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Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, ICARE Complex, Haldia, 721657, WestBengal, India *Corresponding Author: sucheta.bt@gmail.com Fossil fuel firms are gaining profit from the steady utilization of coal, oil and gas, driving global warming to dangerous levels. Additionally, with rapid population growth worldwide, energy stores are depleting faster than nature can replenish. Replacing fossil fuels dependency by harnessing the power of the sun with the storability and reliability of liquid fuelsis the best solution and urgent requirement today. This review addresses the current predicament of solar energy storage and CO2 emission through recent technological advancements. The proposed and most promising model for the stated problems is artificial photosynthesis which mimics the multi-step natural photosynthesis process. Rather than producing electricity, the photo-generated electrons collected can be indulged in driving chemical reactions. Thus, the chemical energy generated from solar energy is stored within the chemical sin the form of chemical bond (asolar fuel). As the inspiration suggests the working prototype bio mimics the natural process ata higher efficiency. The target edaspecto fartificial photo- synthesis is the molecular catalyst, which is essential for regulating water oxidation, CO2 reduction or proton reduction reactions. Over the years, researchers have been trying to modify these molecular catalysts to improve working efficiency and stability and get desirable by-products. With the development of delicate and powerful catalysts, there production of the significant parts of photosynthesis, water and sunlight would ultimately be the only needed sources for clean energy production. The ultimate implementation of artificial photosynthesis is to generate liquid fuels such as formic acid, methanol and ethanol by CO2 reduction. Production of such fuels with renewable sources minimizes the carbon foot print thus decreasing the emission green house gasses which ultimately aids the crisis of global warming. Many researchers are looking forward to producing than ol by absorbing CO2, which is widely used as domesticated transportation fuel, from factories and petrochemical industries. This paper also highlights related problems associated with the commercial implementation of the applied artificial photosynthesis.

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare disease portraying ethnic background in which malignancy occurs in the tissues of the nasopharynx with a low survival rate. Additionally, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus can potentially affect the risk of NPC. Substantial evidence is available regarding the miR-150-5p-PYCR1 axis in the progress of different cancers, but the molecular modus operandi in NPC still remains unclear. Several therapeutic approaches are in pipeline along with some traditional Chinese approaches to successful treatment of the aforesaid disease. Recently, Samanta et al. 2022b have developed this model in Type 1 fuzzy logic. Methods: PYCR1 and miR-150-5pexpression levels were introspected by RT-qPCR method. Further, the interaction between them was established by luciferase assay and RNA pull-down assay. Simultaneously, the overexpression patterns were detected in C666-1 and SUNE-1 cells. We have used the linguistic interval type 2 fuzzy inference logic expert system (LIT2FLES) and Support Vector Regression to classify the data. Results: The cell growth was noticeably repressed by miR-150- 5pupregulation, whereas alleviated growth of NPC was observed in the case of PYCR1 upregula- This antagonism ultimately suppressed NPC tumorigenesis accordingly. We have developed a controller by which any decision-maker can check the status of the disease. Conclusions: In this investigation, we have established a hypothetical Linguistic T2 fuzzy logic inference model by which anyone can formulate and design an automated model for the detection of Nasopharyngeal Cancer. This ultimately offers a novel treatment approach for NPC. LIT2FLES is a new technique anyone can handle this method easily.

Tuberculosis (TB) results in 1.5 million deaths every year. The rise in multi-drug resistant TB underscores the urgent need to develop new antibacterials, particularly those with new chemical entities and/or novel mechanisms of action that can be used in combination therapy with existing drugs to prevent the rapid emergence of resistance. Herein, we report the discovery and synthesis of a new series of compounds containing a 3-thio-1,2,4-triazole moiety that show inhibition ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) growth and survival. Structure-activity relationship studies led us to identify potent analogs displaying nanomolar inhibitor activity, specifically againstMtb. These potent analogs exhibit a promising ADME/pharmacokinetic profile and no cytotoxicity in mammalian cells at over 100 times the effective dose inMtb. Our preliminary investigations into the mechanism of action suggest this series is not engaging promiscuous targets and, thereby, could be acting on a novel target.Abstract Figure

