Author: "Shakh Nazarova, M" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, H, Liddell, CA, Coates, MM, Mooney, MD, Levitz, CE, Schumacher, AE, Apfel, H, Iannarone, M, Phillips, B, Lofgren, KT, Sandar, L, Dorrington, RE, Rakovac, I, Jacobs, TA, Liang, X, Zhou, M, Zhu, J, Yang, G, Wang, Y, Liu, S, Li, Y, Ozgoren, AA, Abera, SF, Abubakar, I, Achoki, T, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Alemu, ZA, Allen, PJ, AlMazroa, MA, Alvarez, E, Amankwaa, AA, Amare, AT, Ammar, W, Anwari, P, Cunningham, SA, Asad, MM, Assadi, R, Banerjee, A, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bhutta, Z, Blore, JD, Basara, BB, Boufous, S, Breitborde, N, Bruce, NG, Bui, LN, Carapetis, JR, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, DO, Caso, V, Castro, RE, Catalá-Lopéz, F, Cavlin, A, Che, X, Chiang, PP, Chowdhury, R, Christophi, CA, Chuang, TW, Cirillo, M, da Costa Leite, I, Courville, KJ, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davis, A, Dayama, A, Deribe, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, MK, Dilmen, U, Ding, EL, Edmond, KM, Ermakov, SP, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Fijabi, DO, Foigt, N, Forouzanfar, MH, Garcia, AC, Geleijnse, JM, Gessner, BD, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, Goto, A, Gouda, HN, Green, MA, Greenwell, KF, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hammami, M, Harb, HL, Hay, Simon, Hedayati, MT, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Idrisov, BT, Islami, F, Ismayilova, S, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, G, Jonas, JB, Juel, K, Kabagambe, EK, Kazi, DS, Kengne, AP, Kereselidze, M, Khader, YS, Khalifa, SE, Khang, YH, Kim, D, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, JM, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Defo, BK, Kumar, GA, Kumar, K, Kumar, RB, Lai, T, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Lee, JT, Leinsalu, M, Lim, SS, Lipshultz, SE, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Ma, S, Mahdi, AA, Marzan, MB, Mashal, MT, Mazorodze, TT, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mohammad, KA, Mokdad, AH, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moore, AR, Moschandreas, Joanna, Msemburi, WT, Mueller, UO, Muszynska, MM, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, KS, Narayan, KM, Nejjari, C, Ng, M, de Dieu Ngirabega, J, Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ, Nyakarahuka, L, Ohkubo, T, Omer, SB, Caicedo, AJ, Pillay-van Wyk, V, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Rahman, SU, Rana, SM, Reilly, RQ, Rojas-Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rushton, L, Saeedi, MY, Salomon, JA, Sampson, U, Santos, IS, Sawhney, M, Schmidt, JC, Shakh-Nazarova, M, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Shin, HH, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Sigfusdottir, ID, Singh, JA, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soshnikov, SS, Sposato, LA, Stathopoulou, VK, Stroumpoulis, K, Tabb, KM, Talongwa, RT, Teixeira, CM, Terkawi, AS, Thomson, AJ, Thorne-Lyman, AL, Toyoshima, H, Dimbuene, ZT, Uwaliraye, P, Uzun, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasconcelos, AM, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Waller, S, Wan, X, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, JD, Williams, HC, Yang, YC, Yentur, GK, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Jin, KY, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zhu, S, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, and Murray, CJ
Abstract: Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success.We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29,000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030.We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0-6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1-18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6-177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8-2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41·6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37·4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1·4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0·9 million and 2·2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone.Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, US Agency for International Development.
Published: 2018

2. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Fullman, N, Yearwood, J, Abay, S, Abbafati, C, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abebe, Z, Abebo, T, Aboyans, V, Abraha, H, Abreu, D, Abu-Raddad, L, Adane, A, Adedoyin, R, Adetokunboh, O, Adhikari, T, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agius, D, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Aichour, M, Akibu, M, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Al Lami, F, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, M, Alene, K, Al-Eyadhy, A, Ali, S, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, S, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Alomari, M, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amenu, K, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Antonio, C, Araújo, V, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, E, Asgedom, S, Asghar, R, Ashebir, M, Asseffa, N, Atey, T, Atre, S, Atteraya, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayalew, A, Ayele, H, Ayer, R, Ayuk, T, Azzopardi, P, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Babalola, T, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, A, Banstola, A, Barber, R, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, S, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Bernstein, R, Beuran, M, Bhalla, A, Bhatt, P, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuneh, H, Bolliger, I, Bolt, K, Bou-Orm, I, Bozorgmehr, K, Brady, O, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano, J, Car, J, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Cercy, K, Chalek, J, Chang, H, Chang, J, Chattopadhyay, A, Chaturvedi, P, Chiang, P, Chisumpa, V, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Chung, S, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Colombara, D, Conti, S, Cooper, C, Cornaby, L, Cortesi, P, Cortinovis, M, Costa Pereira, A, Cousin, E, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Crowe, C, Crump, J, Daba, A, Dachew, B, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Daryani, M, Das, J, Das, S, das Neves, J, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, De Neve, J, Dellavalle, R, Demoz, G, Deribe, K, Des Jarlais, D, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Djalalinia, S, Doku, D, Dolan, K, Dorsey, E, dos Santos, K, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duncan, B, Echko, M, Edessa, D, Edvardsson, D, Ehrlich, J, Eldrenkamp, E, El-Khatib, Z, Endres, M, Endries, A, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Fakhar, M, Farag, T, Faramarzi, M, Faraon, E, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatusi, A, Fazeli, M, Feigin, V, Feigl, A, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Fijabi, D, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Flaxman, A, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Frostad, J, Fürst, T, Futran, N, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Ganji, M, Gebre, A, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremedhin, A, Gelaw, Y, Geleijnse, J, Geremew, D, Gething, P, Ghadimi, R, Ghasemi Falavarjani, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Gill, P, Giref, A, Giroud, M, Gishu, M, Giussani, G, Godwin, W, Goli, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, S, Goryakin, Y, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Griswold, M, Grosso, G, Gugnani, H, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, J, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, G, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Harb, H, Harewood, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hawley, C, Hay, S, He, J, Hearps, S, Hegazy, M, Heibati, B, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herrera Ballesteros, V, Herteliu, C, Hibstu, D, Hiluf, M, Hoek, H, Homaie Rad, E, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, M, Hosseini, S, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Htet, A, Hu, G, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Idris, F, Igumbor, E, Ikeda, C, Ileanu, B, Ilesanmi, O, Innos, K, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islami, F, Jacobs, T, Jacobsen, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, R, Jain, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalu, M, Jamal, A, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Jha, V, Jóúwiak, J, John, O, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Joshua, V, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Kar, C, Karanikolos, M, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Kassa, G, Kassa, T, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Kebede, S, Keiyoro, P, Kemp, G, Kengne, A, Kereselidze, M, Ketema, E, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khajavi, A, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khanal, M, Khang, Y, Khater, M, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kibret, G, Kiirithio, D, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kinra, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, P, Kutz, M, Kuzin, I, Kyu, H, Lad, D, Lafranconi, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Lansky, S, Larsson, A, Latifi, A, Lazarus, J, Leasher, J, Lee, P, Legesse, Y, Leigh, J, Leshargie, C, Leta, S, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liang, J, Liben, M, Lim, L, Lim, S, Lind, M, Linn, S, Listl, S, Liu, P, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Lopez, A, Lorch, S, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lucas, T, Lunevicius, R, Lurton, G, Lyons, R, Maalouf, F, Macarayan, E, Mackay, M, Maddison, E, Madotto, F, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manhertz, T, Manguerra, H, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, C, Margono, C, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, März, W, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehrotra, R, Mehta, K, Mehta, V, Meier, T, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Meles, K, Melku, M, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengiste, D, Mengistu, D, Menota, B, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, T, Micha, R, Milam, R, Millear, A, Miller, T, Mini, G, Minnig, S, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mitchell, P, Mlashu, F, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Mohammed, E, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mola, G, Molokhia, M, Momeniha, F, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreno Velasquez, I, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Moses, M, Mousavi, S, Mueller, U, Murhekar, M, Murthy, G, Murthy, S, Musa, J, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naik, G, Naik, N, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Narayan, K, Nascimento, B, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Newton, C, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nolte, E, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nyandwi, A, Obermeyer, C, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olivares, P, Oliveira, P, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, K, Opio, J, Oren, E, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Ortiz, A, Ozdemir, R, Pa, M, Pain, A, Palone, M, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandian, J, Park, E, Parsian, H, Patel, T, Pati, S, Patil, S, Patle, A, Patton, G, Paturi, V, Paudel, D, Pedroso, M, Pedroza, S, Pereira, D, Perico, N, Peterson, H, Petzold, M, Peykari, N, Phillips, M, Piel, F, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Piradov, M, Polinder, S, Pond, C, Postma, M, Pourmalek, F, Prakash, S, Prakash, V, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Qorbani, M, Quintana, H, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, S, Rai, R, Raju, S, Ram, U, Rana, S, Rankin, Z, Rasella, D, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Razo-García, C, Reddy, P, Reiner, R, Reis, C, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rios Blancas, M, Rivera, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Roy, N, Ruhago, G, Sabde, Y, Sachdev, P, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, H, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Saldanha, R, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sancheti, P, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarker, A, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, M, Schaeffner, E, Schmidhuber, J, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schumacher, A, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Sekerija, M, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Shafieesabet, A, Shaikh, M, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Sharafi, H, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Shariful Islam, S, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shfare, M, Shi, P, Shields, C, Shigematsu, M, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, M, Shukla, S, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Silberberg, D, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, L, Singh, N, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Sinke, A, Sisay, M, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Smith, A, Soares Filho, A, Sobaih, B, Somai, M, Soneji, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Soyiri, I, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Stokes, M, Sturua, L, Sufiyan, M, Suliankatchi, R, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Sykes, B, Sylaja, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Tadesse, A, Taffere, G, Tandon, N, Tariku, A, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temam Shifa, G, Temsah, M, Terkawi, A, Tesema, A, Tesfaye, D, Tessema, B, Thakur, J, Thomas, N, Thompson, M, Tillmann, T, To, Q, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Torre, A, Tortajada, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tripathi, A, Tripathy, S, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tsoi, D, Tudor Car, L, Tuem, K, Tyrovolas, S, Uchendu, U, Ukwaja, K, Ullah, I, Updike, R, Uthman, O, Uzochukwu, B, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Walson, J, Wang, Y, Wassie, M, Weaver, M, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, West, T, Westerman, R, White, R, Whiteford, H, Widecka, J, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Wolfe, C, Wondimkun, Y, Workicho, A, Wyper, G, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimer, N, Yin, P, Yip, P, Yirsaw, B, Yonemoto, N, Yonga, G, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, M, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zenebe, Z, Zhou, M, Zhu, J, Zimsen, S, Zipkin, B, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, L, Murray, C, Lozano, R, Fullman, Nancy, Yearwood, Jamal, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy M X, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amenu, Kebede, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Araújo, Valdelaine E M, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ashebir, Mengistu Mitiku, Asseffa, Netsanet Abera, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Atteraya, Madhu S, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayalew, Animut Alebel, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Azzopardi, Peter, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, 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Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J L, and Lozano, Rafael
