Search

Due to the patient's presenting condition and medical care, maintaining a healthy upper airway in an ICU patient might be difficult. Ventilation-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection in intensive care units (ICUs). The majority of these individuals are unable to execute even the most basic tasks, such as maintaining their own oral hygiene. Oral difficulties may arise as a result of the medical treatment delivered in an Intensive care unit (ICU). Oral care can have an impact on a patient's clinical outcome as well as their overall health. Oral and systemic health, mechanically ventilated patients, barriers to oral health care, published recommendations, and oral care procedure in ventilated patients are all discussed in this article.

To evaluate the effect of virtual reality eyeglasses as a distraction technique in management of anxious paediatric patients undergoing dental treatment.: It is an in-vivo study which was performed on 148 patients with 37 in each four different groups. Children’s dental anxiety was measured using Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and Pulse oximeter which measures the pulse rate, oxygen saturation. After assessing the anxiety levels of the children, children who are found to be anxious were taken for the study. includes children who have to undergo extraction without virtual reality eyeglasses. includes children who have to undergo extraction with virtual reality eyeglasses. includes children who have to undergo restoration without virtual reality eye glasses. includes children who have to undergo restoration with virtual reality eye glasses. Children’s anxiety was again evaluated using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and Pulse oximeter during dental treatment. The results obtained were then compared. The data was collected, tabulated, Descriptive statistics and paired t test was used for statistical analysis. Group A: There were statistically significant changes in pulse rate, oxygen saturation (SPO) and modified anxiety scale (p0.05). Group C: There were statistically significant changes in pulse rate and modified anxiety scale (p0.05). Group D: There were statistically significant changes in pulse rate and modified anxiety scale (p0.05)Within the limitations of this study we conclude that virtual reality eyeglasses used in the present study is an effective distraction technique in management of pediatric patients undergoing dental treatment.

To determine the efficacy of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and calcium sucrose phosphate (CSP) on the inhibition ofThirty healthy children between 13 and 18 years of age were divided into two groups of 15 each; Group I receiving TCP-containing cream and Group II receiving calcium sucrose phosphate-containing cream. On the first day of the study, 30 minutes after breakfast, baseline plaque samples were taken from the buccal surface of first mandibular permanent molar using a sterile wedge which was immediately transferred to sterile container containing 1 mL of saline, and were subjected to microbiological examination. On the following days, both the creams were applied to the respective groups. On the 16th day, plaque samples were collected from the same site, and colony forming units were recorded using agar plate as a culture medium.The mean ofBoth TCP and CSP have an inhibitory effect onThis can be an effective preventive tool for children with high caries risk and even for special child. Both TCP and CSP deposit the mineral reservoir in plaque and saliva; it may help resist the future cariogenic challenges.

To evaluate the efficacy of three different concentrations of Ocimum sanctum aqueous extract against various caries causing microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus.Aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by the cold extraction method. The extract was diluted with milli Q water, to obtain 3 different concentrations [2%, 3%, and 4%] of the extract. Glycerol 6%v/v and tween-80, 0.1%v/v were also added to get a stable suspension. About 0.2% chlorhexidine was used as a positive control and milli Q water was used as a negative control. The extract, along with the controls, was then subjected to microbiological investigation to determine which concentration among the three different concentrations of extract gave a wider inhibition zone against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters.Ocimum sanctum aqueous extract demonstrated maximum antimicrobial activity against microorganisms responsible for dental caries at the 4% concentration level although 3% and 2% were also effective. Maximum activity was seen against S. mutans and S. sanguis with 4% extract.Ocimum sanctum aqueous extract was effective against all caries causing the microorganisms.Dental caries is still a major oral disease in children which affects their quality of life. It is important to come up with an alternative oral hygiene aid which is easily available and with lesser side effects and maximum benefits by acting against caries causing microbes. Thus aqueous extract of commonly available tulsi is studied to know its effect on caries causing microorganisms.Pai KR, Pallavi LK, Bhat SS, et al. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extract of "Ocimum Sanctum-Queen of Herb" on Dental Caries Microorganisms: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S176-S179.