The efforts to limit the spread of the tuberculosis epidemic have been challenged by the rise of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis. It is critical to discover new chemical scaffolds acting on novel or unexploited targets to beat this drug-resistant pathogen. MraY (phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase or translocase I) is an in vivo validated target for antibacterials-discovery. MraY is inhibited by nucleoside-based natural products that suffer from poor in vivo efficacy. The current study is focused on discovering novel chemical entities, particularly, non-nucleoside small molecules, as MraYMtb inhibitors possessing antituberculosis activity. In the absence of any reported X-ray crystal structures of MraYMtb, we used a homology model-based virtual screening approach combined with the ligand-based e-pharmacophore screening. We screened ∼12 million commercially available compounds from the ZINC15 database using GOLD software. The resulting hits were filtered using a 2-pronged screening method comprising e-pharmacophore hypotheses and docking against the MraYMtb homology model using Glide. Further clustering based on Glide scores and optimal binding interactions resulted in 15 in silico hits. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the three best-ranking compounds and one other poorer-ranking compound, out of the 15 in silico hits, to analyze the interaction modes in detail. The MD simulations indicated stable interactions between the compounds and key residues in the MraY active site that are crucial for maintaining the enzymatic activity. These in silico hits could advance the antibacterial drug discovery campaign to find new MraY inhibitors for tuberculosis treatment. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Like the internal digestive system, the largest organ of our body, the skin, maintains a healthy balance with the natural inhabitants of it. Skin act as a host for several microorganisms (about one million per square centimetre) including different types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome takes active role in the fighting with infection, providing protection against environmental damage, regulation of pH and in keeping the skin hydrated and healthy. Probiotics are live and healthy microorganisms that can be consumed directly to restore the pH levels and the balance in the guts. They act like good bacteria and are important to keep away the “bad” bacteria from multiplying in different organ of human body. They can also be applied on the skin to restore the skin's ecosystem, pH and immunity. Again, long term exposure to solar radiation may induce UV damaged skin cancer. The utilization of probiotic bacteria in skin cancer research may help in development of new skin cancer prevention and treatment options.

Our exhaustive effort toward the total synthesis of cytotoxic marine nonanolide cytospolide E has been detailed. To achieve this synthesis, we have explored both the ring-closing metathesis and lactonization-based macrocyclization strategies using a variety of precursors. Unfortunately, none of them provided the desired product. The ring-closing metathesis approach provided mainly the macrocycle with Z-olefin, whereas the macrolactonization strategy culminated in 8-epi-9-epi-cytospolide E following the regioselective formation of a 10-membered macrocycle over a 9-membered macrocycle.

A convergent and flexible strategy for the stereoselective total synthesis of the reported structure of baulamycin A and its congeners has been developed for the first time. Synthetic highlights include a Crimmins aldol reaction to construct the C-1′ and C-14 centers, a Crimmins acetate aldol reaction to generate the hydroxy group at the C-13 position, Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination to form the C9–C10 bond, and Evans methylation to install the C-8 center. This synthetic study disclosed that the reported structure of baulamycin A needs to be revised, as its spectroscopic data are not identical with those of the synthetic baulamycin A.

Reducing level of fossil fuel reserves and rising concerns regarding global warming unveils that sustainable resources of energy are required in the coming decades. Renewable liquid fuel is thus of utmost importance in the transportation sector and ethanol one of its kind currently suffers from various limitations as well as contamination following the absorption of water from the surrounding atmosphere. Nowadays, Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the most promising alternatives obtained from biomass due to its convertibility into a large number of chemicals having implications in different industries. It can be successfully produced from sustainable biomass feedstocks at low costs utilizing environment-friendly approaches. This brief introspection emphasizes several reaction systems to produce HMF from various substrates and their merits, demerits and requirements for sound commercialization.