Abstract: Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods: Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derive
Published: 2018

3. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

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Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Mereta, ST, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Millear, A, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mock, CN, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, S, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Mola, GLD, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moses, M, Mueller, UO, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, I, Neupane, SP, Newton, CR, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, G, Ningrum, DNA, Nolte, S, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olivares, PR, Olsen, HE, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osborne, RH, Osman, M, Owolabi, MO, PA, M, Pain, AW, Pakhale, S, Castillo, EP, Pana, A, Papachristou, C, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Paul, VK, Pearce, N, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Pinho, C, Polinder, S, Pond, CD, Prakash, V, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quistberg, DA, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Rankin, Z, Rao, PV, Rao, PC, Rawaf, S, Rego, MAS, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Roba, HS, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, NK, Sachdev, PS, Sackey, BB, Saeedi, MY, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Saleh, MM, Salomon, JA, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Niño, MD, Sandar, L, Santos, IS, Santos, JV, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, MI, Schöttker, B, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Seifu, CN, Sepanlou, SG, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, EE, Setegn, T, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Shamsipour, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shen, J, Shi, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shiri, R, Shoman, H, Shrime, MG, Sibamo, ELS, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, OP, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinke, AH, Sinshaw, AE, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Smith, A, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sousa, TCM, Sposato, LA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Stokes, MA, Stranges, S, Strong, M, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sun, J, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Taffere, GR, Talongwa, RT, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Teeple, S, Tegegne, TK, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, AG, Thakur, JS, Thomson, AJ, Tillmann, T, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada, M, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tura, AK, Uchendu, US, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uneke, CJ, Uthman, OA, van Boven, JFM, Van Dingenen, R, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Wagner, JA, Wakayo, T, Waller, SG, Walson, JL, Wang, H, Wang, Y-P, Watkins, DA, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Wen, C-P, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Westerman, R, Whiteford, HA, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Won, S, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Wubshet, M, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadav, AK, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zambrana-Torrelio, C, Zapata, T, Zenebe, ZM, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, Murray, CJL, Barber, RM, Fullman, N, Sorensen, RJD, Bollyky, T, McKee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abdurahman, AA, Abera, SF, Abraham, B, Abreha, GF, Adane, K, Adelekan, AL, Adetifa, IMO, Afshin, A, Agarwal, A, Agarwal, SK, Agarwal, S, Agrawal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Akinyemi, RO, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, SS, Alemu, ZA, Alene, KA, Alexander, L, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amo-Adjei, J, Amoako, YA, Anderson, BO, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Astatkie, A, Atey, TM, Atique, S, Atnafu, NT, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Quintanilla, BPA, Awasthi, A, Ayele, NN, Azzopardi, P, Saleem, HOB, Bärnighausen, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Baye, K, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabé, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Beyene, TJ, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Birlik, SM, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bose, D, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Butt, ZA, Cárdenas, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Carrero, JJ, Casey, D, Caso, V, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Catalá-López, F, Cecilio, P, Cercy, K, Charlson, FJ, Chen, AZ, Chew, A, Chibalabala, M, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coggeshall, MS, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Crump, JA, Dalal, K, Danawi, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Del Gobbo, LC, del Pozo-Cruz, B, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, D, Ding, EL, Dokova, K, Dorsey, ER, Doyle, KE, Dubey, M, Ehrenkranz, R, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Enayati, A, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fürst, T, Faghmous, IDA, Fanuel, FBB, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Feigl, AB, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Forouzanfar, MH, Franklin, RC, Frostad, J, G/hiwot, TT, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gao, W, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremichael, MW, Gebru, AA, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Genova-Maleras, R, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Giussani, G, Godwin, WW, Gold, A, Goldberg, EM, Gona, PN, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Greaves, F, Griswold, M, Guban, PI, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, D, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hakuzimana, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, IB, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huntley, BM, Huynh, C, Iburg, KM, Ileanu, BV, Innos, K, Irenso, AA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, James, P, James, SL, Javanbakht, M, Jayaraman, SP, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, John, D, Johnson, C, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Juel, K, Kabir, Z, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Kasaeian, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Kerbo, AA, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, ATA, Khonelidze, I, Khubchandani, J, Kibret, GD, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Kivipelto, M, Kokubo, Y, Kolk, A, Kolte, D, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnaswami, S, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Lager, ACJ, Lal, A, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Langan, SM, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Latif, AA, Lawrynowicz, AEB, Leasher, JL, Leigh, J, Leinsalu, M, Leshargie, CT, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lind, M, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, P, Liu, Y, Lo, L-T, Logroscino, G, Lopez, AD, Lorch, SA, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Macarayan, ERK, Mackay, MT, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Mahdavi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Marks, GB, Marquez, N, Martinez-Raga, J, Marzan, MB, Massano, J, Mathur, MR, Maulik, PK, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGrath, JJ, McNellan, C, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, AB, Meles, KG, Memish, ZA, Mengesha, MM, Mengiste, DT, Mengistie, MA, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Mereta, ST, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Millear, A, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mock, CN, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, S, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Mola, GLD, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moses, M, Mueller, UO, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, I, Neupane, SP, Newton, CR, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, G, Ningrum, DNA, Nolte, S, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olivares, PR, Olsen, HE, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osborne, RH, Osman, M, Owolabi, MO, PA, M, Pain, AW, Pakhale, S, Castillo, EP, Pana, A, Papachristou, C, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Paul, VK, Pearce, N, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Pinho, C, Polinder, S, Pond, CD, Prakash, V, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quistberg, DA, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Rankin, Z, Rao, PV, Rao, PC, Rawaf, S, Rego, MAS, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Roba, HS, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, NK, Sachdev, PS, Sackey, BB, Saeedi, MY, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Saleh, MM, Salomon, JA, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Niño, MD, Sandar, L, Santos, IS, Santos, JV, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, MI, Schöttker, B, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Seifu, CN, Sepanlou, SG, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, EE, Setegn, T, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Shamsipour, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shen, J, Shi, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shiri, R, Shoman, H, Shrime, MG, Sibamo, ELS, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, OP, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinke, AH, Sinshaw, AE, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Smith, A, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sousa, TCM, Sposato, LA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Stokes, MA, Stranges, S, Strong, M, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sun, J, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Taffere, GR, Talongwa, RT, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Teeple, S, Tegegne, TK, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, AG, Thakur, JS, Thomson, AJ, Tillmann, T, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada, M, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tura, AK, Uchendu, US, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uneke, CJ, Uthman, OA, van Boven, JFM, Van Dingenen, R, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Wagner, JA, Wakayo, T, Waller, SG, Walson, JL, Wang, H, Wang, Y-P, Watkins, DA, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Wen, C-P, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Westerman, R, Whiteford, HA, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Won, S, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Wubshet, M, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadav, AK, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zambrana-Torrelio, C, Zapata, T, Zenebe, ZM, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2017

4. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015

Author: Barber, R. M., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R. J. D., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abdurahman, A. A., Abera, S. F., Abraham, B., Abreha, G. F., Adane, K., Adelekan, A. L., Adetifa, I. M. O., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S. K., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K. Y., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S. S., Alemu, Z. A., Alene, K. A., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S. D., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y. A., Anderson, B. O., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M. G., Antonio, C. A. T., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T. M., Atique, S., Atnafu, N. T., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N. N., Azzopardi, P., Ba Saleem, H. O., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Baye, K., Bayou, Y. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., BÃ©jot, Y., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., BernabÃ©, E., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S. M., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J. K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z. A., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Car, J., Carrero, J. J., Casey, D., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castillo Rivas, J., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M. S., Cooper, L. T., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J. A., Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., Das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D. V., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L. C., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E. R., Doyle, K. E., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C. L., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., FÃŒrst, T., Faghmous, I. D. A., Fanuel, F. B. B., Faraon, E. J. A., Farid, T. A., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Feigl, A. B., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. G., Fernandes, J. C., Feyissa, T. R., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T. D., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Forouzanfar, M. H., Franklin, R. C., Frostad, J., Ghiwot, T. T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Gebremichael, M. W., Gebru, A. A., Gelaye, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K. B., Giref, A. Z., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Godwin, W. W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E. M., Gona, P. N., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P. I., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, P. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T. D., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hambisa, M. T., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Hareri, H. A., Haro, J. M., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J. J., Huntley, B. M., Huynh, C., Iburg, K. M., Ileanu, B. V., Innos, K., Irenso, A. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., James, P., James, S. L., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S. P., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S. C., Jonas, J. B., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimi, S. M., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Kerbo, A. A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y. -H, Khoja, A. T. A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G. D., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kuipers, E. J., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, G. A., Kumsa, F. A., Kutz, M., Kyu, H. H., Lager, A. C. J., Lal, A., Lal, D. 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A., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Singh, O. P., Singh, P. K., Singh, V., Sinke, A. H., Sinshaw, A. E., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Smith, A., Sobngwi, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J. B., Sousa, T. C. M., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Steiner, C., Steinke, S., Stokes, M. A., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sufiyan, M. B., Suliankatchi, R. A., Sun, J., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Taffere, G. R., Talongwa, R. T., Tarajia, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T. K., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Tekle, D. Y., Temam Shifa, G., Terkawi, A. S., Tesema, A. G., Thakur, J. S., Thomson, A. J., Tillmann, T., Tiruye, T. Y., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tura, A. K., Uchendu, U. S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uneke, C. J., Uthman, O. A., Van Boven, J. F. M., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Wagner, J. A., Wakayo, T., Waller, S. G., Walson, J. L., Wang, H., Wang, Y. -P, Watkins, D. A., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Wen, C. -P, Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H. A., Wilkinson, J. D., Wiysonge, C. S., Woldeyes, B. G., Wolfe, C. D. A., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S. B., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H. H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S. -J, Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., El Sayed Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z. M., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L. J., Murray, C. J. L., Access, GBD 2015 Healthcare, and Collaborators, Quality
Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0Â·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0Â·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0Â·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total ferti
Published: 2017
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5. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber, R., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abdurahman, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abreha, G., Adane, K., Adelekan, A., Adetifa, I., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K., Ahmed, M., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S., Alemu, Z., Alene, K., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y., Anderson, B., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M., Antonio, C., Aernloev, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T., Atique, S., Atnafu, N., Atre, S., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E., Quintanilla, B., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N., Azzopardi, P., Saleem, H., Baernighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M., Barker-Collo, S., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Baune, B., Baye, K., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Bernal, O., Beyene, A., Beyene, T., Bhutta, Z., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cardenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I., Car, J., Carrero, J., Casey, D., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fuerst, T., Faghmous, I., Fanuel, F., Faraon, E., Farid, T., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Feyissa, T., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Franklin, R., Frostad, J., hiwot, T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebremichael, M., Gebru, A., Gelaye, A., Geleijnse, J., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K., Giref, A., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Godwin, W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P., Gugnani, H., Gupta, P., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R., Hambisa, M., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Hareri, H., Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Hay, S., Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Huntley, B., Huynh, C., Iburg, K., Ileanu, B., Innos, K., Irenso, A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., James, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S., Jonas, J., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimi, S., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Kerbo, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khoja, A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kumsa, F., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Lager, A., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larson, H., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leshargie, C., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lopez, A., Lorch, S., Lotufo, P., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Macarayan, E., Mackay, M., El Razek, H., El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Mantovani, L., Manyazewal, T., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Marks, G., Marquez, N., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Massano, J., Mathur, M., Maulik, P., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J., McNellan, C., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Meier, T., Mekonnen, A., Meles, K., Memish, Z., Mengesha, M., Mengiste, D., Mengistie, M., Menota, B., Mensah, G., Mereta, S., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mezgebe, H., Micha, R., Millear, A., Mills, E., Minnig, S., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E., Mock, C., Mohammad, K., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S., Mokdad, A., Mola, G., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moses, M., Mueller, U., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagata, C., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B., Negoi, I., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngunjiri, J., Nguyen, G., Ningrum, D., Nolte, S., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R., Osman, M., Owolabi, M., Mahesh, P., Pain, A., Pakhale, S., Castillo, E., Pana, A., Papachristou, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Patton, G., Paudel, D., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Pigott, D., Pillay, J., Pinho, C., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Prakash, V., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Quistberg, D., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Rana, S., Rankin, Z., Rao, P., Rawaf, S., Rego, M., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Rezai, M., Ribeiro, A., Roba, H., Rokni, M., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, N., Sachdev, P., Sackey, B., Saeedi, M., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahraian, M., Saleh, M., Salomon, J., Samy, A., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sandar, L., Santos, I., Santos, J., Milicevic, M., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Saylan, M., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Seid, A., Seifu, C., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Servan-Mori, E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Shamsipour, M., Islam, S., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shi, P., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shoman, H., Shrime, M., Sibamo, E., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Sinke, A., Sinshaw, A., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Smith, A., Sobngwi, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Sousa, T., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Steiner, C., Steinke, S., Stokes, M., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sufiyan, M., Suliankatchi, R., Sun, J., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Taffere, G., Talongwa, R., Tarajia, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Tekle, D., Shifa, G., Terkawi, A., Tesema, A., Thakur, J., Thomson, A., Tillmann, T., Tiruye, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tura, A., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Boven, J., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wakayo, T., Waller, S., Walson, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Watkins, D., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wilkinson, J., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyes, B., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L., Murray, C., Barber, R., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abdurahman, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abreha, G., Adane, K., Adelekan, A., Adetifa, I., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K., Ahmed, M., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S., Alemu, Z., Alene, K., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y., Anderson, B., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M., Antonio, C., Aernloev, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T., Atique, S., Atnafu, N., Atre, S., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E., Quintanilla, B., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N., Azzopardi, P., Saleem, H., Baernighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M., Barker-Collo, S., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Baune, B., Baye, K., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Bernal, O., Beyene, A., Beyene, T., Bhutta, Z., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cardenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I., Car, J., Carrero, J., Casey, D., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fuerst, T., Faghmous, I., Fanuel, F., Faraon, E., Farid, T., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Feyissa, T., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Franklin, R., Frostad, J., hiwot, T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebremichael, M., Gebru, A., Gelaye, A., Geleijnse, J., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K., Giref, A., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Godwin, W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P., Gugnani, H., Gupta, P., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R., Hambisa, M., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Hareri, H., Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Hay, S., Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Huntley, B., Huynh, C., Iburg, K., Ileanu, B., Innos, K., Irenso, A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., James, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S., Jonas, J., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimi, S., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Kerbo, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khoja, A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kumsa, F., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Lager, A., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larson, H., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leshargie, C., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lopez, A., Lorch, S., Lotufo, P., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Macarayan, E., Mackay, M., El Razek, H., El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Mantovani, L., Manyazewal, T., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Marks, G., Marquez, N., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Massano, J., Mathur, M., Maulik, P., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J., McNellan, C., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Meier, T., Mekonnen, A., Meles, K., Memish, Z., Mengesha, M., Mengiste, D., Mengistie, M., Menota, B., Mensah, G., Mereta, S., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mezgebe, H., Micha, R., Millear, A., Mills, E., Minnig, S., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E., Mock, C., Mohammad, K., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S., Mokdad, A., Mola, G., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moses, M., Mueller, U., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagata, C., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B., Negoi, I., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngunjiri, J., Nguyen, G., Ningrum, D., Nolte, S., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R., Osman, M., Owolabi, M., Mahesh, P., Pain, A., Pakhale, S., Castillo, E., Pana, A., Papachristou, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Patton, G., Paudel, D., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Pigott, D., Pillay, J., Pinho, C., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Prakash, V., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Quistberg, D., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Rana, S., Rankin, Z., Rao, P., Rawaf, S., Rego, M., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Rezai, M., Ribeiro, A., Roba, H., Rokni, M., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, N., Sachdev, P., Sackey, B., Saeedi, M., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahraian, M., Saleh, M., Salomon, J., Samy, A., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sandar, L., Santos, I., Santos, J., Milicevic, M., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Saylan, M., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Seid, A., Seifu, C., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Servan-Mori, E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Shamsipour, M., Islam, S., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shi, P., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shoman, H., Shrime, M., Sibamo, E., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Sinke, A., Sinshaw, A., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Smith, A., Sobngwi, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Sousa, T., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Steiner, C., Steinke, S., Stokes, M., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sufiyan, M., Suliankatchi, R., Sun, J., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Taffere, G., Talongwa, R., Tarajia, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Tekle, D., Shifa, G., Terkawi, A., Tesema, A., Thakur, J., Thomson, A., Tillmann, T., Tiruye, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tura, A., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Boven, J., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wakayo, T., Waller, S., Walson, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Watkins, D., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wilkinson, J., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyes, B., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L., and Murray, C.
