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The longevity of restorative materials depends on the resistance to masticatory forces. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the microleakage properties of different restorative materials. A total of 30 specimen blocks were prepared with 10 samples of each type of restorative material, namely GIC Fuji IX, Filtek Z-350 Composite, and Cention-N. Class I cavities were prepared with dimensions 1.5 x 2 x 2 mm (l x b x h) of cavity size of orthodontically extracted premolars followed by restoration of each test material. We found thatCention-N has shown the least microleakage as compared to other groups. Mean microleakage was the least for Cention-N. It’s a newer restorative material having higher mechanical properties with lesser microleakage. Cention-N is a newer restorative material having promising properties. This material can be used as an alternative restorative material.

In a diverse society like India, the nation-state has imperative to select certain collective memories to be its unified official narrative and be taught to its students. However, in a quest to hand over a unitary vision of the nation, the states often overlook the multiple sources of knowledge, assuming only the school as a mode of transmission about the past. There are documented debates around the Indian state selecting one version of history over the others. But, not much is known about the reception of such knowledge by the marginalised communities in India. Although the relationship between memory, history, identity and social relationships has its grounding in psychology, the discipline has been governed by different reductionism, which does not facilitate understanding and explanation of such complex social issues ( Marty, 1994 , Wertsch, 2002 ). Nevertheless, learnings from social psychology can be extended to understand the complexities around collective memories, social identity and marginalisation. This article will discuss the dynamics involved in dealing with marginalised collective memories and foreground students’ experiences of learning mainstream collective memories. It argues that dealing with exclusions and denials of one’s collective memories has implications for one’s identity and sense of self. It may lead to individuals and communities devaluing their collective memories, thereby undermining their social position and identity.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the post COVID changes in the perception of the parents towards dentistry for their child/children.A cross-sectional questionnaire based survey was conducted among the parents of children Majority of the parents had correct knowledge regarding the COVID-19 with increase in their anxiety level post COVID-19 outbreak. Almost all the parents were taking the measures regarding the hygiene of their children. Nearly half of the parents were not willing to take their children to the dentist even in the emergency dental condition due to the risk of encountering corona virus at the dental clinic.The majority of respondents lacked confidence towards dentistry, their treatment environments, and the infection control measures taken, and were worried about contracting COVID-19 infection from the dental setting. Parents, however, demanded better infection control measures during the SARS outbreak. From the results of our survey, it is imperative that dentists and dental specialist like pediatric dentists should offer more confidence building measures towards the patients & their parents, involving them in the dental treatment planning as well as decision making and providing them timely appraisal regarding the same.

Performance management practices include various approaches to significantly assess the organizational performance and productivity. It includes critical analysis and evaluation of employees skills and knowledge to increase output at workplace which establishes culture of proper evaluation of individual performance i.e. directly linked with attainment of individual as well as organizational goal. With the changing dimensions of business operations performance of employees is ensured through involvement of strategic approaches which enables them to understand the required standards of performance and evaluation criteria to assess productivity with merits and demerits of learning and improving better alternatives which ultimately enhances the overall performance of organization. This study helps in critical assessment of various performance management practices and its effect on employee productivity in textile firms of Bhilwara city. The performance management practices comprised of employee appraisal system, training and development, reward system and feedback which all are considered as independent variables and dependent variable is defined as employee productivity. The research paper incorporates primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample size of 100 respondents who worked at various managerial levels in textile firms. A descriptive research design is used for the analysis of data with the help of mean, standard deviation and regression analysis to accomplish the research objective of assessing the effect of independent variables performance appraisal, training & development, reward system and feedback on employee productivity. Various hypothesis are framed to test the results and draw inferences for the population. The study focuses on implementation of various approaches that can enhance employee productivity and develop a workforce through proper training and evaluation with the help of review and feedback mechanism and ensure growth of individuals as well as organization and fulfilment of organizational goals. The result is analysed through regression which helps in adoption of sustainable HR practices forced to rethink on decisions pertaining to employee productivity

