bangladesh) and some developed areas like the Netherlands and the United States. Despite a global burden of morbidities and fatalities, Anisakiasis remains a neglected zoonotic disease. The intensity and distribution of disease rise owing to the consumption of different kinds of raw or improperly cooked seafood like sushi etc. There is no proper treatment for Anisakiasis owing to the delays in reaching out for medical opinions. Keeping in view the gaps in Anisakiasis research and surveillance, we should improve the treatment with medicine, surgery, and essential oil and curtail the transmission of diseases from parasites to humans. There are gaps in the existing information on the epidemiological significance of the so far known species of Anisakis, both in their natural and accidental host-like human population worldwide. This review signifies the importance of awareness, knowledge of Anisakiasis among humans and animals from a global viewpoint. A holistic approach by thorough assessment of the rapidly spreading disease Anisakiasis in natural and accidental hosts as well as in marine ecosystems is required to prevent morbidities and mortalities in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]