Search

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory illness that affects the whole body and is characterized by non-articular involvement and inflammatory arthritis. It often develops by an interaction between genes and environmental factors. Objectives: This research was designed to investigate the effect of the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines on patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in comparison, with healthy controls. Methods: Two groups (One"hundred) of patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (66female, 34 male) and 50 healthy control group (28female, 22 male)) were chosen in this study to investigate the effect of some laboratory parameters such as cytokines IL1, IL4, IL6, and IL20 measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)on patients visiting health institutions in the Al-Anbar Governorate / Iraq. The results of the laboratory tests of patients who had symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis were compared with the laboratory test results of healthy people for comparison. Results: The results indicated that the level of the cytokine IL1 increased significantly in the rheumatoid arthritis patient group (23.24 pg/mL) when compared with the group of healthy people (3.48 pg/mL). The results showed that the level of cytokine IL6 significantly increased in the rheumatoid arthritis patient group (50.66 pg/mL) compared to the healthy group (3.36 pg/mL). The results of cytokine IL20 significantly increased in the rheumatoid arthritis patient group (46.03 pg/mL) compared to the healthy group (15.02 pg/mL). The cytokine IL4 level showed a significant increase within the rheumatoid arthritis patient group (51.95 pg/mL) compared with the healthy people group (9.09 pg/mL). Conclusion: The levels of cytokines IL1, IL4, IL6, and IL20 increased significantly in the rheumatoid arthritis patient group compared to the group of healthy people.

A new hybrid molecule of Benzothiazole cross-linked with hydroxamic acid through an amino acid or aminoalkanoic acid were synthesised. All the synthesized hybrid molecules (1-5) were subjected to molecular docking studies to evaluate their binding affinities with histone deacetylase enzyme (HDAC8, PDB ID: 1T69) and recorded lower ΔG (-8.276, -10.093, -8.647, -6.315, -8.676 kcal/mole, respectively) than the reference ligand (Vorinostat, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA -5.375 kcal/mole). Molecular docking studies were performed using the maestro software (Schrödinger, version 2022-1). Moreover, compound 2, which is Benzothiazole-p-amino benzoic acid-hydroxamate has recorded the lowest binding score (-10.093). This may indicate that this compound is the most potent hybrid molecule. There were no violations from Lipinski’s rule and all the synthesized hybrid molecules comply with all parameters. Swiss ADME server was employed for the in silico molecular docking for prediction of the physicochemical and ADME properties of the investigated compounds. All hybrid molecules showed low possible passive oral absorption and no penetration into BBB. The hybrid molecules 1and 3 may be considered as P-gp substrates.

This study involved the development of innovative compounds consisting of dipeptide cross-links combined with hydroxamic acid. Our objective was to assess their binding affinities with histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) by conducting a docking study, comparing the results with the reference ligand, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Docking scores were measured in terms of ΔG (Kcal/mol), and the recorded scores for compounds 2A-D were found to be higher than that of SAHA, with values of 87.36, 80.46, 79.42, and 74.14, respectively. Notably, compound 2A, a dipeptide consisting of L-tryptophyl-L-tyrosine linked to a hydroxamic acid moiety, exhibited the highest docking score of 87.36. This finding suggests that compound 2A may possess the most potent HDAC8 inhibitory activity among the other designed compounds. Furthermore, we utilized the SwissADME server to predict the physicochemical properties and additional ADME parameters for the designed compounds. The analysis revealed that all investigated compounds exhibited a high potential for passive oral absorption and demonstrated no penetration into the blood-brain barrier. Compound 2A, 2B, and 2D exhibited one Lipinski's rule violation each, whereas Compound 2C demonstrated no such violations in all parameters. Additionally, compounds 2A and 2C exhibited potential as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates. SAHA did not exhibit inhibition of any of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes used in this study, whereas compounds 2B, 2C and 2D displayed possible inhibitory activities. These compelling findings provide encouraging prospects for the future synthesis of the designed compounds and warrant further evaluation through in vitro and in vivo biological studies.