Traumatic dental injuries are one of the commonly experienced dental emergencies. Missing anterior tooth in children due to any injury can be a source of considerable physical and psychological discomfort for the child. Aim: To evaluate by means of self administered questionnaire the level of knowledge of medical graduates and medical postgraduates in emergency management of tooth avulsion. Setting and Design: Questionnaire-based survey design was utilized to assess the knowledge. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted among 50 medical graduates and medicalpostgraduates. A questionnaire was formulated to assess the knowledge and attitude among medical graduates and medical postgraduates regarding the management of avulsed tooth. A total of 50 medical graduates and 50 medical postgraduates consented to participate in the survey. Results: 28% 0f medical graduates and 18% of medical postgraduates prefer to wash with sterile saline and the rest prefer to do nothing. 34% of medical graduates and 20% of medical postgraduates prefer to take the broken tooth to the dentist whereas 16% of medical graduates and 32% of medical postgraduates do not know what to do. 45 medical graduates and 36% of medical postgraduates prefer to keep the tooth in correct medium whereas rest were wrong. 48% of medical graduates and medical postgraduates know that avulsed primary tooth should not be replanted. Conclusion: The study conclude that there is need for an educational lecture to widen the knowledge of the medical graduates and medical postgraduates about the emergency management of tooth avulsion which can be achieved by adding leaflets, posters about basic first aid treatment. Keywords: Trauma, Avulsion, Medical graduates, Medical postgraduates.

Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the ICDAS, the CAST, the DMF, the Nyvad criteria and the SCI with respect to their ability in identification of caries in the individuals from six to twelve years of age and also the time required for recording each indices. Materials and Methods: A total of 47 children visiting the hospital were selected and examined. Examination was done in the dental chair with adequate light. Oral prophylaxis was done. Subsequently, examination was performed by the examiner according to DMFT system, ICDAS, CAST, Nyvad’s criteria and SCI and the information forms were recorded. Chi square test and one way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results: In this study, the no statistically significant difference was shown by number of sound teeth. For caries involving enamel, there was statistical difference seen. For caries involving dentin, Distinct/Active Cavity lesions, statistically significant difference was seen. For pulp involvement, statistically significant differences were observed. For, restored teeth, there was statistical difference but missing teeth due to caries did not show any statistically significant difference. The mean time taken to apply the DMF was 1mins 17secs; for ICDAS, 3mins 32secs, for CAST, 3min 30secs, for Nyvad’s Criteria, 2mins 34secs and for SCI it took 1min 2secs. Conclusion: A common method for classification of caries identification is ambiguous. DMFT and SCI is the most simple and less time consuming method. ICDAS addresses the all the progressive stages of the caries. Keywords: ICDAS, SCI, Nyvad, CAST, Indices.

Thyroid dysfunction has various manifestations which include orofacial abnormalities like delayed eruption, retained deciduous teeth, etc. Early detection of this deregulation of thyroid homeostasis can prevent associated complications. This report is a case of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in a 4-year-old boy who presented with a completely edentulous maxilla and hypodontic mandible. Based on various biochemical and radiographic investigations, a diagnosis of CH was established. He was prosthodontically rehabilitated with removable dentures. How to cite this article: Bhat V, Bhat VS, Vadakkan J, et al. Prosthodontic Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism with Anodontia: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):586–589.

Mucocele is defined as the lesion present on the oral mucosa such as lip, cheeks and the floor of the mouth, but mainly appear in the lower lip, that results from the accumulation of mucous secretion. This could be due to trauma and lip biting habits or alteration of minor salivary glands. The present case report highlights the importance of identifying the exact etiology of the mucocele and appropriate management to prevent its recurrence. This case report also advocates the use of diode laser for the treatment of mucocele as it requires minimal anesthesia which reduces apprehension and fear in pediatric patients, causes minimal blood loss and accelerates the healing of the surgical site. Keywords: Mucocele, Crossbite, Diode laser.