A new series of mixed-ligand oxidovanadium(V) complexes [VVO(HL1–4)(hq)] (1–4) have been synthesized using 2-hydroxybenzoylhydrazones of 2-hydroxyacetophenone and its 5-substituted derivatives (H3L1–4) along with 8-hydroxyquinoline (Hhq) as co-ligand. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements and various spectroscopic methods. Their electrochemical behaviour is also reported. X-ray crystallographic investigations of 1–4 show the presence of distorted octahedral geometries with O4N2 coordination environments for each of the four complexes. λmax values for the ligand-to-metal-charge-transfer (LMCT) transition, E½ values and the chemical shift parameters (δ) for the 51V NMR spectra of the complexes exhibit a linear relationship with the Hammett constant (σ) of the substituents. DFT methods were used to predict the bond lengths, bond angles, λmax values for electronic transitions and δ values of 51V NMR spectra, all of which are found to be in good agreement with experimental results. The stability of the complexes was also examined. All the complexes exhibit DNA binding activity with CT-DNA either by minor groove binding mode (for 1 and 4) or by partial intercalation mode (for 2 and 3). The complexes were also tested for DNA nuclease activity with pUC19 plasmid DNA and were found to produce both nicked coiled and linear forms. The DNA binding and nuclease activities of the complexes follow the order: 3 > 2 > 1 > 4, which is also the hydrazone ligands' basicity order, suggesting that the binding and cleavage efficiencies are proportional to the electron density on the vanadium centre. The results of DNA binding experiments are further supported by molecular docking studies.

A short and convergent stereoselective total synthesis of biologically potent cytospolide P has been accomplished from acrolein. The salient features of our synthetic strategy include modified Crimmins aldols, Yamaguchi esterification, and Grubbs ring-closing metathesis reaction.

Nanotechnology is the continuous expansion in the domain of engineered devices at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular level in nanometer range. Nanoparticles have prospective implication in medical field including diagnostics and therapeutics. Cancer is one of the foremost reasons of death worldwide. In 2013, a total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States alone. The total cancer cases can possibly go up from 979,786 cases in the year 2010 to 1,148,757 cases in the year 2020 in India. Nanotechnology devices are nowadays being established for diagnosis of cancer as well as infectious diseases which in turn can aid in early unveiling of disease. This article explores progress in nanotechnology that have initiated the development of multifunctional platforms for cancer detection, therapy, and monitoring. Multifunctional nanomaterials can be utilized as drug carriers enhancing tumor uptake through the EPR effect as well as receptor-mediated endocytosis and on the other hand as MRI, optical imaging, and photoacoustic imaging contrast agents. Furthermore, imaging and therapy agents can be co-delivered to endow with flawless amalgamation of diagnostics, therapy and follow-up, and diverse therapeutic modalities like chemotherapy and hyperthermia can be co-administered to acquire benefit of synergistic effects. However, an intensive scientific endeavor is so far needed to entirely investigate long-term risks, effects, and precautions for safe human utilization.

A strategy for stereoselective total synthesis of α-substituted γ-hydroxymethyl γ-butyrolactone containing bioactive natural products cananginones (D–I) has been developed using cheap and commercially available d -mannitol as a chiral pool. The Ireland–Claisen rearrangement is utilized as a key step to generate the α-substituted chiral center of the core lactone moiety, while the elongation of aliphatic side chain by different C-8 hydrocarbon groups have been achieved by alkylation, Cadiot–Chodkiewicz, and Sonogashira reactions.

The brain signal or Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been proved as one of the most important bio-signal that deals with a number of problems and disorders related to the human being. Epilepsy is one of the most commonly known disorders found in humans. The application of EEG in epilepsy related research and treatment is now a very common practice. Variety of smart tools and algorithms exist to assist the experts in taking decision related to the treatment to be provided to an epileptic patient. However, web based applications or tools are still needed that can assist those doctors and experts, who are not having such existing smart tools for EEG analysis with them. In the current work, a web based system named WEBspike has been proposed that breaks the geographical boundary in assisting doctors in taking proper and fast decision regarding the treatment of epileptic patient. The proposed system receives the EEG data from various users through internet and processes it for Epileptic Spike (ES) patterns present in it. It sends back a report to the user regarding the appearance of ES pattern present in the submitted EEG data. The average spike recognition rate obtained by the system with the test files, was 99.09% on an average.

