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Background: Anemia during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes. Prevalence of anemia is thought to be high in developing countries. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and socio-demographic and reproductive factors associated with anemia among a group of pregnant mother. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on pregnant women who visited the antenatal clinic of Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Savar, Dhaka from January 2017 to December 2019. Hemoglobin level was measured in all these women to assess the presence of anemia and was categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Demographic data and information on maternal age, gestational age, educational and income level, and socioeconomic status were collected from anemic pregnant women and were analyzed. Results: Out of 1500 pregnant women 525 (35%) were found to be anemic (Hemoglobin

Background: The trend of Caesarean section (CS) carried out is rising worldwide. One of the most common indications of CS is fetal distress which is based on the cardiotocograph (CTG) recording, abnormal fetal heart rate pattern and meconium stained liquor. The aim of this study was to carry out an audit of CS performed due to fetal distress in a tertiary care military hospital with a view to justify the methods for diagnosis of fetal distress to fetal outcome. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out over a period of 1 year and 6 months (July 2013 to January 2015) in the Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka. All pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks of gestation who underwent CS for fetal distress were included. Neonatal outcome were assessed based on APGAR score and neonatal intensive care admission. Results: Among the 260 (100%) women who underwent CS due to fetal distress, mean age was 27.8 ± 5.3 years. More than half (54.6%) of the women were primigravida. Majority (48%) of the patients presented with spontaneous onset of labor and in 43% cases labor was induced by medical methods. In the majority (40%) of the patients, fetal distress was diagnosed by seeing abnormal patterns in CTG. During CS, signs of fetal distress was found in the majority (64.6%) of the patients (meconium stained liquor 42.3%, cord abnormality 13.5% and placental abnormality 8.8%). APGAR score of the newborn babies was abnormal (

Background: Threatened abortion is the most common complication in the first half of gestation. Spontaneous abortion occurs in less than 30% of the women who experience threatened abortion. In order to prevent pregnancy loss several supportive therapies including hormonal therapy like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (progesterone) have been advocated. The exogenous administration of hCG is aimed at stimulating and therefore optimizing progesterone production. Aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of supportive therapy with hCG and progesterone in women with threatened abortion. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the Combined Military hospital (CMH), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2016 to June 2017. One hundred pregnant patients admitted with the history of per vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks of gestation without having any other co-morbidity were included in this study. Patients were randomized to two treatment groups. The participants in group A (52, 52%) received injection hCG weekly while those in group B (48, 48%) received injection progesterone from recruitment up until 20 weeks of gestation. Further USG were performed one week and four weeks after recruitment to the study and again at 20 weeks and subsequently when indicated. The final outcome of pregnancy were recorded and analyzed. Results: Among 100 patients majority belonged to the 26-30 year age group. Mean age of the patients was 27.2±10.5 years. There was not much significant difference between the groups in terms of parity. More than 75% of patients in both the groups presented before 16 weeks of gestation with threatened abortion. In both the groups more than 75% of the patients had previous history of pregnancy loss. In terms of pregnancy outcome more patients in hCG group had live pregnancy than progesterone group (88.5% vs 66.7%) (p=0.012). Out of 46 live birth in hCG group, 4 (7.7%) were preterm labor between 31-35 weeks of pregnancy and one baby died in neonatal ICU, one died at 31 weeks of gestation which was delivered by vaginally. On the other hand out of 32 live birth in progesterone group, there was 3 (6.3%) preterm labor. Growth retardation was less in hCG group compared to progesterone group (9.6% vs 14.6%). However cesarean section rate was high in both the groups. Conclusion: Treatment with injection hCG has better pregnancy outcome than that of injection17-alphahydroxyprogesterone in early pregnancy with threatened abortion of unexplained cause. Birdem Med J 2019; 9(1): 7-10

A 7-year-old boy was referred to the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medial University (BSMMU) with pain on his left lower jaw. After clinical and radiological examination, it was diagnosed as a case of reversible pulpitis. Biodentine pulpotomy was performed followed by permanent restoration with glass-ionomer. The presented case was done to evaluate the efficacy of Biodentine as pulpotomy medicament in primary molar teeth, on follow-up it was found to be successful.Birdem Med J 2017; 7(3): 238-241