Background and Objectives: It has been found that the microorganism behind the failure of root-filled teeth is Enterococcus faecalis, which shows resistance to most of the intra-canal medicaments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of three intra-canal medications—calcium hydroxide with saline, combinations of calcium hydroxide with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and calcium hydroxide with 5% povidone-iodine—against E. faecalis in dentinal tubules of human incisors. Materials and Methods: Forty permanent maxillary central incisors were made into standardized segments and infected with E. faecalis. They were treated with a paste made of calcium hydroxide and 2% CHX, calcium hydroxide and 5% povidone-iodine, and calcium hydroxide and saline for 1 week. Dentinal shavings collected from the canal were suspended in thioglycollate broth solution and spread on brain heart infusion agar. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were enumerated and the CFU per milligram of dentin was calculated. The pH of the medicaments used was measured with the help of pH meter. Results: The results showed that the paste made from calcium hydroxide and 2% CHX was significantly more effective than that made from calcium hydroxide and povidone-iodine, and calcium hydroxide and saline. The addition of CHX or povidone-iodine did not affect the alkalinity of calcium hydroxide. Conclusion: This study concludes that Ca(OH)2 + 2% CHX are effective against E. faecalis. Combinations of calcium hydroxide and 5% povidone-iodine showed better antibacterial effect than calcium hydroxide and saline. Ca(OH)2 + saline was ineffective against E. faecalis.

BACKGROUND: Novel coronavirus has recently gained attention of the global community after it was first reported from Wuhan, China It has been declared as global health emergency with implications to all people Droplets of bodily fluids, such as saliva or mucus, from an infected person are dispersed in the air or on surfaces by coughing or sneezing and could be the main source for the further spread of infection All healthcare professionals including Dental Surgeons should help to prevent transmission of this deadly virus It's a virus affecting both human and animals and spreads from animals and person to person in close proximity, similar to other respiratory illnesses, such as the flu This review article mainly highlights the types, epidemiology, transmission and addresses the implications of 2019 n-CoV from the health professionals perspective and discusses the necessary preventive precautions that should be strictly followed in a dental setup so as to prevent further spread of infection

Conventionally, stainless steel crown (SSC) is the preferred material for the restoration of pulpotomized primary molars. However, in situations where stainless steel cannot be used necessity for other restorative material arises.The aim of this study is to assess the microleakage of several coronal seal materials in pulpotomized primary molars-Seventy-five primary molars were prepared with proximo-occlusal cavities. Restoration was done with Zinc oxide eugenol cement, SSC, composite resin, resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (GIC), and amalgam. Microleakage was assessed using dye penetration technique with stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope.The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to statistically analyze the results.With regard to this present study composite resin and resin-modified GIC offers a good alternative for SSC.

Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate the remineralization potential of Clinpro XT varnish containing tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and MI varnish containing casein phosphopeptide (casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate, CPP–ACP). Materials and methods Thirty premolar teeth were taken and divided into three groups. Samples were sliced mesiodistally into buccal and lingual halves using a diamond disk bur. The buccal halves of the teeth were used for the study. Artificial caries like lesions were produced and evaluated with Diagnodent. The samples in each group were treated with the respective remineralizing agent (except for the control group) at every 24 hours for 7 days and the surfaces were assessed using Diagnodent to record the values after the remineralization procedure. The Diagnodent values obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests. Results There was a significant difference between the values calculated before and after remineralization in all the three groups. Conclusion The study findings showed that MI varnish containing CPP–ACP had the highest release of fluoride as compared to the Clinpro fluoride releasing varnish. Clinical significance MI varnish is a 5% NaF varnish containing CPP–ACP to give an exceptional fluoride varnish that releases more bioavailable fluoride, calcium, and phosphate, hence, can be used successfully in remineralization of early carious lesions. CPP–ACP can be used in the clinical practice for reversing or arresting the early carious lesions. How to cite this article Varma V, Hegde KS, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Remineralization Potential of Two Varnishes Containing CPP–ACP and Tricalcium Phosphate: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(3):233–236.