New hybrid molecules of Benzothiazole cross-linked with hydroxamic acid through an amino acid or aminoalkanoic acid are suggested. All the synthesized hybrid molecules (2A-E) were subjected to molecular docking to evaluate their binding affinities with histone deacetylase enzyme (HDAC8, PDB ID: 1T69) and recorded lower ΔG (-8.117, -6.322, -8.16, -7.939, - 9.46, respectively) than Vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA), as the reference ligand, which recorded a much less value of -5.375, using the Maestro software (Schrödinger, version 2022-1). Moreover, compound 2E, which is Benzothiazole-p-amino benzoic acid-hydroxamate has recorded the lowest binding score (-9.460). This may indicate that this compound is the most active hybrid molecule. There were no violations from Lipinski’s rule and all the synthesized hybrid molecules comply with all parameters. SwissADME server was employed for the in silico molecular docking for prediction of the physicochemical and ADME properties of the investigated compounds. All hybrid molecules showed low possible passive oral absorption and no penetration into BBB. The hybrid molecules 2B and 2D may be considered as P-gp substrates. SAHA does not inhibit any of the CYP enzymes used in this study, while, the hybrid molecules 2B, 2D and 2E have shown possible inhibitory activities.

Levofloxacin carboxamides with certain amino acids were prepared through an amide linkage to the amino acid (glycine, histidine, or serine). These carboxamides were subjected to an in silico molecular docking evaluation on DNA gyrase to predict their antibacterial activity using the GOLD suite. The binding affinities were very significant and encouraged the synthesis of the suggested carboxamides for intensive evaluation. These carboxamides were also subjected to Swiss ADME software to predict their ADME parameters. Levofloxacin carboxamides were prepared in high yield, and their chemical structures were confirmed by spectral analysis, such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Antibacterial activities were evaluated for the new carboxamides against two G-ve (Klebsiella and P. aeruginosa) and one G+ve (Streptococcus pneumonia) bacteria. When compared to levofloxacin, all of the synthesized carboxamides 1-3 demonstrated good activity against three types of bacteria. These carboxamides showed significant antibacterial activities against S. pneumoniae and lower activities against Klebsiella.

Infections caused by bacteria have a significant impact on public health. Chemical synthesis of new derivatives of cephalexin inked to amino acid (tryptophan or histidine) through an amide bond at the acyl side chain is achieved. This is a new approach of incorporating, tryptophan and histidine into the the primary amino group of cephalexin, in order to provide a bulky group very close to the β-lactam ring. This chemical addition act as isosteric group to the alkoximino that protect beta lactam ring from bacterial beta lactamase enzyme. The new derivatives may show resistance to β-lactamases, improve activity and pharmacokinetic properties and may give new life for old drugs that are susceptible to hydrolysis by most β-lactamases. The chemical structures of these derivatives were confirmed by: FTIR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, elemental micro analysis and some physical properties. Molecular docking on serine beta lactamase and prediction of ADME parameters were recorded using GOLD suite and Swiss ADME software respectively. Docking scores of the new derivatives of Cephalexin on β-lactamases were higher than those of Cephalexin, which may indicate better activity

This study aimed to investigate the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of a mixture of crude oil fractions (e.g., naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil) all in one time in a single reactor under various operating parameters such as temperature (T = 310–370 °C), pressure (P = 40–55 bar), weight hour space velocity (WHSV = 1.2–3.6 h−1), hydrogen-to- hydrocarbon ratio (150–300 vol/vol), and type of catalysts (di-metallic and tri-metallic). Experimental results showed that temperature and pressure have positive effects on process performance while weight hour space velocity gives a different trend. Results indicated that HDS efficiency was 95.8% at optimized operating parameters T = 350 °C, P = 50 bars, WHSV = 1.2 h−1, and (H2/HC) ratio = 200 vol/vol. and with NiCoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst which offered a higher HDS efficiency compared with other types of catalysts used. Kinetic analysis revealed that a pseudo-first order rate law is well expressing the HDS reaction of the operating system for all types of catalysts. Estimation of rate parameters over each type of catalyst was also presented. Study of mass transfer limitations revealed that surface reaction is the rate controlling step. Feasibility of the proposed technique may offer a large reduction in fixed and operating costs of the HDS unit in a modern petroleum refinery. Keywords: Hydrotreatment, Crude oil fractions, Sulfur removal, Catalytic reactor, Kinetic analysis, Di-metallic catalyst, Tri-metallic catalyst

The current study includes eye balls of Iraqi geese (anser anser). The anatomical characteristics and histological eye structure. The eye ball shape was nearly spherical. The general mean size of the geese's right and left eye was 2.3 ± 0.07 ml. The ciliary body was the anterior part of the choroid and it joined anteriorly with the iris. The retina was the deepest layer of the eyeball jacket. The retina had two parts, one sensory and the other meaningless. The sensory part of the retina of the ciliary body began to cover the ciliary body and the iris. The sensory part of the retina consists of ten layers: (1) the pigmented epithelium of the retina (2) of the rods and cones (3) the outer specific membrane (4) the outer nuclear layer (5) the outer layer (6) Internal plexus (8) Layer node cell (9) Fiber optic layer (10) Internal boundary membrane. . The total values of retinal thickness is 304.68±0.95 μm.