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the post COVID-19 transition in dentist providing dental health care to children. Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional questionnaire based survey was conducted among the dentists to assess the transition post COVID-19 towards dental health care to children. The survey was carried out with a sample of 110 respondents. Results: The results shows that the COVID-19 outbreak had definitely made the dentists uncomfortable in treating the patients and majority (55.4%) of them agree that even children can be asymptomatic carriers. Moreover, 83.7% of the dentists agreed that the PPE kit will definitely increase the fear and anxiety among the children, 75.5% dentists agreed that this will also lead to increase in the cost of the treatment. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic majority of the dentists never used the N2O for managing the pediatric patients and even after such scenario they are not planning to use N2O for pediatric behavior management. Conclusion: Dental professionals must be fully aware of 2019-nCoV spreading modalities, how to identify patients with this infection, and, most importantly, self-protection considerations. The aerosols and splatter generated during dental procedures have the potential to spread infection to dental personnel and other people in the dental office. Dentists can play a significant role in disrupting the transmission chain, thereby reducing the incidence of disease by simply postponing all non-emergency dental care for all patients. Keywords: COVID19, Dentist, Transition, Child care.

Adsorption characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) intercalated with nickel is a subject of growing experimental and theoretical interest. In this manuscript adsorption of hydrogen gas on the surface of nickel intercalated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) has been studied. It is expected that metal catalysts like nickel can have possible pattern of atoms and molecules on the surface of MWNTs with varying parameters like diameters, concentration of nickel & MWNTs for sorption kinematics. Distribution and strong interaction of Ni with the MWNTs could support. Thus, adsorption capacity of the hydrogen via the spillover effect is expected. Ni doped MWNTs composites have been examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform (FT-IR) infrared spectroscopy , Sorption kinetics (Sievert’s spectrometer), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Lithium-sulphur batteries are one of the very appealing power sources with high energy density. In addition, sulfur (S) is also inexpensive, abundant, and nontoxic. Therefore, sulfur is a promising cathode material for high specific energy Li–S batteries. In this work, we used a low-cost and environmentally benign chemical reaction deposition strategy to immobilize sulfur on quasi two dimensional graphene oxides (GO) to prepare graphene oxide-sulfur (GO–S) and reduced-graphene oxide-sulfur (rGO–S) nanocomposite cathodes for Li–S batteries. The characterization of these composites have been performed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The XRD results reveals the orthorhombic crystalline structure of GO–S and rGO–S composites confirmed by diffraction peaks at 2θ = 22.90(222),25.90(026) and 28.00 (040). FT-IR spectra confirms bonding structure of composites. SEM and TEM images confirm interconnected network of GO–S and rGO–S composites having uniform surface morphology with particle size distribution 32–36 nm respectively.

A congenital condition, caused due to fusion between the tongue and floor of mouth is known as Ankyloglossia or tongue –tie.Wallace in 1960 defined tongue-tie as a condition in which tip of the tongue cannot be protruded beyond the lower incisor teeth because of a short frenulum linguae [1].It can vary from a thin elastic membrane to a thickened, white nonelastic tissue. Ankyloglossia is a Greek term made by combination of two Greek words agkilos (curved) and glossa (tongue).It is characterised by a shortlingual frenulumresulting in restriction of tongue movement which may have strong impact on function.

Objective: To test families’ perceptions of physical therapy provided to loved ones in a vegetative or minimally conscious state. Methods: Secondary thematic analysis of 65 in-depth narrative interviews with family members of those in a vegetative or minimally conscious state. Results: Families value physical therapy in six aspects: “Caring for people”, “Maximizing comfort”, “Helping to maintain health/life”, and “Creating conditions”. Favorable conditions for progress”, “Identify or stimulate perception” and “Indicate potential recovery significance”. They may have high expectations of what physical therapy can bring, but at times expressed concern about the possibility that physical therapy could cause pain or suffering, or even become a form of trauma. torture mode if they believe there is no hope of a “meaningful” recovery. Conclusion: Physiotherapists can make an important contribution to supporting this group of patients and their families, but it is important to realize that families’ understanding of physical therapy may differ. significantly different from the understanding of physiotherapists. Both giving and withdrawing physical therapy is highly symbolic and can (unintentionally) send a message to people about the current and future condition of their loved one. True two-way dialogue between practitioner and family about the goals of physical therapy intervention, potential outcomes, and patient best interests is essential to providing good service, establishing rapport positive system, and appropriate treatment.

BackgroundMitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common valvulopathy, with a subset of MVP patients developing sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest. Complex ventricular ectopy (ComVE) represents a marker of arrhythmic risk that is associated with myocardial fibrosis and increased mortality in MVP. We hypothesize that an ECG-based machine-learning model can identify MVP with ComVE and/or myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.MethodsA deep convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to detect ComVE using 6,916 12-lead ECGs from 569 MVP patients evaluated at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) between 2012 and 2020. A separate CNN was also trained to detect late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) using 87 ECGs from MVP patients with contrast CMR.Results: The prevalence of ComVE was 160/569 or 28% (20 patients or 3% had cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death). The area under the curve (AUC) of the CNN to detect ComVE was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78-0.84). AUC remained high even after excluding patients with moderate-severe mitral regurgitation (MR) [0.80 (95% CI, 0.77-0.83)], or with bileaflet MVP [0.81 (95% CI, 0.76-0.85)]. The top ECG segments able to discriminate ComVE vs no ComVE were related to ventricular depolarization and repolarization (early-mid ST and QRS fromV1, V3, and III). LGE in the papillary muscles or basal inferolateral wall was present in 21 (24%) of 87 patients with available CMR. The AUC for detection of LGE was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.68-0.82).ConclusionsStandard 12-lead ECGs analyzed with machine learning can detect MVP at risk for ventricular arrhythmias and fibrosis and can identify novel ECG correlates of arrhythmic risk regardless of leaflet involvement or mitral regurgitation severity. ECG-based CNNs may help select those MVP patients requiring closer follow-up and/or a CMR.

Background: Inferior biphasic or inverted T waves have been described on a standard 12-lead ECG in some, but not all patients with malignant mitral valve prolapse (MVP). In contrast, complex ventricular ectopy (ComVE) is associated with myocardial fibrosis and increased mortality in MVP and may represent a better marker of arrhythmic risk. We hypothesize that an ECG-based machine-learning model can identify MVP with ComVE and/or myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging within a large ECG database beyond traditional ECG criteria. Methods: A deep convolutional neural network (DNN) was trained to detect ComVE using 12 leads in 6,916 ECGs from 569 MVP patients evaluated at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) between 2012 and 2020. A DNN was also trained using 87 UCSF MVP patients with available contrast CMR to detect late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Results: The prevalence of ComVE was 160/569 or 28% (20 or 3% with cardiac arrest or sudden arrhythmic death). The area under the curve (AUC) of the DNN to detect ComVE was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78-0.84) (Figure). AUC remained high even after excluding patients with moderate-severe mitral regurgitation (MR) [0.80 (95% CI, 0.77-0.83)], or with bileaflet MVP [0.81 (95% CI, 0.76-0.85)]. The top ECG segments able to discriminate ComVE vs no ComVE were related to ventricular depolarization and repolarization (early-mid ST and QRS fromV1, V3, and III). LGE in the papillary muscles or basal inferolateral wall was present in 22 of 87 (25%) with available CMR. The AUC for detection of LGE was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.68-0.82). Conclusions: A deep-learning model can detect MVP at risk for ventricular arrhythmias and fibrosis from standard 12-lead ECGs, and can identify novel ECG correlates of arrhythmic risk regardless of leaflet involvement or mitral regurgitation severity. ECG-based deep-learning may help select, within a large echocardiographic database, those MVP patients requiring closer follow-up and/or a CMR.