Progesterone is a major female steroid hormone produced by the ovarian corpus luteum and by the placental syncytiotrophoblast during the second trimester. The biological effects of this steroid hormone are mediated by the ubiquitously expressed progesterone receptor. The exact link between progesterone and female reproductive organ cancer is a controversial issue with various cross-talks. The present review summarizes recent trends in the development of some (anti)progestagen in the cure and management of breast and uterine cancers.

The present work describes the screening and characterization of some common endocrine disrupting chemicals for their (anti)androgenic activities. Various chemicals (mostly pesticides and pharmaceuticals) were screened with the NIH3T3 cell line stably expressing human androgen receptor (hAR) and luciferase reporter gene for their ability to stimulate luciferase activity or inhibit the response that was evoked by 0.4nM testosterone. The most potent anti-androgenic compounds identified in our assay included chlorpyrifos, endosulfan and piperophos. Finally, the chemicals were analyzed for their effects on steriodogenesis in rat Leydig cells. Piperophos and chlorpyrifos showed a significant decrease in testosterone biosynthesis by Leydig cells. RT-PCR studies showed decrease in the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes: cytochrome P450scc, 3beta-HSD and 17beta-HSD and immunoblot analysis demonstrated a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression by both these chemicals. Chlorpyrifos also showed a decrease in LH receptor stimulated cAMP production. In conclusion, we demonstrate that commonly used pesticides like chlorpyrifos and piperophos pose serious threat to male reproductive system by interfering at various levels of androgen biosynthesis.

Biofiltration of air stream containing mixture of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and o -xylene (BTEX) has been studied in a lab-scale biofilter packed with a mixture of compost, sugar cane bagasse and granulated activated carbon (GAC) in the ratio 55:30:15 by weight. Microbial acclimation was achieved in 30 days by exposing the system to average BTEX inlet concentration of 0.4194 g m −3 at an empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 2.3 min. Biofilter achieved maximum removal efficiency more than 99% of all four compounds for throughout its operation at an EBRT of 2.3 min for an inlet concentration of 0.681 g m −3 , which is quite significance than the values reported in the literature. The results indicate that when the influent BTEX loadings were less than 68 g m −3 h −1 in the biofilter, nearly 100% removal could be achieved. A maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 83.65 g m −3 h −1 of the biofilter was obtained at inlet BTEX load of 126.5 g m −3 h −1 in phase IV. Elimination capacities of BTEX increased with the increase in influent VOC loading, but an opposite trend was observed for the removal efficiency. The production of CO 2 in each phase (g m −3 h −1 ) was also observed at steady state (i.e. at maximum removal efficiency). Moreover, the high concentrations of nitrogen in the nutrient solution may adversely affect the microbial activity possibly due to the presence of high salt concentrations. Furthermore, an attempt was also made to isolate the most profusely grown BTEX-degrading strain. A Gram-positive strain had a high BTEX-degrading activity and was identified as Bacillus sphaericus by taxonomical analysis, biochemical tests and 16S rDNA gene analysis methods.

We have constructed an efficient and reliable yeast-based detection system to evaluate the androgenic activity of endocrine disruptors from pulp and paper mill effluents (PPME). This system consists of human androgen receptor and androgen response elements driven β-galactosidase genes transformed in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The transcriptional activation by known androgens, correlated with androgenic activities as measured by other assay systems. This assay system when applied to evaluate anti-androgenic activities, the known anti-androgens effectively inhibited reporter gene induction by testosterone. The specificity of the assay was tested by incubating the transformed cells with supraphysiological concentrations of non-androgenic steroids and none of them gave a significant response. The extracted PPME from five different mills demonstrated strong androgenic activities (about five- to eight-folds over control). These results suggest that PPME are rich in androgenic chemicals and the employed detection system could be applicable to primary screening for effectors on androgen receptor functions.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) play an important role in the development and maintenance of male and female gonads. Both these hormones act through the same specific receptor LH/hCG receptor (LHR). Recent studies have shown the existence of functional LHR in several non-gonadal tissues. The aim of this study was to confirm the functional existence of LHR in an endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line, Ishikawa cells, which has been used since long as an in vitro uterine endometrium model. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data showed the stable expression of LHR in this cell line. However, the receptor failed to activate the PKA pathway in response to hCG, which is the most conventional mode of LH/hCG action in target tissues. When tested for other pathways, hCG failed to activate them either. Nested RT-PCR confirmed the existence of full-length LHR and this was further supported by Western blot. This study demonstrated that although Ishikawa cells do possess a full-length LHR, which was confirmed by RT-PCR, nested RT-PCR, Western blot and DNA sequencing, it failed to activate the conventional LH-mediated downstream signaling. Based on these data we hypothesize that in Ishikawa cells LH/hCG does not utilize its conventional receptor. Whether it acts through some other receptor is a question, which can be answered through future research.