The production process of a triangle cup is very difficult method, due to the occurrence violent deformations at a narrow places of the forming region, as a result of non-uniform distribution of hoop compressive stresses and radial tensile stresses, so expected a lot of problems which accompany the forming. The most important is the surplus metal that composed at cup corners, because of the non-homogeneous flow of metals during entry into the die, so appear ears at the upper edge of the cup. To reduce that defect as little as possible, simulation model has been built by program (ANSYS 15) of deep drawing, and modify the blank from circular shape to triangular shape with a gradient corner radii (20, 28, and 35)mm. It was placed at opposite place to the draw tool form. The effect of the blank form on the required drawn force, distribution of thickness and strains that associated with the forming process were also studied. To make comparison between the experimental results and the results of simulation, it was manufacturing drawing tool with the same specifications of the simulation model. The practical and simulation results showed that the low radii corners of triangular blank lead to failure of deep drawing, especially at radii corners (20 and 28)mm. While the best shape of the cup by used blank with corner radius 35mm, that required less force of drawing, and better distribution of the metal thickness and the strains

In this paper, Response Surface Method (RSM) is utilized to carry out an investigation of the impact of input parameters: electrode type (E.T.) [Gr, Cu and CuW], pulse duration of current (Ip), pulse duration on time (Ton), and pulse duration off time (Toff) on the surface finish in EDM operation. To approximate and concentrate the suggested second- order regression model is generally accepted for Surface Roughness Ra, a Central Composite Design (CCD) is utilized for evaluating the model constant coefficients of the input parameters on Surface Roughness (Ra). Examinations were performed on AISI D2 tool steel. The important coefficients are gotten by achieving successfully an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at the 5 % confidence interval. The outcomes discover that Surface Roughness (Ra) is much more impacted by E.T., Ton, Toff, Ip and little of their interactions action or influence. To predict the average Surface Roughness (Ra), a mathematical regression model was developed. Furthermore, for saving in time, the created model could be utilized for the choice of the high levels in the EDM procedure. The model adequacy was extremely agreeable as the constant Coefficient of Determination (R2) is observed to be 99.72% and adjusted R2-measurement (R2adj) 99.60%.

This study was conducted to investigate the anatomical, histological characteristic features of epididymis, ductus deferens and phallus of male guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris ). Fifteen healthy male guinea fowl aged between 18-24 months, weighing 1280 - 1405 gram were used in current study which brought from local market in Baghdad governorate. The epididymis of guinea fowl consisted from rete testis, efferent ductless, connecting duct and epididymal duct. The study revealed that the mean diameter of epididymal ducts was 285.17± 2.43µm lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The epididymal duct continuous with ductus deferens which become wider caudally towards the cloaca, the length of right and left ductus deferens were 9.16±1.20 cm and 9.80±1.24cm respectively. The copulatory organ (phallus) of guinea fowl was not well developed and non-intermittent type consist from right and left lateral lymphoid bodies with median eminences, the transverse width 5.01±0.24mm, the cranio-caudal width 3.51±0.07mm and dorso- ventral width 4.32±0.25mm. The lining epithelium of coprodeum was pseudo stratified columnar epithelium. This study concluded that the epididymis of male guinea fowl located on dorsomedial surface of the testes and without definite parts as in domestic animals, the ductus deferens of guinea fowl was tortuous, the phallus of guinea fowl is non - intermittent type.