Background: To assess mother’s knowledge and beliefs about teething signs and symptoms, to evaluate their experience during the teething of their youngest child and to assess the practices undertaken by mothers to relieve the teething symptoms. Methods: Random number of anganvadis, 5 from the rural and 5 from the urban areas of Mangalore were selected. A cross sectional survey was conducted using a self administered questionnaire. The questionnaire form included three sections eliciting demographic characteristics and assessing parent's knowledge, and beliefs regarding teething of their youngest child. Result: The majority of the respondents were in the age group of 28 – 37 years of age and had only primary level of education . Almost about 93% of the mothers knew that the tooth eruption starts around 6 – 7 months of age and the first tooth to erupt is the lower central incisors. About 85 % of the mothers said that the primary tooth eruption gets completed by 2 years of age. Almost 90 % parents attributed fever and diarrhea to teething. Almost 55 % of the parents consulted a doctor for fever and diarrhea. There is no statistically significant difference between the rural and urban mothers about teething knowledge and its associated symptoms. Conclusion: This study identified mother’s conceptions about teething signs and symptoms. Health care providers must review and dispel long held cultural myths and beliefs about teething, acknowledge and share the evidence that tooth eruption is not strongly associated with significant symptoms.

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder is one of the common developmental disabilities. Underlying autism etiology is most likely polygenic but environmental factors may also contribute. Obstetrical and neonatal risk factors have been considered for the development of autism. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to know the presence of antenatal, perinatal and neonatal complications in autistic children. Materials and Methods: Children who were diagnosed with autism were included in the study. Visits were made to the special school for the collection of data with prior consent, and birth details were collected from the parents. Results: A total of 54 children were included in the study. Age of the children ranged from 3 years to 17 years with the mean age of 10.93 years. 39 (72.2%) were boys and 15 (27.8 %) were girls. Advanced maternal age at delivery was noted in 24% of the cases. Antenatal risk factors were seen in 24% of cases and natal risk factors in 20% of the cases. 17% had birth asphyxia. Neonatal intensive care unit admission was noted in 20% of cases, neonatal seizures in 5.6%, respiratory distress in 9.3%, and low birth weight in 17% of cases. 60% of them were first born. Overall, the presence of antenatal, natal, and postnatal risk factors were noted in 57% autism cases. Conclusion: In children with autism, there is increased prevalence of obstetric and neonatal risk factors. These variables should be examined in future for precise assessments of exposures.

Introduction: Dental trauma is the most common injury which occurs in oro-facial region. Traumatic dental injuries are often seen among injuries to the face. Among them, tooth avulsion (0.5%-16%) is a complex traumatic injury characterized by the rupture of the neurovascular bundle and periodontal ligament (PDL) exposing the tooth to the outer environment. It occurs most often in the age group of 7-10 years, when the alveolar bone is resilient and offers minimal resistance to extrusive forces. Avulsion is a potential threat to the vitality of Periodontal ligament cells which are essential for the healing of replanted avulsed teeth. Hence management protocols should include management of the pulp and the periodontal ligament cells in the long-term survival and prognosis of avulsed teeth.2 The types of healing that takes place after the avulsion injury are as follows: 1.Favorable healing: a. Healing with a normal periodontal ligament (without root resorption) b. Healing with surface resorption (repair-related resorption) 2.Unfavorable healing: a. Healing with ankylosis (replacement). b. Healing with inflammatory resorption (infection related resorption).3 Two of the most critical factors affecting the prognosis of an avulsed tooth after replantation are extra oral dry time and the storage medium in which the tooth is placed.4As replantation of avulsed teeth occurs more frequently between 1 and 4 hours after avulsion, degeneration of cemental periodontal ligament fibers is a common event and the presence of necrotic Periodontal ligament remnants on root surface stimulates the occurrence of inflammatory root resorption, which is the major cause of loss of replanted teeth.5Secondly, storage or transport medium to support cell viability is more important than the extra oral Introduction: An ideal storage medium should be one that is capable of preserving the viability, mitogenicity and clonogenic capacity of the damaged Periodontal ligament cells to facilitate proliferation of these cells over the denuded root surface, thereby preventing further root resorption.Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate as a storage media for avulsed tooth in maintaining periodontal ligament cell viability in comparison with Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution and Oral Rehydration Solution.Materials and Methods: Forty freshly extracted human premolar teeth with normal periodontium and closed apices were taken. Forty teeth were randomly assigned into five experimental groups. It was then incubated for 30 minutes in falcon tubes with 2.5 ml solution of 0.2 mg/ml of collagenase II and 2.4 mg/ml solution of dispase grade II in phosphate buffered saline. After incubation, 50 μl of fetal bovine serum was added to each tube with the help of micropipette. Cells were labelled with 0.4% trypan blue for determination of viability. The number of viable cells in a grid of Neubauer’s chamber were counted under a light microscope at 40X magnification.Results: Results were analysed using Kruskul-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test.Conclusion: GC Tooth Mousse, Hanks balanced salt solution and Oral rehydration solution can be used as storage medium. GC Tooth Mousse is better than Hanks balanced salt solution and Oral rehydration solution as a storage medium.