In the present study, a systematic validated method was developed for the determination of two key dietary dihydrochalcones (DHC) viz. phloridzin (PZ) and phloretin (PT) in the leaves of Sikkim crabapple (Malus sikkimensis) using HPLC-Photo Diode Array (PDA). Chromatographic separation was optimized on a C18 column using a gradient elution of water/acetonitrile with the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 25°C at 280 nm. Sample preparation approach is rapid and energy efficient, and it requires no pre-concentration before analysis. Validation showed a good analytical performance in terms of specificity, linearity (r2 > 0.999), precision (% RSD

The relationship between sleep disruption, independent of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown.The purpose of this study was to determine whether poor sleep itself is a risk factor for AF.We first performed an analysis of participants in the Health eHeart Study and validated those findings in the longitudinal Cardiovascular Health Study, including a subset of patients undergoing polysomnography. To determine whether the observed relationships readily translated to medical practice, we examined 2005-2009 data from the California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.Among 4553 Health eHeart participants, the 526 with AF exhibited more frequent nighttime awakening (odd ratio [OR] 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.89; P = .003). In 5703 Cardiovascular Health Study participants followed for a median 11.6 years, frequent nighttime awakening predicted a 33% greater risk of AF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33; 95% CI 1.17-1.51; P.001). In patients with polysomnography (N = 1127), every standard deviation percentage decrease in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was associated with a 18% higher risk of developing AF (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.00-1.38; P = .047). Among 14,330,651 California residents followed for a median 3.9 years, an insomnia diagnosis predicted a 36% increased risk of new AF (HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.30-1.42; P.001).Sleep disruption consistently predicted AF before and after adjustment for OSA and other potential confounders across several different populations. Sleep quality itself may be important in the pathogenesis of AF, potentially representing a novel target for prevention.

The relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality generally exhibits a U-shaped curve. The longevity observed with moderate alcohol consumption may be explained by other confounding factors, and, if such a relationship is present, the mechanism is not well understood. Indeed, the optimal amount of alcohol consumption for health has yet to be determined. Leukocyte telomere length is an emerging quantifiable marker of biological age and health, and a shorter telomere length is a predictor of increased mortality. Because leukocyte telomere length is a quantifiable and objectively measurable biomarker of aging, we sought to identify the amount of alcohol consumption associated with the longest telomere length and least telomere length attrition. Among over 2,000 participants from two distinct cohort studies, we found no pattern of alcohol consumption that was associated with longer telomere length or less telomere length attrition over time. Binge drinking may reduce telomere length. Using telomere length as a marker of age and health, these data fail to demonstrate any benefits of alcohol consumption, even when consumed in moderation.

2-Butanone thiosemicarbazone ligand was prepared by condensation reaction between thiosemicarbazide and butanone. The ligand was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopic studies. Docking studies were performed to study inhibitory action against topoisomerase II (Topo II) and ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (RR) enzymes. Inhibition constants (K i ) of the ligand were 437.87 and 327.4 μM for the two enzymes, respectively. The ligand was tested for its potential anticancer activity against two cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and A549 using MTT assay and was found to exhibit good activity at higher doses with an IC50 = 80 μM against human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. On the other hand, no significant activity was obtained against the lung carcinoma cell line A549. Antibacterial activity of the ligand was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli using the disc diffusion method. Ligand did not exhibit any significant antibacterial activity. Four complexes of Co(III), Fe(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) were prepared with the ligand and characterized by various spectroscopic studies. Low molar conductance values were obtained for all complexes displaying non-electrolyte nature except in Co(III) complex. As expected, complexation with metal ions significantly increased the cytotoxicity of the ligand against the tested cell lines viz. IC50 values of