Abstract Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process is one of non-traditional or advanced finishing methods which is suitable for different materials and produces high quality level of surface finish where it uses magnetic force as a machining pressure. A set of experimental tests was planned according to Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) L27 (36) with three levels and six input parameters. Experimental estimation and optimization of input parameters for MAF process for stainless steel type 316 plate work piece, six input parameters including amplitude of tooth pole, and number of cycle between teeth, current, cutting speed, working gap, and finishing time, were performed by design of experiment (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM).These six input parameters in this research were optimized for all input parameters to improve the surface layer for work piece by using signal-to-noise ratio technique. The obtained results showed that all six input parameters have an influence on the change in surface roughness(∆Ra). In addition, the results showed that the surface roughness of the work piece decreased from 1.130 to 0.370µm that means high level of improvement in the change of surface roughness (0.760)µm. Keywords: MAF process, MINITAB software, parameters, Signal-to-Noise ratio, surface roughness, Taguchi orthogonal array.

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) process which is a non-traditional polishing technique, is suitable for variety of engineering materials, producing high quality surfaces of parts. An experimental setup study is made to carry out MAF process to improve surface layer quality and hardness of stainless steel grade 321 plate. This study uses two different magnetic pole shapes such as conical magnetic pole without grooves and conical magnetic pole with six grooves. The finally results show that the conical magnetic pole with six grooves can create best surface layer quality and improve hardness in (MAF) process. The process parameters are the applied number of pitches between grooves, finishing time, cutting speed of magnetic pole, voltage, and volume of powder (dose). The magnetic abrasive powder consisted of silicon carbide SiC, particle size 300μm, SiC (65%), it is mixed with the ferromagnetic iron particles (iron powders), particle size 300μm, Fe (35%). Taguchi matrix L18 for five input parameters with mixed level design (2-3) levels was used for designing the experiments and optimal values evaluation for all parameters to improve the hardness. By using MINITAB software data was analyzed, the results indicate that empirical equation (mathematical predicted models) represents the relation of the input parameters with the change in micro Vickers Hardness. The most significant parameters on change in hardness are volume of powder (42.34%) and number of pitches between grooves (25.30%).

Certain cyclic amine derivatives of metronidazole via acetate spacer were prepared. Cyclic amines used are piperidine and piperazine to improve the physicochemical properties and reduce some of metronidazole side effects. This is believed to be done by modification of its structural features to get prodrugs with improved properties over that of metronidazole. The present work includes esterification of metronidazole with choroacetic acid, N-alkylation of the cyclic amines by the halogenated ester and characterization of their structures by spectral(UV and IR) and elemental(CHN)analysis.The melting points, degree of solubilities and partition coefficients were also determined. Both metronidazole-piperazine and metronidazole-piperidine derivatives have different structural and physicochemical properties that may be excellent to diminish problems associated with metronidazole. Key words: Metronidazole, chloroacetate, prodrug.

Five new ceftazidime derivatives were designed and synthesized in an attempt to improve the acid stability and may increase the spectrum of ceftazidime. The synthesized compounds included; Schiff base of ceftazidime (compound 1), ceftazidime lysine amide Schiff base (compound 2), ceftazidime lysine amide (compound 3), ceftazidime-di-lysine amide Schiff base (compound 4) and ceftazidime-di-lysine amide (compound 5). New ceftazidime derivatives were successfully prepared characterized and identified using spectral and elemental microanalysis (CHNS) analyses and the results comply with the calculated measurements. Compounds 1 and 2 were subjected to a stability study in phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH 7.4) and in KCl/HCl buffer (0.2M, pH 1.2) at different time intervals (0 – 240 min) incubated at 37 °C. This revealed that both compounds in phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH 7.4) are significantly stable with t 1/2 of 18hrs and 24hrs respectively. However, compounds 1 and 2 are less stable in KCl/HCl buffer (0.2M, pH 1.2) with t1/2 of 3.48hrs and 3.13hrs respectively. The antibacterial evaluation of the new ceftazidime derivatives showed various degrees of antibacterial activities when compared with ceftazidime. The chemical modifications of ceftazidime showed slight effect on activities and most of compounds retained the antibacterial activities. Compounds 2 and 4 afforded comparable antibacterial action. However, compounds 3 and 5 were equipotent with ceftazidime with respect to E.coli and Staph. aureose. Compound 4 has better activity than ceftazidime with respect to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Schiff's base derivative of lysine (2, 6-bis-(benzylideneamino) hexanoic acid) gave a reasonable antibacterial action towards Escherichia coli and Streptococcus Spp; as compared with lysine which has no antibacterial activity. Key words: Ceftazidime, Schiff bases, Lysine.