Published: 2017

6. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang H, Bhutta Z, Coates M, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Diallo K, Franca E, Fraser M, Fullman N, Gething P, Hay S, Kinfu Y, Kita M, Kulikoff X, Larson H, Liang J, Liang X, Lim S, Lind M, Lopez A, Lozano R, Mensah G, Mikesell J, Mokdad A, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Nguyen G, Rakovac I, Salomon J, Silpakit N, Sligar A, Sorensen R, Vos T, Zhu J, Abajobir A, Abate K, Abbas K, Abd-Allah F, Abdulle A, Abera S, Aboyans V, Abraham B, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad L, Abu-Rmeileh N, Abyu G, Achoki T, Adebiyi A, Adedeji I, Adelekan A, Adou A, Agarwal A, Ajala O, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Alam K, Alam N, Alasfoor D, Aldridge R, Alegretti M, Alemu Z, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Martin E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare A, Amberbir A, Amegah A, Ameh E, Ammar W, Amrock S, Andersen H, Anderson G, Antonio C, Arlov J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Assadi R, Atique S, Avokpaho E, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Bacha U, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Banigbe B, Barac A, Barber R, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Barrero L, Bayou T, Bayou Y, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell M, Bello A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Betsu B, Beyene A, Bhatt S, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Birlik S, Bisanzio D, Bjertness E, Blore J, Bourne R, Brainin M, Brazinova A, Breitborde N, Brown A, Buckle G, Burch M, Butt Z, Campos-Nonato I, Campuzano J, Cardenas R, Carpenter D, Carrero J, Carter A, Casey D, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Rivas J, Castro R, Catala-Lopez F, Cercy K, Chang H, Chang J, Chibueze C, Chisumpa V, Choi J, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Ciobanu L, Colquhoun S, Cooper C, Cornaby L, Damtew S, Danawi H, Dandona R, das Neves J, Davis A, de Jager P, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Deribe K, Deribew A, Jarlais D, deVeber G, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Doshi P, Doyle K, Duan L, Dubey M, Ebrahimi H, Ellingsen C, Elyazar I, Endries A, Ermakov S, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Faraon E, Farid T, Farinha C, Faro A, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes J, Fischer F, Fitchett J, Foigt N, Franklin R, Friedman J, Furst T, Gambashidze K, Gamkrelidze A, Ganguly P, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot T, Gebremedhin A, Gebru A, Geleijnse J, Gessner B, Ginawi I, Giref A, Gishu M, Gomez-Dantes H, Gona P, Goodridge A, Gopalani S, Goto A, Gouda H, Gugnani H, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta V, Gyawali B, Haagsma J, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile D, Hailu A, Hailu G, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hancock J, Handal A, Hankey G, Harb H, Harikrishnan S, Harun K, Havmoeller R, Hay R, Heredia-Pi I, Hoek H, Horino M, Horita N, Hosgood H, Hotez P, Hoy D, Hsairi M, Hu G, Huang C, Huang J, Huang H, Huiart L, Huynh C, Iburg K, Idrisov B, Innos K, Jacobsen K, Jahanmehr N, Javanbakht M, Jayatilleke A, Jee S, Jeemon P, Jha V, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Jibat T, Jin Y, Jonas J, Kabir Z, Kalkonde Y, Kamal R, Kan H, Kang G, Karch A, Karema C, Kasaeian A, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kayibanda J, Kazanjan K, Keiyoro P, Kemp A, Kengne A, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Kesavachandran C, Khader Y, Khalil I, Khan A, Khan E, Khang Y, Khonelidze I, Khubchandani J, Kim C, Kim D, Kim Y, Kissoon N, Kivipelto M, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Koul P, Koyanagi A, Defo B, Bicer B, Kudom A, Kumar G, Kutz M, Kyu H, Lal D, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lam J, Lansingh V, Larsson A, Leigh J, Leung R, Li Y, Lindsay M, Liu P, Liu S, Lloyd B, Lo W, Logroscino G, Low N, Lunevicius R, Lyons R, Ma S, Abd El Razek H, Abd El Razek M, Mahdavi M, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mapoma C, Marcenes W, Martinez-Raga J, Marzan M, Masiye F, McGrath J, Meaney P, Mehari A, Mehndiratta M, Mekonnen A, Melaku Y, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mhimbira F, Miller T, Mills E, Mirarefin M, Misganaw A, Mock C, Mohammad K, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Monasta L, Hernandez J, Montico M, Moore A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morawska L, Mori R, Mueller U, Murphy G, Murthy S, Nachega J, Naheed A, Naidoo K, Naldi L, Nand D, Nangia V, Neupane S, Newton C, Newton J, Ng M, Ngalesoni F, Nguhiu P, Nguyen Q, Nisar M, Pete P, Norheim O, Norman R, Ogbo F, Oh I, Ojelabi F, Olivares P, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Oren E, Ota E, Mahesh P, Park E, Park H, Parsaeian M, Caicedo A, Patten S, Pedro J, Pereira D, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Phillips M, Pillay J, Pishgar F, Polinder S, Pope D, Popova S, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rabiee R, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman S, Rai R, Raju M, Ram U, Rana S, Ranabhat C, Rao P, Refaat A, Remuzzi G, Resnikoff S, Reynolds A, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roth G, Roy A, Ruhago G, Sagar R, Saleh M, Sanabria J, Sanchez-Nino M, Santos I, Santos J, Sarmiento-Suarez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawhney M, Schneider I, Schottker B, Schwebel D, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Servan-Mori E, Setegn T, Shahraz S, Shaikh M, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sharma R, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shen J, Sheth K, Shibuya K, Shin H, Shin M, Shiri R, Shuie I, Sigfusdottir I, Silva D, Silverberg J, Simard E, Sindi S, Singh A, Singh J, Singh O, Singh P, Singh V, Soriano J, Soshnikov S, Sposato L, Sreeramareddy C, Stathopoulou V, Steel N, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sunguya B, Swaminathan S, Sykes B, Szoeke C, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Tedla B, Tefera W, Tekle T, Shifa G, Terkawi A, Tesfay F, Tessema G, Thapa K, Thomson A, Thorne-Lyman A, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Tran B, Troeger C, Truelsen T, Dimbuene Z, Tura A, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja K, Uneke C, Uthman O, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vasconcelos A, Venketasubramanian N, Verma R, Violante F, Vladimirov S, Vlassov V, Vollset S, Wang L, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Weiss D, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Widdowson M, Wijeratne T, Williams T, Wiysonge C, Wolfe C, Wolfe I, Won S, Wubshet M, Xiao Q, Xu G, Yadav A, Yakob B, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Ye P, Yebyo H, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, Younis M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki M, Zeeb H, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zodpey S, Murray C, and GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collabora
Published: 2016

7. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Author: Alhabib S., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Xiao Q., Lo L., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Ma S., Machado V.M., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mandisarisa J., Mangalam S., Marcenes W., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Silberberg D.H., Martin G.R., Martinez-Raga J., Marzan M.B., Mason-Jones A.J., McMahon B.J., Mehndiratta M.M., Woldeyohannes S.M., Tedla B.A., Zeleke B.M., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Meretoja T.J., Lallukka T., Mhimbira F.A., Micha R., Mozaff D., Shi P., Singh G.M., Miller T.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohan V., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Morawska L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Musa K.I., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Seedat S., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naidoo K.S., Sartorius B., Naldi L., Remuzzi G., Nangia V., Nash D., Nejjari C., Neupane S., Newton C.R., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngirabega J.D., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie Pete P.M., Nomura M., Nyakarahuka L., Ogbo F.A., Ohkubo T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Ozdemir R., Mahesh P.A., Pandian J.D., Pant P.R., Papachristou C., Park E., Park J., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Stokic Pejin L., Pereira D.M., Cortinovis M., Giussani G., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Platts-Mills J.A., Polinder S., Pope C.A., Qorbani M., Rafay A., Rana S.M., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Rakovac I., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Roca A., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N.K., Ruhago G.M., Sunguya B.F., Saha S., Sahathevan R., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sanchez-Riera L., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schaub M.P., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schutte A.E., Shaddick G., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shetty B.P., Shin M., Shiri R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silveira D.G.A., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Singh V., Soneji S., Soreide K., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Taye B., Ten Have M., Tuzcu E.M., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Towbin J.A., Traebert J., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Uchendu U.S., Ukwaja K.N., Uthman O.A., Van Dingenen R., van Donkelaar A., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., White R.A., Williams H.C., Wong J.Q., Woolf A.D., Xavier D., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yonga G., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zannad F., Zavala D.E., Zeeb H., Zonies D., Zuhlke L.J., Brown A., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Wang H., Naghavi M., Allen C., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fraser M.S., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Huynh C., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Larson H.J., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lind M., Lozano R., Marquez N., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Roth G.A., Sandar L., Silpakit N., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Vollset S.E., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Wolock T., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Cercy K., Chew A., Cohen A.J., Daoud F., Dossou E., Estep K., Flaxman A., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Hancock J., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Moradi-Lakeh M., Morgan K., Ng M., Pain A., Quame-Amaglo J., Rao P., Reitsma M.B., Shackelford K.A., Sur P., Wagner J.A., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Quistberg D.A., Anderson B.O., Blosser C.D., Futran N.D., Heckbert S.R., Jensen P.N., Montine T.J., Tirschwell D.L., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Alam N.K.M., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Gouda H.N., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Cooper C., Darby S.C., Deribew A., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Kinfu Y., Faghmous I.D.A., Langan S.M., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Pearce N., Roberts B., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montero P., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Villalpando S., Duan L., Liu S., Ye P., Liang X., Yu S., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., James P., Osman M., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Knudsen A.K., Ellingsen C.L., Krog N.H., Savic M., Hailu A.D., Norheim O.F., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Alasfoor D., Melaku Y.A., Tesfay F.H., Abyu G.Y., Aregay A.F., Betsu B.D., Gebru A.A., Hailu G.B., Yalew A.Z., Yebyo H.G., Abreu D.M.X., Franca E.B., Abu-Raddad L.J., Adelekan A.L., Akinyemi R.O., Ojelabi F.A., Ademi Z., Furst T., Azzopardi P., Cowie B.C., Gibney K.B., MacLachlan J.H., Meretoja A., Alam K., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Vijayakumar L., Bohensky M.A., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Rehm J., Badawi A., Lindsay M.P., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agrawal A., Hotez P.J., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Aldridge R.W., Banerjee A., Tillmann T., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alvarez Martin E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amegah A.K., Kudom A.A., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Faraon E.J.A., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic Arsenijevic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Bacha U., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Basu S., Bayou Y.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Deribe K., Belay H.A., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Jibat T., Manamo W.A.A., Tefera W.M., Yirsaw B.D., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Biroscak B.J., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D.A., Bernabe E., Beyene A.S., Gishu M.D., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin Abdulhak A.A., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Bose D., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brayne C.E.G., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Schottker B., Brewer J.D., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Gosselin R.A., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lal A., Lucas R.M., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Cerda J., Chen W., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chimed-Ochir O., Jiang Y., Takahashi K., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cirillo M., Colomar M., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Poulton R.G., Damsere-Derry J., Danawi H., Refaat A.H., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Massano J., Pedro J.M., Davey G., Davis A.C., Greaves F., Newton J.N., Davitoiu D.V., de Castro E.F., de Jager P., De D., Dellavalle R.P., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Ganguly P., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., dos Santos K.P.B., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Sheikhbahaei S., Yaseri M., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te Ao B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Piel F.B., Majeed A., Gall S.L., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Kereselidze M., Shakh-Nazarova M., Iyer V.J., Gebre T., Geleijnse J.M., Gessner B.D., Ghoshal A.G., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Gilmour S., Inoue M., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Giroud M., Glaser E., Halasa Y.A., Shepard D.S., Undurraga E.A., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Murthy S., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Norman P.E., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hilderink H.B., Hoek H.W., Tura A.K., Hogg R.S., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htike M.M.T., Hu G., Huang C., Huang H., Huiart L., Husseini A., Huybrechts I., Huynh G., Iburg K.M., Innos K., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Katibeh M., Rajavi Z., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Prabhakaran D., Jiang G., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Joshi T.K., Kabir Z., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Shen Z., Zhang H., Kan H., Kant S., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Karletsos D., Karthikeyan G., Naik N., Paul V.