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasonication on new natural dye obtained from leaves and stem extracts of Daphne papyraceae using metal mordant for good cotton, silk and wool dyeing prospects. It also proposes to effect the characterisation of the colorant.Design/methodology/approachFor effective natural dyeing with leaves and stem extracts of D. papyraceae, both conventional and sonication methods for cotton, silk and wool dyeing were carried out using metal mordants. The purpose of using sonication was for betterment of dye uptake, improved dye adherence and good wash and light fastnesses. Results show marked improvement by the chosen dyeing method. Simultaneously, chemical characterisation of the colorant was carried out by first column chromatographic separation of the crude extract, followed by spectral analysis of the isolated products.FindingsThe superiority of sonicator dyeing over conventional dyeing in terms of enhanced resource productivity and, as a result, reduced wastes makes it the established best available technique in the natural dyeing industry. This fact has been examined for several natural dyes. Use of sonicator shows marked enhancement for cotton‐, silk‐ and wool‐dyed fabrics. Typical bath liquor to fabric ratio for conventional dyeing varies from 20:1 to 15:1 and for sonicator dyeing from only 12:1 to 10:1, thereby reducing specific water and energy consumption by 30 and 50 per cent, respectively. The cycle time for dyeing was also reduced by 50 per cent and this would benefit the dyeing process with more tonnage of fabric per unit time and with lower waste generation. This would also result in improved capacity utilization leading to enhanced productivity levels in the dyeing houses.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough metal mordanting with copper sulphate and potassium dichromate is not ecofriendly, only 2 per cent of these metal salts has been used to prepare different shades with leaves and stem extracts of D. papyraceae for cotton, silk and wool fabrics.Practical implicationsThe method developed for natural dyeing of cotton, silk and wool fabrics using sonication in conjunction with metal mordanting has shown marked improvement. The chemical composition of the crude extract shows the presence of flavonoids and other specific natural pigments.Originality/valueThe method developed for natural dyeing of cotton, silk and wool fabrics using stem and leaves extracts of D. papyraceae under sonication in conjunction with metal mordanting has shown marked improvement in terms of dye adherence and fastness properties and can thus be recommended for industrial application. This is a new source of natural dye.

The study attempted an understanding of the cognitive process involved in appreciation of history and the developmental pattern of the same. A test of Historical Understanding (HU) was constructed consisting of items which were similar to historical situations, but real historical episodes were not included in order to avoid any effect of prior knowledge and memory of historical facts. The test items were pilot tested and refined. A random sample of 15 children, 9–14 years of age (Grades 4, 6 and 8), was administered the test with clinical probing followed by an interview to assess children’s idea of past and history. The findings revealed that appreciation of the difference between past and history, chronology, and historical imagination emerged early by 9 years of age developing further with age/Grade. Development of some dimensions such as empathy and critical analysis appeared late by 13–14 years.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasonication on new natural dye obtained from leaves extract of Acer pectinatum Wallich using metal mordant for good cotton dyeing prospects.Design/methodology/approachFor effective natural dyeing with leaves extract of Acer pectinatum Wallich, both conventional and sonication methods of dyeing were carried out using metal mordants. The purpose of using sonication was for improvement of dye uptake, improved dye adherence and good wash and light fastnesses. Results show marked improvement by the chosen dyeing method.FindingsThe superiority of sonicator dyeing over conventional dyeing in terms of enhanced resource productivity and, as a result, reduced wastes establishes it as the best available technique in the natural dyeing industry. Use of sonicator shows marked enhancement for cotton dyed fabric. Typical bath liquor to fabric ratio for conventional dyeing varies from 20:1 to 15:1 and for sonicator dyeing from only 12:1 to 10:1, thereby reducing specific water and energy consumption by, respectively, 30 and 50 per cent. The cycle time for dyeing was also reduced by 50 per cent and this would make possible more tonnage of fabric per unit time and lower waste generation for the dyeing process. This would also result in improved capacity utilisation leading to enhanced productivity levels in the dyehouses.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough metal mordanting with copper sulphate and potassium dichromate is not ecofriendly, yet only 2 per cent of these metal salts have been used to prepare different shades with leaves extract of Acer pectinatum Wallich.Practical implicationsThe method developed for natural dyeing of cotton fabric using sonication in conjunction with metal mordanting has shown marked improvement.Originality/valueThe method developed for natural dyeing of cotton fabric using sonication in conjunction with metal mordanting has shown marked improvement in terms of dye adherence and fastness properties and can thus be recommended for industrial application.