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common during pregnancy. Untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) during pregnancy may cause serious complications including pyelonephritis and delivery of premature or low-birth-weight infants. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacterial agents and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pregnant women attending in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 1540 pregnant women with no signs and symptoms of UTI from October 2013 to March 2015. Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected from all study participants using sterile containers. Urine samples were cultured using standard bacteriological methods. Identification of suspected colonies and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done. Patients having ASB were further evaluated to find out associated risk factors.Results: Out of 1540 pregnant women, 254 (16.5%) had asymptomatic bacteriuria (Colony forming unit >105/mL).The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (E. coli) (50.4%), followed by Klebsiella (24.0%). The antibiotic sensitivity rate of bacterial isolates were highest for imipenem and amikacin. Among different associated conditions, anemia (16.5%), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (10%) and past history of UTI (5.1%) were found to be the most frequent factors associated with increased prevalence of ASB.Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of ASB was high among pregnant women with anemia, GDM and past history of UTI. E. coli was the most common organism causing ASB, which is less susceptible to conventional oral antibiotics but more susceptible to imipenem and amikacin. So, careful drug selection is required for successful outcome in ASB.Birdem Med J 2016; 6(2): 79-83

Pregnancy in women with chronic liver disease (CLD) or cirrhosis is rare as CLD usually causes infertility. With improved management of CLD, pregnancy in patients with CLD is likely to become more common. Pregnancy in a CLD patient is likely to be associated with increased fetal and maternal mortality & morbidity. Pregnancy outcome may be influenced by the underlying etiology and extent of liver disease. Here we describe the case of a pregnancy in a young woman with CLD first time detected during pregnancy that ultimately resulted in fetal death, but the mother survived after delivery.Birdem Med J 2015; 5(2): 107-110

not availableNorthern International Medical College Journal Vol.7(2) Jan 2016: 153-155

Infertility has been classified with respect to a number of parameters; prominent amongst which are time, causes, treatment cost and socio-cultural implications. The most widely accepted practical classification distinguishes between primary and secondary infertilities with a further sub classification into 3 clearly defined groups that include ovulatory dysfunction, fallopian tube compromise and male factor alongside an ambiguous and controversial group labeled as “unexplained infertility”. In infertility work-up various procedures can be carried out in isolation or in different combination, depending on the indication. Other complimentary procedures can be done when specifically required. So, with infertility in general the diagnosis of tubal infertility should be tailored to the individual patient. Here is a review on an evidence based approach to diagnose the tubal factors for infertility. Purpose of review: The investigation for potential tubal disease is an essential step in the work-up of infertility. This review article will provide an overview of evidence based diagnosis of tubal factor infertility. The different diagnostic tools will be described together with discussion of different minimal access surgical approaches. We intend to highlight the capital and central role of minimal access procedures playing in the diagnosis of tubal infertility as well as to demonstrate the positive impact it has in the fight against infertility; thus redefining the classification and pathology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v4i1.18551 Birdem Med J 2014; 4(1): 33-37

Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant and has a central role in the regulation of coagulation. The mechanism of action of protein S has been one of the least understood amongst the vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins. A deficiency of protein S predisposes to recurrent thromboembolism and fetal loss. Here we report a case of protein S deficiency in a 28- year-old pregnant woman, who had a history of complete abortion at 22 of weeks of gestation and her 2nd pregnancy was managed properly with a successful fetal outcome.Birdem Med J 2016; 6(2): 134-135

A 30years of old hypothyroid lady , presented with foul smelling excessive whitish per vaginal discharge, associated with itching in vulva & pain in the lower abdomen following caesarean section 3 months back. Her uterus was palpably enlarged and firm. USG revealed bulky uterus with wall echo shadow sign. A CT scan of whole abdomen was done that revealed intrauterine textiloma. During laparotomy huge amount of pus came out through wound and a mob was found within uterine cavity. Textiloma is a rare problem of surgery arising from retained gauze during operation. Careful counting of surgical gauze before closure and identification by newer techniques is required to prevent this iatrogenic complication DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v26i2.13791 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2011; Vol. 26(2) : 100-102

Our each and every part of life is persuaded by diversity of factors. Social and economic factors have a huge impact on person’s health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social and economic determinants of diseases by a statistical technique called factor analysis using SPSS version 21. Sample of 1500 male and female patients from public and private hospitals of Southern Punjab, Pakistan is utilized using saturation sampling technique. Results illustrate that gender, age, area living, migration of ancestors, gender of house hold head, respondent’s and parent’s educational level, marital status, family size and monthly income are the major social and economic determinants of diseases. Age is the major factor that affects a person’s health. As age increase the chances of getting affected by disease also increase. So we can say that age and probability of getting ill are directly proportional to each other. Same is the case with income and education. Males are found to get ill more often, relatively compared to females.