The development of new cephalosporins with improved activity against resistant microbes, such as, MRSA (methicillin resistant Staph. aureus), P. aeruginosa, is of high potential. Chemical synthesis of two new series of thiadiazole linked to cysteine (series 1) and cephalosporins containing thiadiazole linked to cysteine through disulfide bond (series 2) were achieved. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectral (FT-IR, 1H-NMR) and elemental microanalysis. The incorporation of privileged chemical moieties, such as, thiadiazole, Schiff base, cysteine and sulfonamide, has been found to have great contribution to the antimicrobial activities. Compounds of series 1 (1b-d), containing a Schiff base or a sulfonamido moiety, showed reasonable activity and were less potent than cephalexin with respect to E. coli and Staph. aureus. The new cephalosporins (series 2) showed remarkable activities on E. coli (62.5-15.6µg/ml) and staph. aureus (31.2-62.5µg/ml) when compared with cephalexin (250 and 125 µg/ml) respectively. Moreover, compounds 1 and 3 showed very promising activity against MRSA (250 and 500µg/ml) respectively. The incorporation of a sulfonamido moiety to the cephalosporin molecule was successfully achieved. This is a very interesting finding which may open a new approach in the synthesis of newer cephalosporins. Keywords: Cephalosporins, Cysteine, Schiff base, Sulfonamides, Thiadiazole.

There is a continuous and massive need for newer cephalosporins that should have resistance against β-lactamases and can be used orally. An approach of using cephalexin, as a well-studied and potent antibacterial compound is considered to prepare new designed derivatives. These derivatives include the incorporation of amino acid moiety linked through an amide bond with the α-amino group of cephalexin. Certain aliphatic amino acids were used, such as glycine, alanine, valine and proline. The chemical structures of these derivatives were confirmed by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. All the synthesized compounds were subjected for preliminary evaluation of antimicrobial activity using well diffusion method, against certain microbes. Most of the synthesized compounds were found to possess significant antibacterial activities. Compound 1 (125 μg and 250μg) showed significant activity against P. aeruginosa. Compound 2 (125 and 250μg) exhibited significant activity against P. aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Compound 3 (125 and 250μg) demonstrated very significant activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus and slight activity towards S. aureus. Compound 4 (250μg) showed significant activity against P. aeruginosa and no antibacterial activities against E. coli, S. aureus and Bacillus cereus, as compared with cephalexin as the standard compound. Keywords: Cephalosporins, Cephalexin, Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Proline.

The development of new cephalosporins with improved activity against resistant microbes, such as, MRSA (methicillin resistant Staph. aureus), P. aeruginosa, is of high potential. Chemical synthesis of two new series of thiadiazole linked to cysteine (series 1) and cephalosporins containing thiadiazole linked to cysteine through disulfide bond (series 2) were achieved. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectral (FT-IR, 1H-NMR) and elemental microanalysis. The incorporation of privileged chemical moieties, such as, thiadiazole, Schiff base, cysteine and sulfonamide, has been found to have great contribution to the antimicrobial activities. Compounds of series 1 (1b-d), containing a Schiff base or a sulfonamido moiety, showed reasonable activity and were less potent than cephalexin with respect to E. coli and Staph. aureus. The new cephalosporins (series 2) showed remarkable activities on E. coli (62.5-15.6µg/ml) and staph. aureus (31.2-62.5µg/ml) when compared with cephalexin (250 and 125 µg/ml) respectively. Moreover, compounds 1 and 3 showed very promising activity against MRSA (250 and 500µg/ml) respectively. The incorporation of a sulfonamido moiety to the cephalosporin molecule was successfully achieved. This is a very interesting finding which may open a new approach in the synthesis of newer cephalosporins. Keywords: Cephalosporins, Cysteine, Schiff base, Sulfonamides, Thiadiazole.

The ab- initio / HF of(6-31) ( the basic sets parameters that make the molecule more stable) according to (Gaussian) program and density functional theory of polarization) and PM3 semiempericalmethod,showed that the net charge distributions for 4-aminobenzene sulfonamide (sulfanilamide)(SAM2) and Sulfa pyridine( SP) (the active drugs) were less than those of prodrugsProntisil (PROTO1) and Salfalazine (SASP4) which indicated the stabilities and easy of formation (or liberation) of these active drugs. In addition to that, the stabilities of these liberated drugs also proved by the steric energies which were less than those of the pro-drugs. The energy gaps between the HOMO and LUMO of the active drugs liberated in vivo( by metabolism) were very small which agreed with the previous two observations.