Mahonia napaulensis DC. (local name—Taming) family Berberidaceae, produces natural dye from its stem which has been used for dyeing textiles by the Apatanis (a tribe of Arunachal Pradesh) since ancient times. Sonicator dyeing with Mahonia napaulensis showed marked improvement in dye uptake. It showed that pretreatment with metal mordant (2%, w/w with respect to the fabric) improved substantially the fastness properties for dyed cotton, silk fabrics and wool yarn. Five fractions were isolated from column chromatography of the stem extract of Mahonia. Attempts have been made to identify these fractions by matching the spectral data which indicated that they were from a well-known isoquinoline alkaloid family.

Symplocos spicata (local name: Dom sheng) belonging to Family Symplococeae produces yellowish brown natural dye which has been used for dyeing textiles since ancient times by the Monpas tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Symplocos spicata (Dom Sheng) was found in the Lumla area of Tawang district. Leaves of the plant are used by the Monpas and Tibetans for extraction of dye. Innovative sonicator dyeing with S. spicata showed that pretreatment with 2–4% metal mordant of the weight of the fabric is optimum showing very good fastness properties for dyed natural polymers such as cotton, wool, and silk. CIELab and K/S of the dyed fabrics were also evaluated. The superiority of sonicator dyeing over conventional dyeing has been established through this study.

Background Premature cardiac contractions are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Though experts associate premature atrial contractions ( PAC s) and premature ventricular contractions ( PVC s) with caffeine, there are no data to support this relationship in the general population. As certain caffeinated products may have cardiovascular benefits, recommendations against them may be detrimental. Methods and Results We studied Cardiovascular Health Study participants with a baseline food frequency assessment, 24‐hour ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) monitoring, and without persistent atrial fibrillation. Frequencies of habitual coffee, tea, and chocolate consumption were assessed using a picture‐sort food frequency survey. The main outcomes were PAC s/h and PVC s/hour. Among 1388 participants (46% male, mean age 72 years), 840 (61%) consumed ≥1 caffeinated product per day. The median numbers of PAC s and PVC s/h and interquartile ranges were 3 (1–12) and 1 (0–7), respectively. There were no differences in the number of PAC s or PVC s/h across levels of coffee, tea, and chocolate consumption. After adjustment for potential confounders, more frequent consumption of these products was not associated with ectopy. In examining combined dietary intake of coffee, tea, and chocolate as a continuous measure, no relationships were observed after multivariable adjustment: 0.48% fewer PAC s/h (95% CI −4.60 to 3.64) and 2.87% fewer PVC s/h (95% CI −8.18 to 2.43) per 1‐serving/week increase in consumption. Conclusions In the largest study to evaluate dietary patterns and quantify cardiac ectopy using 24‐hour Holter monitoring, we found no relationship between chronic consumption of caffeinated products and ectopy.

Background Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), but whether secondhand smoke (SHS) impacts the risk of AF remains unknown. Objective To determine if SHS exposure is associated with an increased risk of AF. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from participants enrolled in the Health eHeart Study, an internet-based, longitudinal cardiovascular cohort study, who completed baseline SHS exposure and medical conditions questionnaires. SHS was assessed through a validated 22-question survey, and prevalent AF was assessed by self-report, with validation of a subset (n = 42) by review of electronic medical records. Results Of 4976 participants, 593 (11.9%) reported having AF. In unadjusted analyses, patients with AF were more likely to have been exposed to SHS in utero, as a child, as an adult, at home, and at work. After multivariable adjustment for potential confounders, having had a smoking parent during gestational development (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.08–1.73, P = .009) and residing with a smoker during childhood (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10–1.79, P = .007) were each significantly associated with AF. Both positive associations were more pronounced among patients without risk factors for AF ( P values for interaction Conclusions SHS exposure during gestational development and during childhood was associated with having AF later in life. This association was even stronger in the absence of established risk factors for AF. Our findings indicate that SHS in early life may be an important, potentially modifiable risk factor for the development of AF.