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Kaul A., Kayibanda J.F., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., McGarvey S.T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulkarni V.S., Kwan G.F., Rao S.R., Lam H., Lam J.O., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Latif A.A., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Levi M., Li Y., Alhabib S., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Xiao Q., Lo L., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Ma S., Machado V.M., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mandisarisa J., Mangalam S., Marcenes W., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Silberberg D.H., Martin G.R., Martinez-Raga J., Marzan M.B., Mason-Jones A.J., McMahon B.J., Mehndiratta M.M., Woldeyohannes S.M., Tedla B.A., Zeleke B.M., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Meretoja T.J., Lallukka T., Mhimbira F.A., Micha R., Mozaff D., Shi P., Singh G.M., Miller T.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohan V., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Morawska L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Musa K.I., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Seedat S., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naidoo K.S., Sartorius B., Naldi L., Remuzzi G., Nangia V., Nash D., Nejjari C., Neupane S., Newton C.R., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngirabega J.D., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie Pete P.M., Nomura M., Nyakarahuka L., Ogbo F.A., Ohkubo T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Ozdemir R., Mahesh P.A., Pandian J.D., Pant P.R., Papachristou C., Park E., Park J., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Stokic Pejin L., Pereira D.M., Cortinovis M., Giussani G., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Platts-Mills J.A., Polinder S., Pope C.A., Qorbani M., Rafay A., Rana S.M., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Rakovac I., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Roca A., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N.K., Ruhago G.M., Sunguya B.F., Saha S., Sahathevan R., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sanchez-Riera L., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schaub M.P., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schutte A.E., Shaddick G., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shetty B.P., Shin M., Shiri R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silveira D.G.A., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Singh V., Soneji S., Soreide K., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Taye B., Ten Have M., Tuzcu E.M., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Towbin J.A., Traebert J., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Uchendu U.S., Ukwaja K.N., Uthman O.A., Van Dingenen R., van Donkelaar A., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., White R.A., Williams H.C., Wong J.Q., Woolf A.D., Xavier D., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yonga G., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zannad F., Zavala D.E., Zeeb H., Zonies D., Zuhlke L.J., Brown A., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Wang H., Naghavi M., Allen C., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fraser M.S., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Huynh C., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Larson H.J., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lind M., Lozano R., Marquez N., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Roth G.A., Sandar L., Silpakit N., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Vollset S.E., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Wolock T., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Cercy K., Chew A., Cohen A.J., Daoud F., Dossou E., Estep K., Flaxman A., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Hancock J., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Moradi-Lakeh M., Morgan K., Ng M., Pain A., Quame-Amaglo J., Rao P., Reitsma M.B., Shackelford K.A., Sur P., Wagner J.A., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Quistberg D.A., Anderson B.O., Blosser C.D., Futran N.D., Heckbert S.R., Jensen P.N., Montine T.J., Tirschwell D.L., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Alam N.K.M., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Gouda H.N., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Cooper C., Darby S.C., Deribew A., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Kinfu Y., Faghmous I.D.A., Langan S.M., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Pearce N., Roberts B., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montero P., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Villalpando S., Duan L., Liu S., Ye P., Liang X., Yu S., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., James P., Osman M., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Knudsen A.K., Ellingsen C.L., Krog N.H., Savic M., Hailu A.D., Norheim O.F., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Alasfoor D., Melaku Y.A., Tesfay F.H., Abyu G.Y., Aregay A.F., Betsu B.D., Gebru A.A., Hailu G.B., Yalew A.Z., Yebyo H.G., Abreu D.M.X., Franca E.B., Abu-Raddad L.J., Adelekan A.L., Akinyemi R.O., Ojelabi F.A., Ademi Z., Furst T., Azzopardi P., Cowie B.C., Gibney K.B., MacLachlan J.H., Meretoja A., Alam K., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Vijayakumar L., Bohensky M.A., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Rehm J., Badawi A., Lindsay M.P., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agrawal A., Hotez P.J., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Aldridge R.W., Banerjee A., Tillmann T., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alvarez Martin E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amegah A.K., Kudom A.A., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Faraon E.J.A., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic Arsenijevic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Bacha U., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Basu S., Bayou Y.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Deribe K., Belay H.A., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Jibat T., Manamo W.A.A., Tefera W.M., Yirsaw B.D., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Biroscak B.J., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D.A., Bernabe E., Beyene A.S., Gishu M.D., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin Abdulhak A.A., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Bose D., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brayne C.E.G., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Schottker B., Brewer J.D., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Gosselin R.A., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lal A., Lucas R.M., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Cerda J., Chen W., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chimed-Ochir O., Jiang Y., Takahashi K., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cirillo M., Colomar M., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Poulton R.G., Damsere-Derry J., Danawi H., Refaat A.H., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Massano J., Pedro J.M., Davey G., Davis A.C., Greaves F., Newton J.N., Davitoiu D.V., de Castro E.F., de Jager P., De D., Dellavalle R.P., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Ganguly P., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., dos Santos K.P.B., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Sheikhbahaei S., Yaseri M., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te Ao B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Piel F.B., Majeed A., Gall S.L., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Kereselidze M., Shakh-Nazarova M., Iyer V.J., Gebre T., Geleijnse J.M., Gessner B.D., Ghoshal A.G., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Gilmour S., Inoue M., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Giroud M., Glaser E., Halasa Y.A., Shepard D.S., Undurraga E.A., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Murthy S., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Norman P.E., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hilderink H.B., Hoek H.W., Tura A.K., Hogg R.S., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htike M.M.T., Hu G., Huang C., Huang H., Huiart L., Husseini A., Huybrechts I., Huynh G., Iburg K.M., Innos K., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Katibeh M., Rajavi Z., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Prabhakaran D., Jiang G., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Joshi T.K., Kabir Z., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Shen Z., Zhang H., Kan H., Kant S., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Karletsos D., Karthikeyan G., Naik N., Paul V.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Kaul A., Kayibanda J.F., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., McGarvey S.T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulkarni V.S., Kwan G.F., Rao S.R., Lam H., Lam J.O., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Latif A.A., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Levi M., and Li Y.
Abstract: Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2
Published: 2016

8. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fraser, M., Pullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Hay, S., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S., Abreu, D., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akanda, A., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biroscak, B., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Blosser, C., Bohensky, M., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Brewer, J., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I., Campuzano, J., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B., Crump, J., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D., de Castro, E., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., dos Santos, K., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franca, E., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N., Gall, S., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Ghoshal, A., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Gilmour, S., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gosselin, R., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H., Hoek, H., Hogg, R., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Than Htike, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J., Joshi, T., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissela, B., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V., Mackay, M., MacLachlan, J., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martin, G., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Micha, R., Miller, Ted, Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngirabega, J., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norman, P., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J., Pant, P., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pedro, J., Stokic, L., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pope, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S., Ranabhat, C., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Blancas, M., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shetty, B., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silberberg, D., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, G., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Takahashi, K., Takala, J., Talongwa, R., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Ten Have, M., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J., Traebert, J., Tran, B., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uthman, O., Van Dingenen, R., Van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Wagner, J., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Wong, J., Woolf, A., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zannad, F., Zavala, D., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., Murray, C., Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fraser, M., Pullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Hay, S., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S., Abreu, D., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akanda, A., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biroscak, B., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Blosser, C., Bohensky, M., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Brewer, J., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I., Campuzano, J., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B., Crump, J., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D., de Castro, E., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., dos Santos, K., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franca, E., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N., Gall, S., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Ghoshal, A., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Gilmour, S., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gosselin, R., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H., Hoek, H., Hogg, R., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Than Htike, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J., Joshi, T., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissela, B., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V., Mackay, M., MacLachlan, J., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martin, G., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Micha, R., Miller, Ted, Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngirabega, J., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norman, P., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J., Pant, P., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pedro, J., Stokic, L., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pope, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S., Ranabhat, C., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Blancas, M., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shetty, B., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silberberg, D., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, G., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Takahashi, K., Takala, J., Talongwa, R., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Ten Have, M., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J., Traebert, J., Tran, B., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uthman, O., Van Dingenen, R., Van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Wagner, J., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Wong, J., Woolf, A., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zannad, F., Zavala, D., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., and Murray, C.