A short and convergent stereoselective total synthesis of biologically potent cytospolide P has been accomplished from acrolein. The salient features of our synthetic strategy include modified Crimmins aldols, Yamaguchi esterification, and Grubbs ring-closing metathesis reaction.

A competent and consistent androgen receptor transactivation assay has been developed using pleiotropic drug resistance transporters Pdr5, Snq2 and Yor1 deleted yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, intended to express the human androgen receptor and androgen response element (probasin promoter) driving the expression of green fluorescent protein to determine endocrine disruptors from pulp and paper mill effluents (PPME). Stimulation of cells by known androgens, correlated with androgenic activities as measured by other reported bioassay systems. This yeast-based assay system when applied to evaluate anti-androgenic activities, the known anti-androgens effectively inhibited fluorescence reporter gene induction by dihydrotestosterone. The specificity of the assay was experienced by incubating the recombinant yeast cells with supraphysiological concentrations of non-androgenic steroidal compounds and none of them yielded considerable response. Further, the assay was used to analyze the extracted PPME from different mills confirmed strong androgenic activities. In conclusion, these results support the earlier report by us that PPME are rich in androgenic compounds and the employed detection system provides novel high throughput fluorescence based biosensor system for successful well sensitive (picogram level) screening of (anti)androgenic chemicals from various environmental sources.

A strategy for the stereoselective total synthesis of cananginones D-G (Ia)—(Id) and H-I (II) is developed using D-mannitol as chiral template.

The upcoming shortage of fossil fuels and the environmental threat of global climate change has led mankind to search for alternatives concerning its energy supply. Today, enormous efforts are made to maximize the productivity of biomass and identify new species of plants and processes to accomplish the future demand of food, fodder, materials and energy. Biofuels play a crucial role in mitigating CO2 emission, reducing global warming and acting as potential cheap alternative in comparison with the soaring prices per barrel of petroleum. The production of algal biomass for biofuels combined with the production of bulk chemicals, application in wastewater treatment, aquaculture, food and feed ingredients as well as in human health is presently drawing attention in many countries. This paper briefly elucidates the recent status of microalgae utilization for biodiesel production, together with their cultivation, harvesting, and processing.

The present study was aimed to develop a sensitive, fast and user friendly progesterone receptor transactivation assay using recombinant yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, modified to express human progesterone receptor (PR) and progesterone response element (PRE) driving the expression of green fluorescent protein. Stimulation of cells with increasing concentrations of progesterone resulted in significant elevation in fluorescence activity, with the minimum effective dose of progesterone being 0.1 nM. RU486, significantly inhibited progesterone induced transactivation and non-progesterogenic steroids failed to transactivate PR till 10 microM concentrations. About 7 different chemicals (mostly pesticides or their metabolites) like DDT and its metabolites, nonylphenol, endosulfan were screened in this assay system for their role in transactivation and they were all found to be anti-progestative and IC50 values within the range of 3-20 microM. Further, the assay was used to analyze the endocrine disrupting activity of extracted water samples from leather industries known for their high content of various chemicals and it was found to be rich in anti-progestative compounds. It resulted in about 30% reduction in transactivation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that this yeast based bioassay provides a rapid and robust assay for high throughput screening of (anti)progestative compounds from various sources.