Background and objectives The presence of mutans streptococci has been used in individual assessments of caries risk. In the modern era of dentistry, the chair side kits for assessing chair side cariogenic bacteria play a significant role. There is paucity of literature about the comparison of commercially available chair side caries risk tests. Hence this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of three commercially available chair side cariogenic bacteria tests. Methodology Twenty-five patients in the age group of 5-14 years were selected. The saliva samples of patients were collected and were taken for cariogenic bacteria tests using caries risk test (CRT) bacteria test kit and saliva check mutans kit (mutans rapid detection kit). The plaque samples were taken for CariScreen caries susceptibility testing meter. All the samples were compared with a gold standard, i.e., mitis salivarius-bacitracin (MSB) agar plate test. Results Results demonstrated that the specificity of CariScreen and caries risk test was 91.67 whereas it was 75.00 for saliva check mutans. The CariScreen produced the risk status of the patient in shortest time. However, all the chair side kits failed to show the exact colony count of bacteria. Conclusion The result of the current study proved that both CariScreen and caries risk test are highly efficient in assessing the caries risk of patients. However, the CariScreen is easy to perform and provides the result in shorter time.

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the maternal risk factors and its relationship with early childhood caries (ECC) among preschoolchildren in Mangaluru city. Methods: Children aged 3–5 years attending preschool (Anganwadi) and their mothers were included in the study. A total of 120 child–mother pairs participated in the study. The maternal risk factors were assessed by a pretested questionnaire. After obtaining the consent, the mother and their children were clinically examined for dental caries using the WHO criteria (1997). Results were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. Results: Significant difference was found in mother's caries activity, high level of Streptococcus mutans, brushing frequency, diet of the mother, and their child's caries experience. Conclusion: A relationship between maternal risk factors and ECC is a result of a multifactorial and a comprehensive model that includes psychological and behavioral aspects. Caries prevention strategy should be that every child should receive oral care before age of one so that needful children can be instituted with preventive measures and their parents can be targeted for educational programs.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained much attention in the treatment of dental caries due to their excellent antimicrobial activities. In this study, we have biosynthesised chitooligosaccharide coated silver nanoparticles (COS-AgNPs) using a rapid microwave-assisted method. The physical and chemical characterisations of biosynthesised COS-AgNPs were investigated using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Further, the developed COS-AgNPs were assessed for antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus mutans. From the DLS analysis, the average particle size of the COS-AgNPs was found to be ∼32 nm. The morphologies of the COS-AgNPs were monodisperse and spherical in shape. XRD peaks are coherent with the standard peaks of AgNPs. Antimicrobial activity of COS-AgNPs showed a significant zone of inhibition due to the synergistic effect of COS-AgNPs. Furthermore, the antibacterial potential of developed COS-AgNPs-Ca(OH)2 paste was checked against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. COS-AgNPs based composite paste showed better inhibition zone against the tested microbes. Hence, COS-AgNPs and COS-AgNPs-Ca(OH)2 based paste materials will be promising biomaterials for pulp therapy in paediatric dentistry.