Published: 2016

9. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Nancy, Fullman, Jamal, Yearwood, Solomon, M, Abay, Cristiana, Abbafati, Foad, Abd-Allah, Jemal, Abdela, Ahmed, Abdelalim, Zegeye, Abebe, Teshome, Abuka, Abebo, Victor, Aboyans, Haftom, Niguse, Abraha, Daisy, M, X, Abreu, Laith, Abu-Raddad, J, Akilew, Awoke, Adane, Rufus, Adesoji, Adedoyin, Olatunji, Adetokunboh, Tara, Ballav, Adhikari, Mohsen, Afarideh, Ashkan, Afshin, Gina, Agarwal, Dominic, Agius, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Miloud, Taki, Eddine, Aichour, Mohammed, Akibu, Rufus, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, Akinyemiju, F, Nadia, Akseer, Faris, Hasan, Lami, Al, Fares, Alahdab, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Mohammed, I, Albittar, Kefyalew, Addis, Alene, Ayman, Al-Eyadhy, Syed, Danish, Ali, Mehran, Alijanzadeh, Syed, M, Aljunid, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Mahmoud, A, Alomari, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Kebede, Amenu, Walid, Ammar, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Nahla, Anber, Catalina, Liliana, Andrei, Sofia, Androudi, Carl, Abelardo, Antonio, T, Valdelaine, E, Araújo, M, Olatunde, Aremu, Johan, Ärnlöv, Artaman, Al, Krishna, Kumar, Aryal, Hamid, Asayesh, Ephrem, Tsegay, Asfaw, Solomon, Weldegebreal, Asgedom, Rana, Jawad, Asghar, Mengistu, Mitiku, Ashebir, Netsanet, Abera, Asseffa, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Sachin, R, Atre, Madhu, Atteraya, S, Leticia, Avila-Burgos, Euripide, Frinel, Arthur, G, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Animut, Alebel, Ayalew, Henok, Tadesse, Ayele, Rakesh, Ayer, Tambe, Betrand, Ayuk, Peter, Azzopardi, Natasha, Azzopardi-Muscat, Tesleem, Kayode, Babalola, Hamid, Badali, Alaa, Badawi, Maciej, Banach, Amitava, Banerjee, Amrit, Banstola, Ryan, M, Barber, Miguel, Barboza, A, Suzanne, L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Simon, Barquera, Lope, H, Barrero, Quique, Bassat, Sanjay, Basu, Bernhard, T, Baune, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Behzadifar, Bayu, Begashaw, Bekele, Abate, Bekele, Belachew, Saba, Abraham, Belay, Yihalem, Abebe, Belay, Michelle, L, Bell, Aminu, Bello, K, Derrick, A, Bennett, James, Bennett, R, Isabela, M, Bensenor, Derbew, Fikadu, Berhe, Eduardo, Bernabé, Robert, Steven, Bernstein, Mircea, Beuran, Ashish, Bhalla, Paurvi, Bhatt, Soumyadeep, Bhaumik, Zulfiqar, A, Bhutta, Belete, Biadgo, Ali, Bijani, Boris, Bikbov, Charles, Birungi, Stan, Biryukov, Hailemichael, Bizuneh, Ian, W, Bolliger, Kaylin, Bolt, Ibrahim, R, Bou-Orm, Kayvan, Bozorgmehr, Oliver, Jerome, Brady, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, J, Breitborde, K, Hermann, Brenner, Gabrielle, Britton, Traolach, S, Brugha, Zahid, Butt, A, Lucero, Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos-Nonato, Julio, Cesar, Campuzano, Josip, Car, Mate, Car, Rosario, Cárdenas, Juan, Jesus, Carrero, Felix, Carvalho, Carlos, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Kelly, Cercy, Julian, Chalek, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chang, Aparajita, Chattopadhyay, Pankaj, Chaturvedi, Peggy, Pei-Chia, Chiang, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee-Young, J, Choi, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesudas, Christopher, Sheng-Chia, Chung, Liliana, G, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Danny, Colombara, Sara, Conti, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie, Cornaby, Paolo, Angelo, Cortesi, Monica, Cortinovis, Alexandre, Costa, Pereira, Ewerton, Cousin, Michael, H, Criqui, Elizabeth, Cromwell, A, Christopher, Stephen, Crowe, John, Crump, A, Alemneh, Kabeta, Daba, Berihun, Assefa, Dachew, Abel, Fekadu, Dadi, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul, I, Dargan, Ahmad, Daryani, Maryam, Daryani, Jai, Das, Siddharth, Kumar, Das, José, Das, Neves, Nicole, Davis, Weaver, Kairat, Davletov, Barbora, De, Courten, Diego, Leo, De, Jan-Walter, De, Neve, Robert, Dellavalle, P, Gebre, Demoz, Kebede, Deribe, Don, C, Des, Jarlais, Subhojit, Dey, Samath, D, Dharmaratne, Meghnath, Dhimal, Shirin, Djalalinia, David, Teye, Doku, Kate, Dolan, Ray, E, Dorsey, Kadine, Priscila, Bender, Dos, Santos, Kerrie, E, Doyle, Tim, Driscoll, R, Manisha, Dubey, Eleonora, Dubljanin, Bruce, Bartholow, Duncan, Michelle, Echko, Dumessa, Edessa, David, Edvardsson, Joshua, R, Ehrlich, Erika, Eldrenkamp, Ziad, El-Khatib, Matthias, Endres, Aman, Yesuf, Endries, Babak, Eshrati, Sharareh, Eskandarieh, Alireza, Esteghamati, Mahdi, Fakhar, Tamer, Farag, Mahbobeh, Faramarzi, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, André, Faro, Farshad, Farzadfar, Adesegun, Fatusi, Mir, Sohail, Fazeli, Valery, Feigin, L, Andrea, B, Feigl, Netsanet, Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda, Fernandes, João, C, Fernandes, Daniel, Obadare, Fijabi, Irina, Filip, Florian, Fischer, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Abraham, D, Flaxman, Luisa, Sorio, Flor, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, J, Foreman, Joseph, Frostad, J, Thomas, Fürst, Neal, D, Futran, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Silvano, Gallus, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Morsaleh, Ganji, Abadi, Kahsu, Gebre, Tsegaye, Tewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Yalemzewod, Assefa, Gelaw, Johanna, M, Geleijnse, Demeke, Geremew, Peter, W, Gething, Reza, Ghadimi, Khalil, Ghasemi, Falavarjani, Maryam, Ghasemi-Kasman, Paramjit, Singh, Gill, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, William, W, Godwin, Srinivas, Goli, Hector, Gomez-Dantes, Philimon, N, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Yevgeniy, Goryakin, Alessandra, Carvalho, Goulart, Ayman, Grada, Max, Griswold, Giuseppe, Grosso, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Yuming, Guo, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Juanita, A, Haagsma, Vladimir, Hachinski, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Graeme, J, Hankey, Hilda, Harb, L, Heather, C, Harewood, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep, Maria, Haro, Hamid, Yimam, Hassen, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Caitlin, Hawley, Simon, I, Hay, Jiawei, He, Stephen, J, Hearps, C, Mohamed, I, Hegazy, Behzad, Heibati, Mohsen, Heidari, Delia, Hendrie, Nathaniel, J, Henry, Victor, Hugo, Herrera, Ballesteros, Claudiu, Herteliu, Desalegn, Tsegaw, Hibstu, Molla, Kahssay, Hiluf, Hans, W, Hoek, Enayatollah, Homaie, Rad, Nobuyuki, Horita, Dean, H, Hosgood, Mostafa, Hosseini, Seyed, Reza, Hosseini, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hostiuc, Damian, G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung, Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, John, J, Huang, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Fachmi, Idris, Ehimario, Uche, Igumbor, Chad, Ikeda, Bogdan, Vasile, Ileanu, Olayinka, Ilesanmi, S, Kaire, Innos, Seyed, Sina, Naghibi, Irvani, Caleb, M, Irvine, S, Farhad, Islami, Troy, A, Jacobs, Kathryn, Jacobsen, H, Nader, Jahanmehr, Rajesh, Jain, Sudhir, Kumar, Jain, Mihajlo, Jakovljevic, M, Moti, Tolera, Jalu, Amr, Jamal, A, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Ravi, Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Jha, Jacek, Józwiak, Oommen, John, Sarah, Charlotte, Johnson, Jost, Jonas, B, Vasna, Joshua, Mikk, Jürisson, Zubair, Kabir, Rajendra, Kadel, Amaha, Kahsay, Rizwan, Kalani, Chittaranjan, Kar, Marina, Karanikolos, André, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Seyed, Karimi, M, Amir, Kasaeian, Dessalegn, Haile, Kassa, Getachew, Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye, Dessale, Kassa, Nicholas, Kassebaum, J, Srinivasa, Vittal, Katikireddi, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Konstantin, Kazanjan, Seifu, Kebede, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Grant, Rodgers, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Maia, Kereselidze, Ezra, Belay, Ketema, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Morteza, Abdullatif, Khafaie, Alireza, Khajavi, Ibrahim, A, Khalil, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Nuruzzaman, Md, Khan, Muhammad, Ali, Khan, Mukti, Nath, Khanal, Young-Ho, Khang, Mona, M, Khater, Abdullah, Tawfih, Abdullah, Khoja, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Getiye, Dejenu, Kibret, Daniel, Ngari, Kiirithio, Daniel, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Ruth, Kimokoti, W, Yohannes, Kinfu, Sanjay, Kinra, Adnan, Kisa, Niranjan, Kissoon, Sonali, Kochhar, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Jacek, A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, A, Koul, Koyanagi, Ai, Michael, Kravchenko, Kewal, Krishan, Kristopher, J, Krohn, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Anil, G, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Michael, Kutz, Igor, Kuzin, Hmwe, H, Kyu, Deepesh, Pravinkumar, Lad, Alessandra, Lafranconi, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Qing, Lan, Justin, J, Lang, Van, Lansingh, C, Sonia, Lansky, Anders, Larsson, Arman, Latifi, Jeffrey, Victor, Lazarus, Janet, Leasher, L, Paul, H, Lee, Yirga, Legesse, James, Leigh, Cheru, Tesema, Leshargie, Samson, Leta, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, Juan, Liang, Misgan, Legesse, Liben, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen, S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Stefan, Listl, Patrick, Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Rakesh, Lodha, Alan, D, Lopez, Scott, Lorch, A, Stefan, Lorkowski, Paulo, A, Lotufo, Timothy, C, D, Lucas, Raimundas, Lunevicius, Grégoire, Lurton, Ronan, A, Lyons, Fadi, Maalouf, Erlyn, Rachelle, King, Macarayan, Mark, T, Mackay, Emilie, Maddison, R, Fabiana, Madotto, Hassan, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mohammed, Magdy, Abd, Razek, El, Marek, Majdan, Reza, Majdzadeh, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Rajesh, Malhotra, Deborah, Carvalho, Malta, Abdullah, Mamun, A, Helena, Manguerra, Treh, Manhertz, Mohammad, Ali, Mansournia, Lorenzo, Mantovani, G, Tsegahun, Manyazewal, Chabila, C, Mapoma, Christopher, Margono, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Sheila, Cristina, Ouriques, Martins, Francisco, Rogerlândio, Martins-Melo, Ira, Martopullo, Winfried, März, Benjamin, Ballard, Massenburg, Manu, Raj, Mathur, Pallab, K, Maulik, Mohsen, Mazidi, Colm, Mcalinden, Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Suresh, Mehata, Ravi, Mehrotra, Kala, M, Mehta, Varshil, Mehta, Toni, Meier, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Kidanu, Gebremariam, Meles, Mulugeta, Melku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad, A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Degu, Abate, Mengiste, Desalegn, Tadese, Mengistu, Bereket, Gebremichael, Menota, George, Mensah, A, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo, J, Meretoja, Haftay, Berhane, Mezgebe, Tomasz, Miazgowski, Renata, Micha, Robert, Milam, Anoushka, Millear, Ted, R, Miller, Mini, Gk, Shawn, Minnig, Andreea, Mirica, Erkin, M, Mirrakhimov, Awoke, Misganaw, Philip, B, Mitchell, Fitsum, Weldegebreal, Mlashu, Babak, Moazen, Karzan, Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Roghayeh, Mohammadibakhsh, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Ali, H, Mokdad, Glen, Liddell, D, Mola, Mariam, Molokhia, Fatemeh, Momeniha, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio, Cesar, Montañez, Hernandez, Mahmood, Moosazadeh, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Paula, Moraga, Lidia, Morawska, Ilais, Moreno, Velasquez, Rintaro, Mori, Shane, D, Morrison, Mark, Moses, Seyyed, Meysam, Mousavi, Ulrich, Mueller, O, Manoj, Murhekar, Gudlavalleti, Venkata, Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Jonah, Musa, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Ghulam, Mustafa, Saravanan, Muthupandian, Chie, Nagata, Gabriele, Nagel, Mohsen, Naghavi, Aliya, Naheed, Gurudatta, A, Naik, Nitish, Naik, Farid, Najafi, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Jobert, Richie, Njingang, Nansseu, K, M, Venkat, Narayan, Bruno, Ramos, Nascimento, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra, Irina, Negoi, Charles, Newton, R, Josephine, Wanjiku, Ngunjiri, Grant, Nguyen, Long, Nguyen, Trang, Huyen, Nguyen, Emma, Nichols, Dina, Nur, Anggraini, Ningrum, Ellen, Nolte, Vuong, Minh, Nong, Ole, Norheim, F, Norrving, Bo, Jean, Jacques, Noubiap, N, Alypio, Nyandwi, Carla, Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Richard, Ofori-Asenso, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, In-Hwan, Oh, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Andrew, Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke, Oluwasefunmi, Olagunju, Pedro, R, Olivares, Patricia, Pereira, Vasconcelos, Oliveira, De, Helen, E, Olsen, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, Kanyin, Ong, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Doris, V, Ortega-Altamirano, Alberto, Ortiz, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, Pa, Amanda, W, Pain, Marcos, Roberto, Tovani, Palone, Adrian, Pana, Songhomitra, Panda-Jonas, Jeyaraj, D, Pandian, Eun-Kee, Park, Hadi, Parsian, Tejas, Patel, Sanghamitra, Pati, Snehal, T, Patil, Ajay, Patle, George, C, Patton, Vishnupriya, Rao, Paturi, Deepak, Paudel, Marcel, De, Moares, Pedroso, Sandra, P, Pedroza, David, Pereira, M, Norberto, Perico, Hannah, Peterson, Max, Petzold, Niloofar, Peykari, Michael, Robert, Phillips, Frédéric, Piel, B, David, M, Pigott, Julian, David, Pillay, Michael, A, Piradov, Suzanne, Polinder, Constance, D, Pond, Maarten, Postma, J, Farshad, Pourmalek, Swayam, Prakash, Prakash, V, Narayan, Prasad, Noela, Marie, Prasad, Caroline, Purcell, Mostafa, Qorbani, Hedley, Knewjen, Quintana, Amir, Radfar, Anwar, Rafay, Alireza, Rafiei, Kazem, Rahimi, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad, Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad, Rahman, Ur, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Sree, Bhushan, Raju, Usha, Ram, Saleem, M, Rana, Zane, Rankin, Davide, Rasella, David, Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, Sarah, E, Ray, Christian, Aspacia, Razo-García, Priscilla, Reddy, Robert, C, Reiner, Cesar, Reis, Marissa, B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Andre, M, Renzaho, N, Serge, Resnikoff, Satar, Rezaei, Mohammad, Sadegh, Rezai, Antonio, Ribeiro, L, Maria, Jesus, Rios, Blancas, Juan, A, Rivera, Leonardo, Roever, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Ali, Rostami, Gregory, A, Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Roy, George, Mugambage, Ruhago, Yogesh, Damodar, Sabde, Perminder, S, Sachdev, Nafis, Sadat, Mahdi, Safdarian, Saeid, Safiri, Rajesh, Sagar, Amirhossein, Sahebkar, Sahraian, Haniye, Sadat, Sajadi, Joseph, Salama, Payman, Salamati, Raphael, De, Freitas, Saldanha, Hamideh, Salimzadeh, Joshua, A, Salomon, Abdallah, Samy, M, Juan, Ramon, Sanabria, Parag, Sancheti, K, Maria, Dolores, Sanchez-Niño, Damian, Santomauro, Itamar, S, Santos, Milena, Santric, M, Milicevic, Abdur, Razzaque, Sarker, Nizal, Sarrafzadegan, Benn, Sartorius, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Sonia, Saxena, Mete, I, Saylan, Elke, Schaeffner, Josef, Schmidhuber, Maria, Inês, Schmidt, Ione, J, C, Schneider, Austin, Schumacher, E, Aletta, E, Schutte, David, Schwebel, C, Falk, Schwendicke, Mario, Sekerija, Sadaf, G, Sepanlou, Edson, Servan-Mori, E, 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Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. 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Ray, Dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, Edessa, Dumessa, Edvardsson, David, Ehrlich, Joshua R., Eldrenkamp, Erika, El-Khatib, Ziad, Endres, Matthia, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fakhar, Mahdi, Farag, Tamer, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatusi, Adesegun, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L., Feigl, Andrea B., Fentahun, Netsanet, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, João C., Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gallus, Silvano, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganji, Morsaleh, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gelaw, Yalemzewod Assefa, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Geremew, Demeke, Gething, Peter W., Ghadimi, Reza, Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W., Goli, Sriniva, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon N., Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goryakin, Yevgeniy, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Grada, Ayman, Griswold, Max, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harewood, Heather C., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hawley, Caitlin, Hay, Simon I., He, Jiawei, Hearps, Stephen J.C., Hegazy, Mohamed I., Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Mohsen, Hendrie, Delia, Henry, Nathaniel J., Herrera Ballesteros, Victor Hugo, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw, Hiluf, Molla Kahssay, Hoek, Hans W., Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseini, Seyed Reza, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idris, Fachmi, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Ilesanmi, Olayinka S., Innos, Kaire, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb M.S., Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jain, Rajesh, Jain, Sudhir Kumar, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo M., Jalu, Moti Tolera, Jamal, Amr A., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Józwiak, Jacek, John, Oommen, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B., Joshua, Vasna, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Rizwan, Kar, Chittaranjan, Karanikolos, Marina, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M., Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn Haile, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kebede, Seifu, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Grant Rodger, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khajavi, Alireza, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khanal, Mukti Nath, Khang, Young-Ho, Khater, Mona M., Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kiirithio, Daniel Ngari, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinra, Sanjay, Kisa, Adnan, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kochhar, Sonali, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kuzin, Igor, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lad, Deepesh Pravinkumar, Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lang, Justin J., Lansingh, Van C., Lansky, Sonia, Larsson, Ander, Latifi, Arman, Lazarus, Jeffrey Victor, Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Paul H., Legesse, Yirga, Leigh, Jame, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leta, Samson, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Listl, Stefan, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lodha, Rakesh, Lopez, Alan D., Lorch, Scott A., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Timothy C.D., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lurton, Grégoire, Lyons, Ronan A., Maalouf, Fadi, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T., Maddison, Emilie R., Madotto, Fabiana, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manguerra, Helena, Manhertz, Treh, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C., Margono, Christopher, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins, Sheila