(E)-3-Chloro-4-arylidene-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazolidin-5-one 1(a-c) which were used as synthon for synthesis of all target compounds were prepared from the reaction of 3-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazolidin-5-one(Chlorophenazone)with aromatic aldehydes by 1,4-Michael addition . 4-Aryl-3-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-6(5H)- one2(a-c) and -6(5H)-thiones 2(d-f)were prepared in low yields(40-50%) by the reaction of 1 (a-c) with urea or thiourea respectively in refluxing ethanol. The refluxing of 1(a-c)with hydrazine hydrate in presence of pyridine afford 3-chloro-4-aryl-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole 3(a-c). Also, 2-benzyl-4-spiro-5-chloro-1,5- dimethyl-2-phenylpyrazolidin-3-one (4) was obtained via epoxidation of 1(a) by hydrogen peroxide in presence of anhydrous sodium carbonate, the reaction of this spiro compound with hydrazine hydrate gave 3-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diphenyl-1,2,3,3a -tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole (5). Finally, the authentic samples of pyrazole (5) was prepared by the oxidation of 3(a) with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) . The structures of these compounds were confirmed by their physical properties in addition to the IR and UV Spectra.

Condensation of 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid(Taurine) and benzaldehyde in sodium hydroxide ethanolic solution gave the Schiff base [2-(benzylidene amino) ethanesulfonic acid(L)] . This base particularly bind to metal ions Co (II) ,Ni (II),Cu (II) , Zn (II)and Hg (II) in 2:1 molar ratio via the N atom lone pair and oxygen atom of sulfonic acid (the most active positions) as a neutral bidentate ligand to form complexes of general formula [ML2. 2H2O]Cl2. Characterization of these complexes were octahedral geometry as information obtained from IR and UV spectra and molar conductivity measurements.

Abstract Experimental work from Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) tests was carried out design parameters (amplitude, and number of cycle which are formed the shape of electromagnetic pole), and technological parameters (current, cutting speed, working gap, and finishing time) all have an influence on the mechanical properties of the surface layer in MAF process. This research has made to study the effect of design and technological parameters on the surface roughness (Ra), micro hardness (Hv) and material removal (MR) in working zone. A set of experimental tests has been planned using response surface methodology according to Taguchi matrix (36) with three levels and six factors. The analysis of variance and instruction curves indicate some significant. X1; X4; X6 have a significant effect on the surface roughness Ra for steel, X2 has mildly significant, while X3 and X5 have insignificant effect. The results showed that roughness of workpiece decreased from 0.3 to 0.15 µm that means improved the roughness to 100%. Keywords: Design and technological parameters, micro-hardness, surface roughness, material of removal, MINITAB software.

Abstract Organic Dyes (Gentian Violet or Methylene Blue) had increased the lethal photosensitization of Aspergillus flavus, when were treated with boric acid of different concentrations (1% and 2%) and exposed to He-Ne laser light with absorbed doses of 1.06 and 2.12 joules/cm2 respectively and survivors enumerated. The inhibition of fungus growth was 92.2 and 96.6 % (Percentage differences from control PDC) for the coloring by Gentian Violet and 84.4and 87.7% for Methylene Blue.

This paper is a description and analysis of of one the data structure types called a B-tree. B-trees are balanced multi-branch tree structures which make it possible to maintain large files with a guaranteed efficiency. A proposed algorithm are presented here to help us to measure the behavior (such as the tree utilization and the leaf node utilization) of this type of data structure.

This work presents the design and implementation of a versatile digital overcurrent (O/C) relay using a single microprocessor. The relay is implemented by a combination of a look-up table and a counter. The software development and hardware testing are done using a microcomputer module based on a 8-bit microprocessor. The digital processing of measured currents enables a separate setting of operating values selection of all types of inverse or constant time characteristics overcurrent protection. This protection provides reasonably fast tripping, even at terminal close to the power source were the most serve faults can occur excluding the transient condition. So this method has an excellent compromise between accuracy hardware and speed.