Background: The aim of the study is to compare the erosive potential of three different commonly used pediatric syrups on deciduous teeth enamel. The objectives of the study were to assess the endogeneous pH and titratable acidity of mefenamic acid syrup (meftal P), cetrizine syrup (alerid) and multivitamin syrup (zincovit) and to evaluate the microhardness of the enamel after successive immersion cycles in each of the syrups.Methods: 40 non carious deciduous teeth were included for the study The samples were then randomly allocated into 4 groups (10 in each group): Group A- mefenemic acid syrup (meftal P), Group B- cetrizine syrup (alerid), group C- multivitamin syrup (zincovit) and group D- control (distilled water). The samples were then subjected to the immersion cycles in the syrups. Assessment of enamel surface microhardness was done using Vickers hardness tester at 7th day and 14th day. The pH and titrable acidity of the syrups were also assessed. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests were used for the statistical analysis.Results: Out of the test groups, group C showed the lowest pH of around 4.2 and exhibited the largest titrable acidity (22.8 ml) compared with 21 ml in group A and 15.5 ml in group B. At the end of 14th day, group A had microhardness of about 293.43.84±6.34, group B had 299.930±6.85, group C had 313.380±6.23 and group D had 334.190±5.51.Conclusions: All the pediatric liquid medications assessed in the study, meftal P, alerid and zincovit showed acidic pH, high titrable acidities and all the syrups showed loss of microhardness after exposure to the syrups for 14 days. Loss of microhardness was highest for meftal P followed by alerid and least for zincovit.

Background: Injection of local anesthesia is one of the most important reasons for avoidance behavior in children. Applying a topical anesthetic before injection is the most popular way to control pain; however, topical anesthetics have some shortcomings such as longer duration of action, displeasing taste, and spread of the anesthetic agent to noninjection site areas. Cryoanesthesia using refrigerant as a topical anesthesia is being studied as an alternative to overcome the shortcomings of topical anesthetics and has shown promising results. Materials and Methods: In this split-mouth design study, 50 children of aged 8–10 years who required bilateral mandibular local anesthesia administration were selected. In the first visit, application of topical anesthetic spray (lidocaine) on one side and during the second appointment cryoanesthetic tetrafluorethane on the other side was used before local anesthetic administration. Patients were asked to report their discomfort and pain using visual analog scale (VAS) (subjective method). Patients' pain perception during injection is assessed by sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale by the dentist (objective method). Results: The results were statistically analyzed using paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney tests. In VAS scale (subjective method), pain scores were significantly lower in tetrafluorethane group when compared with lidocaine group. In SEM scale (objective method), pain scores were lower in tetrafluorethane group when compared with lidocaine group, but it was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Precooling the injection site using refrigerant tetrafluorethane spray has shown to be effective in eliminating pain before local anesthesia administration in children when compared with topical anesthetic lidocaine spray.

Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anticar-iogenic efficacy of hot and cold aqueous extracts of Terminalia chebula against Streptococcus mutans as an oral rinse and also to discover the acceptability of the mouthwash in children. Settings and design Sixty children between 8 and 12 years with high caries risk were selected. Materials and methods 10% concentration of hot and cold aqueous extracts were prepared. Children were randomly divided into extract and control group. Baseline salivary samples were taken, and the samples were re-collected at 10, 60, and 90 minutes interval after rinsing. Microbial and pH analysis were done. An acceptability questionnaire was filled. Statistical analysis Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results The results show statistically significant difference in S. mutans counts at 10, 60, and 90 minutes interval when compared with negative control. However, when the hot and cold extracts were compared, there was no significant difference. Acceptability questionnaire showed 65 to 75% overall acceptability for both types of extract. Conclusion Results of this study showed that both types of aqueous extract of T. chebula may be used as potential anticariogenic mouthwash with acceptable taste in children. How to cite this article Palit MC, Hegde SK, Bhat SS. Effectiveness of Mouthrinse formulated from Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Count and pH among 8- to 12-year-old School Children of Karnataka: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(4):349-354.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of chewing gum on the salivary pH and to compare the effect of chewing bicarbonate-containing sugar-free gum on salivary pH against that of standard sugar-free gum. The experiment was carried out on 30 volunteers aged 20-22 years (mean age = 21 years) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The test gum was sugar-free greenmint-flavored bicarbonate-containing gum and the standard control was sugar-free spearmint-flavored gum. The pH was measured immediately using pH strips. According to statistical analysis, the mean salivary pH of the bicarbonate gum at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes is 6.9713, 6.5667, 6.4267, 6.3867 and 6.3233 respectively. There is decrease in pH from 0 to 20 minutes. According to Bonferroni, there was no significant difference in pH from 0 to 20 minutes, 10 to 20 minutes and 15 to 20 minutes, but there was a significant difference in salivary pH from 5 to 20 minutes (p = 0.014). The mean salivary pH of the standard gum at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes is 6.8767, 6.6067, 6.4200, 6.4027 and 6.3000 respectively. There is decrease in pH from 0 to 20 minutes. According to Bonferroni, there was no significant difference in pH from 0 to 20 minutes, 5 to 20 minutes, 10 to 20 minutes and 15 to 20 minutes. Thus, the higher salivary pH achieved with chewing bicarbonate gum compared with a standard sugar-free gum may have important oral health implications. How to cite this article: Ballal RK, Bhat SS, Ramdas SS, Ballal S. Effect of Chewing Bicarbonate-containing Sugar-free Gum on the Salivary pH: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(1):35-38.

Aim To compare the acidogenic potential of plain milk, milk with sugar, milk with cornflakes, and milk cornflakes with sugar by assessing the salivary pH. Materials and methods The study was carried out on 40 school children of 8 to 12 years; 20 boys and 20 girls were randomly selected. The salivary pH was assessed before and after the consumption of milk; milk and sugar; milk and cornflakes; and milk, sugar, and cornflakes. Baseline unstimulated saliva was collected in sterile plastic tube and the pH was recorded. The change in the salivary pH from the respective groups after consuming the test meal was recorded as follows: (1) after 5 minutes; (2) after 10 minutes; (3) after 15 minutes; (4) after 30 minutes; (5) 120 minutes. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 18.0 (SPSS). Results The average baseline salivary pH among all the groups was 7.26. A fall in pH at 5 minutes was seen in all the four groups. However, at different time intervals 5, 10, 15, 30, and 120 minutes, the pH values between the groups showed a significant difference at p < 00.7, 0.005, 0.001, 0.010, and 0.028 respectively. Conclusion The fall in pH in all the groups was not significant to a limit of critical pH. Milk when added with sugar and/or cornflakes as a meal did not pose a threat as there was not significant decrease in pH. How to cite this article Bhat SS, Hegde SK, Bhat VS, Ramya KM, Jodalli PS. Acidogenic Potential of Plain Milk, Milk with Sugar, Milk with Cornflakes, and Milk Cornflakes with Sugar: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(3):218-221.

Context: Avulsion injury is a severe form of dental trauma. Due to the complexity of this injury, the neurovascular supply is severely compromised and usually results in the loss of pulp vitality. A variety of factors can influence the success of replantation especially the storage media and storage period. Casein phosphopeptides are derived from casein which accounts for 80% of the total protein in bovine milk. They can function as carriers for several minerals especially calcium and also have known to have antibacterial properties. Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of GC Tooth Mousse Plus in comparison with chilled Homogenous pasteurized whole milk as a storage media. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy premolars that are extracted for orthodontic purpose will be divided into three groups: (1) Group A: Control (Saline), (2) Group B: Positive control (Chilled Homogenous milk), (3) Group C: Experimental (GC Tooth Mouse Plus). These groups were further divided into two subgroups, each indicating storage period of 30 min and 60 min. The periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability will be checked using tryphan blue staining. Results: Data were analyzed using Student's t-test. Conclusion: GC Tooth Mousse Plus can be used as a storage media to prevent desiccation of PDL cells up to the duration of 60 min.