In this study, two bacterial strains capable of utilizing pyridine as a sole carbon source were isolated from biofilters. Based on the biochemical test, the organisms were identified as Shewanella putrefaciens and Bacillus sphaericus . In liquid cultures, S. putrefaciens and B. sphaericus degraded pyridine quite effectively up to 500 mg L −1 . S. putrefaciens degrades 500 mg L −1 of pyridine completely within 140 h, whereas the B. sphaericus degrades 500 mg L −1 of pyridine only nearly 75% and takes a longer duration of 150 h. S. putrefaciens used pyridine as sole carbon and energy source better than B. sphaericus . Monod's and Haldane's inhibitory growth models were used to obtain maximum specific growth rate ( μ max ), half saturation ( K s ) and substrate inhibition ( K i ) constant for pyridine by using S. putrefaciens and B. sphaericus . The high value of K i for S. putrefaciens than B. sphaericus indicates that the inhibition effect can be observed only in a high concentration range. The S. putrefaciens degrades pyridine with a faster rate than B. sphaericus . S. putrefaciens can be used effectively for the treatment of pyridine bearing wastewater and as an inoculum in a biofilter treating pyridine-laden gas.

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by deficient synthesis of melanin pigment and associated with common developmental abnormalities of the eye. It is one of the major causes of childhood blindness in India. The disease is common among an ethnic group (Tili) of Eastern India, which represents about 12.56% of the Bankura district population (approximately 0.4 million) of West Bengal. The purpose of the study was to investigate the molecular lesions causing OCA within this ethnic group for the unequivocal diagnosis of the carriers and attempt to decipher the cause for the high prevalence of OCA.Fourteen OCA-affected Tili families consisting a total of 161 individuals, including 26 patients, were recruited for the study. A lack of tyrosinase (TYR) activity among all the patients was ascertained by the tyrosinase hair bulb assay. Mutation screening in the tyrosinase gene (TYR) was done by single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was carried out to determine the frequency of the pathogenic changes among the normal individuals. Haplotype analysis was performed at the TYR locus using a set of informative microsatellite and SNP markers.All the patients were homozygous for a null mutation (c.832CT, Arg278stop) in TYR exon 2, which might cause a complete loss of enzyme activity. The mutation occurred in the same haplotype background. The frequency of the disease in this ethnic group was estimated to be significantly higher than the world average.OCA1 in the Tili population is due to the occurrence of a founder mutation in the TYR as indicated by haplotype analysis. Higher prevalence of the mutation in the population group is due to marriage within the same community. The diagnostic RFLP assay can be utilized for genetic counseling and thereby will help to reduce the disease load on the population.

Two structurally similar biphenyl compounds, biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid (B2C) and biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (B4C), were selected to assess their cellular cytotoxic and antimitotic behaviour in the quest of a potent anticancer compound. The HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines were used to determine the cytotoxic effect of the two biphenyl compounds using the MTT assay. Confocal microscopy was performed to analyze the degree of nuclear condensation and fragmentation associated with depolymerized microtubules that result from inhibiting in vitro tubulin polymerization. Circular dichroism spectroscopy along with DTNB kinetics were conducted to predict alterations in the tubulin secondary structure and global conformational changes in the tertiary structure of the protein, respectively. Finally, a wound healing assay was employed to assess whether cellular migration was inhibited in the treated HeLa cells. B4C imparted more cellular cytotoxicity in the HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines (IC 50 ∼ 4 μM). B4C inhibited in vitro tubulin polymerization into microtubules with an IC 50 of 50 μM. Confocal microscopy of treated cell indicated presumptive apoptosis, exhibiting fragmented nuclei with significant microtubular disruption, which was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Circular dichroism revealed a significant reduction in the α-helix content of treated tubulin. DTNB kinetics showed that approximately six SH groups were buried in the structure. The wound healing assay revealed that B4C prevented cellular invasion. B4C had greater cytotoxic and antimitotic effects against HeLa cells than B2C. To delineate the specific mechanism of action of B4C and its derivatives, further research is warranted.