This work presents the design and implementation of a versatile digital overcurrent (O/C) relay using a single microprocessor. The relay is implemented by a combination of a look-up table and a counter. The software development and hardware testing are done using a microcomputer module based on a 8-bit microprocessor. The digital processing of measured currents enables a separate setting of operating values selection of all types of inverse or constant time characteristics overcurrent protection. This protection provides reasonably fast tripping, even at terminal close to the power source were the most serve faults can occur excluding the transient condition. So this method has an excellent compromise between accuracy hardware and speed

Background: Chronic cough is often the key symptom not only of chronic pulmonary diseases but for other important extrapulmonary pathologies, in particular upper airway and gastrointestinal diseases. Objective: This study was designed to determine the etiology of chronic cough and the usefulness of the available diagnostic tests in reaching its causes. Methods: One hundred patients presenting with chronic cough at Baghdad Teaching Hospital Outpatient Clinic were enrolled in this study. The patients underwent a full clinical interview, physical examination with indicated diagnostic test(s) (such as chest x ray, bronchoscope, PFT, GIT study, sinus X ray or CT). Results: An etiology of chronic cough was determined in 93% of the patients. Post nasal drip is the leading cause of chronic cough reported in 31% of the patient, while asthma gastroesophageal reflux disease, and chronic bronchitis seen in (26, 20, and 6 % respectively). The diagnosis of chronic cough can be reached by comprehensive history, proper physical examination, and chest X ray findings in 66 % patients, further more sophisticated and invasive tests like: PFT, upper GIT study , expectorated sputum examination (AFB, Gram staining, cytology), fibrooptic bronchoscope, and full ENT evaluation including sinuses X ray or sinuses CT scanning, are need in the rest. Conclusion: The etiology of chronic cough can often be diagnosed safely with a simple initial evaluation (history, physical examination and chest X-ray). Postnasal drip, asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease account for the etiology in more than three quarter of the patients.

Background: Bicycling is a type of aerobic exercise that it is beneficial for the health of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal systems .In this study, utilization of some of electrophysiological tests is to assess changes , from the functional point of view, in the peripheral nerves & their muscles that occur in relation to maximal exercise. patients & methods: 100 young healthy males , age (18-35) years old, were collected during the period from 1st of April to 1st of October 2008 at the department of neurophysiology in the Ibn Sinna teaching hospital , Mosul city. They underwent electroneurographic assessment of common peroneal & tibial nerves, in addition to electromyographic assessment of Tibialis Anterior & Gastrocnemius muscles before & after exercise challenge test on bicycle ergometer. Results: In this study, there is a higher value regarding compound motor action potential amplitudes & motor conduction velocity of both nerves, with increase in the values of motor unit potential amplitudes & interference pattern of both muscles post exercise in comparison to the pre exercise. In addition, there is positive correlation between MUP amplitude of Gastrocnemius muscle & tibial nerve. Conclusion : the results indicates that within this age group the exercise challenge test leads to increase in the force produced with no signs of muscular fatigue electrophysiologically .

Background: Atherosclerosis is a diffuse disease process, being present in one vascular bed predicts its presence in the others. Ankle –brachial pressure index (ABI) is a non invasive test proved to be sensitive and specific in detecting and assessing the severity of peripheral arterial disease. Patients and Methods: One hundred fifty patients (150) were enrolled in this study, from January - June 2007; all were referred to the Iraqi Centre for Heart Diseases (I.C.H.D.) for further evaluation, with request for further assessment of CAD or lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Clinical data and physical examination were performed; ABI was calculated by measurement of systolic pressure on both ankles over both dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries and on both arms over the brachial arteries by using a Doppler stethoscope. The Ankle –Brachial Pressure Index (ABI) calculation was made by taking the lowest value for the ankle pressure and the highest value for the brachial pressure. The normal value for the ABI range from (1-1.4), a cutoff value of < 0.90 was used to identify low ABI. All patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography and quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was used to identify the lesion length and severity of stenosis. The severity of CAD was quantified by GENSINI score, the number of diseased vessels and the number of significant lesions. Results: The mean Ankle-Brachial Pressure index (ABI) for the sample was 0.908±0.31 (range 0- 1.53), the mean GENSINI score was 44.02±40 (range 0-148), GENSINI score was zero in 30 (20%) patients, 40 (26%) were having no diseased vessel, 41(27%) having single, and 43 (28.7%) double and 26 (17%) triple vessel disease. ABI was inversely related to the extent of CAD assessed by GENSINI (p-value 0.015), number of diseased vessels (p-value 0.009), and number of significant lesions (p-value 0.021). ABI < 0.9 was recorded in 51 patients (34%) and a low ABI was an independent factor for a higher GENSINI scores (p-value 0.043) and a higher number of diseased vessels (p-value 0.0001). Patients who were referred with PAD were found to have significantly lower ABI than the rest of the sample (p=0.0001), and a coexisted CAD was detected in 15 out of 20 (75%) patients. Conclusions: ABI was a useful bedside clinical test that predicts the severity of the CAD in patients who are already suffering from or suspected to have ischemic heart disease.

Background: left ventricular hypertrophy is independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The presence of diabetic complications such as autonomic neuropathy and retinopathy may predict cardiac structural changes in diabetic patients. Objective: To explore the chance of occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy in diabetic patients and whether it is related to the presence of other diabetic complications. Methods: ninty seven (97) normotensive diabetic patients (57) type II with mean duration of diabetes of (12±6 y) and forty (40) type I with mean duration of (8±6 y) were studied by echocardiography and compared with 41 patients as control. Results: The LVMI was significantly higher in type II diabetics compared to control (102±31 vs. 67±16 p< 0.001), although LVMI was higher in type I compared to controls but it was statistically non significant (76.7±18 vs. 76 ±16 P < 0.25). The increased in LVMI was correlated with long duration of diabetes > 15 years in type I but not in type II (p10y). Conclusion: LV mass index was higher in diabetic patient mainly in type II, more prevalent with long duration of diabetes and if there are other diabetic complications

Six types of designs have been done (UV1, UV 2, UV 3, UV 4, UV 5, and UV 6), this scientific study involved using computer software to create thin film designs that shield ultraviolet UV rays from spectacle lenses. By using a drawing between transmittance and wavelength, the results were examined. To ensure that UV photons with a wavelength of 380 nm or higher were blocked, a variety of designs were used, including those with one to 10 layers. For glass lenses, we saw that we obtained a cut of UV radiation and human eye protection from these dangerous rays when the vision was adopted from 380 nm to 700 nm with the reference wavelength (550 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, seven new Schiff bases were obtained in two ways. In method (A), an equimolecular aqueous solution of glucose and an alcoholic solution of amine were refluxed for three hours, and in method (B), a deep eutectic solvent (Reline), prepared from one mole of choline chloride and two moles of urea,was used as catalyst. The reaction yield percentage in the traditional method (A) was found to be 60-79%, and in the catalytic method (Method B) using a deep eutectic solvent (Reline) yield percentage was 88-95%. The deep eutectic solvent catalytic system (Reline) is an environmentally friendly solution with the triple benefit of increased percentage yield, elimination of solvent, and faster reaction time by reducing reflux time by up to three times (i.e., just one hour). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A seroepidemiological study of the TORCH panel was conducted on inhabitants of Erbil City to provide updated baseline data on TORCH prevalence. 508 individuals were included in this study. 218 (42.91%) were females and 290 (57.09%) were males. Their ages ranged from 13 to 63 years, the majority being within the age group (21-30 years), 162 (31.89%) (P < 0.05). 20 individuals (3.94%) tested positive for anti-Toxoplasma gondii (TOX) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. One of the 20 (5%) tested positive for anti-TOX immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, who was a 32-year-old female. 128 individuals (25.2%) (all females) tested positive for anti-Rubella IgG antibodies. 40 individuals (7.87%) were positive for anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG antibodies. One of the 40 (2.5%) also tested positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies, who was a 26-year-old male. 18 individuals (3.54%) tested positive for anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 IgG antibodies. One of the 18 (5.56%) also tested positive for anti-HSV-1 IgM antibodies. One 18-year-old male (0.2%) tested positive for anti-HSV-2 IgG antibodies, and none were positive for anti-HSV-2 IgM antibodies. The results suggest the presence of Toxoplasma, CMV, HSV-1, and HSV-2 infections among the community, the majority (P < 0.05) being CMV followed by TOX and HSV-1 and finally HSV-2. The positive IgG results of rubella are most probably due to the obligatory vaccination program for females. Despite the fact that the majority of positive cases were for IgG, enhancing vaccination efforts and providing comprehensive health education is crucial for enhancing the well-being of the Erbil population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]