Cristina Ourique, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, März, Winfried, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mehta, Kala M., Mehta, Varshil, Meier, Toni, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Melku, Mulugeta, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengiste, Degu Abate, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Micha, Renata, Milam, Robert, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G.K., Minnig, Shawn, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B., Mlashu, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh, Mohammed, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Mohammed A., Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen Liddell D., Molokhia, Mariam, Momeniha, Fatemeh, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Moreno Velasquez, Ilai, Mori, Rintaro, Morrison, Shane D., Moses, Mark, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murhekar, Manoj, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Jonah, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta A., Naik, Nitish, Najafi, Farid, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie Njingang, Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Newton, Charles R., Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Long, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Ellen, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F., Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Nyandwi, Alypio, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R., De Oliveira, Patricia Pereira Vasconcelo, Olsen, Helen E., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V., Ortiz, Alberto, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W., Palone, Marcos Roberto Tovani, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Park, Eun-Kee, Parsian, Hadi, Patel, Teja, Pati, Sanghamitra, Patil, Snehal T., Patle, Ajay, Patton, George C., Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao, Paudel, Deepak, De Moares Pedroso, Marcel, Pedroza, Sandra P., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Peterson, Hannah, Petzold, Max, Peykari, Niloofar, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B., Pigott, David M., Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A., Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D., Postma, Maarten J., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prakash, Swayam, Prakash, V., Prasad, Narayan, Prasad, Noela Marie, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintana, Hedley Knewjen, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Rankin, Zane, Rasella, Davide, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E., Razo-García, Christian Aspacia, Reddy, Priscilla, Reiner, Robert C., Reis, Cesar, Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rios Blancas, Maria Jesu, Rivera, Juan A., Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sachdev, Perminder S., Sadat, Nafi, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, De Freitas Saldanha, Raphael, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sancheti, Parag K., Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S., Santric Milicevic, Milena M., Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Saylan, Mete I., Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schumacher, Austin E., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Sekerija, Mario, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sharafi, Heidar, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Meenakshi, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shfare, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Shukla, Sharvari Rahul, Siabani, Soraya, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sisay, Mekonnen, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Soares Filho, Adauto Martin, Sobaih, Badr H.A., Somai, Melek, Soneji, Samir, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Soriano, Joan B., Soyiri, Ireneous N., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J., Stokes, Mark Andrew, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick J., Sykes, Bryan L., Sylaja, P.N., Szoeke, Cassandra E.I., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Tadesse, Andualem Henok, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Tandon, Nikhil, Tariku, Amare Tariku, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temam Shifa, Girma, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Tessema, Belay, Thakur, J.S., Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Matthew J., Tillmann, Taavi, To, Quyen G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Avnish, Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsoi, Derrick, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, Valdez, Pascual Rubén, Van Boven, Job F.M., Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagnew, Fasil, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell T., Walson, Judd L., Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wassie, Molla Mesele, Weaver, Marcia R., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Jordan, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, West, T. Eoin, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard G., Whiteford, Harvey A., Widecka, Justyna, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wondimkun, Yohanes Ayele, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Wyper, Grant M.A., Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimer, Nigus Bililign, Yin, Peng, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zimsen, Stephanie R.M., Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J.L., Lozano, Rafael, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Abay, Sm, Abebo, Ta, Abraha, Hn, Abreu, Dmx, Abu-Raddad, Lj, Adane, Aa, Adedoyin, Ra, Adhikari, Tb, Aichour, Mte, Akinyemi, Ro, Akinyemiju, Tf, Al Lami, Fh, Albittar, Mi, Alene, Ka, Ali, Sd, Aljunid, Sm, Alomari, Ma, Altirkawi, Ka, Amare, At, Amoako, Ya, Andrei, Cl, Antonio, Cat, Araújo, Vem, Aryal, Kk, Asfaw, Et, Asgedom, Sw, Asghar, Rj, Ashebir, Mm, Asseffa, Na, Atey, Tm, Atre, Sr, Avokpaho, Efga, Ayala Quintanilla, Bp, Ayalew, Aa, Ayele, Ht, Ayuk, Tb, Babalola, Tk, Barber, Rm, Barboza, Ma, Barker-Collo, Sl, Barrero, Lh, Baune, Bt, Bekele, Bb, Belachew, Ab, Belay, Sa, Belay, Ya, Bell, Ml, Bello, Ak, Bennett, Da, Bennett, Jr, Bensenor, Im, Berhe, Df, Bhutta, Za, Bolliger, Iw, Bou-Orm, Ir, Brady, Oj, Breitborde, Njk, Butt, Za, Campos-Nonato, Ir, Campuzano, Jc, Carrero, Jj, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ca, Chang, Hy, Chang, Jc, Chiang, Pp, Chisumpa, Vh, Choi, Jj, Christopher, Dj, Chung, Sc, Ciobanu, Lg, Cortesi, Pa, Criqui, Mh, Cromwell, Ea, Crump, Ja, Daba, Ak, Dachew, Ba, Dadi, Af, Dargan, Pi, Das, Sk, De Neve, Jw, Dellavalle, Rp, Des Jarlais, Dc, Dharmaratne, Sd, Doku, Dt, Dorsey, Er, Dos Santos, Kpb, Doyle, Ke, Driscoll, Tr, Duncan, Bb, Ehrlich, Jr, El-Khatib, Zz, Endries, Ay, Faraon, Eja, Feigin, Vl, Feigl, Ab, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, Jc, Fijabi, Do, Flaxman, Ad, Foreman, Kj, Frostad, Jj, Futran, Nd, Gebre, Ak, Gebrehiwot, Tt, Gebremedhin, At, Gelaw, Ya, Geleijnse, Jm, Gething, Pw, Giref, Az, Gishu, Md, Godwin, Ww, Gona, Pn, Gopalani, Sv, Goulart, Ac, Gugnani, Hc, Haagsma, Ja, Hailu, Gb, Hamadeh, Rr, Hankey, Gj, Harb, Hl, Harewood, Hc, Haro, Jm, Hassen, Hy, Hay, Si, Hearps, Sjc, Hegazy, Mi, Henry, Nj, Herrera Ballesteros, Vh, Hibstu, Dt, Hiluf, Mk, Hoek, Hw, Hosgood, Hd, Hosseini, Sr, Hoy, Dg, Huang, Jj, Iburg, Km, Igumbor, Eu, Ileanu, Bv, Irvani, Ssn, Irvine, Cm, Jacobs, Ta, Jacobsen, Kh, Jain, Sk, Jakovljevic, Mb, Jalu, Mt, Jamal, Aa, Jayatilleke, Au, Jha, Rp, Johnson, Sc, Jonas, Jb, Karema, Ck, Karimi, Sm, Kassa, Dh, Kassa, Gm, Kassa, Td, Kassebaum, Nj, Katikireddi, Sv, Keiyoro, Pn, Kemp, Gr, Kengne, Ap, Ketema, Eb, Khafaie, Ma, Khalil, Ia, Khan, Ea, Khan, Mn, Khan, Ma, Khanal, Mn, Khang, Yh, Khater, Mm, Khoja, Ata, Kibret, Gd, Kiirithio, Dn, Kim, Yj, Kimokoti, Rw, Kopec, Ja, Koul, Pa, Krohn, Kj, Kumar, Ga, Kyu, Hh, Lad, Dp, Lal, Dk, Lang, Jj, Lansingh, Vc, Lazarus, Jv, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Ph, Leshargie, Ct, Liben, Ml, Lim, Ll, Lopez, Ad, Lorch, Sa, Lotufo, Pa, Lucas, Tcd, Lyons, Ra, Macarayan, Erk, Mackay, Mt, Maddison, Er, Malta, Dc, Mamun, Aa, Mansournia, Ma, Mantovani, Lg, Mapoma, Cc, Martins, Sco, Martins-Melo, Fr, Massenburg, Bb, Mathur, Mr, Maulik, Pk, Mcgrath, Jj, Mehta, Km, Meles, Kg, Memish, Za, Mengiste, Da, Mengistu, Dt, Menota, Bg, Mensah, Ga, Meretoja, Tj, Mezgebe, Hb, Miller, Tr, Mini, Gk, Mirrakhimov, Em, Mitchell, Pb, Mlashu, Fw, Mohammad, Ka, Mohammed, Ma, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Montañez Hernandez, Jc, Morrison, Sd, Mousavi, Sm, Mueller, Uo, Murthy, Gv, Musa, Ki, Naik, Ga, Nansseu, Jrn, Narayan, Kv, Nascimento, Br, Negoi, Ri, Newton, Cr, Ngunjiri, Jw, Nguyen, Th, Ningrum, Dna, Nong, Vm, Norheim, Of, Noubiap, Jjn, Obermeyer, Cm, Ogbo, Fa, Oh, Ih, Olagunju, At, Olagunju, To, Olivares, Pr, Oliveira, Ppv, Olsen, He, Olusanya, Bo, Olusanya, Jo, Opio, Jn, Ortega-Altamirano, Dv, Pain, Aw, Palone, Mrt, Pandian, Jd, Park, Ek, Patil, St, Patton, Gc, Paturi, Vr, Pedroso, Mm, Pedroza, Sp, Pereira, Dm, Phillips, Mr, Piel, Fb, Pigott, Dm, Pillay, Jd, Piradov, Ma, Pond, Cd, Postma, Mj, Prasad, Nm, Quintana, Hk, Rahman, Ma, Rahman, Su, Rai, Rk, Raju, Sb, Rana, Sm, Rawaf, Dl, Ray, Se, Razo-García, Ca, Reiner, Rc, Reitsma, Mb, Renzaho, Amn, Ribeiro, Al, Rios Blancas, Mj, Rivera, Ja, Roth, Ga, Ruhago, Gm, Sabde, Yd, Sahraian, Ma, Saldanha, Rf, Salomon, Ja, Samy, Am, Sanabria, Jr, Sancheti, Pk, Sanchez-Niño, Md, Santric Milicevic, Mm, Sarker, Ar, Saylan, Mi, Schmidt, Mi, Schneider, Ijc, Schumacher, Ae, Schutte, Ae, Schwebel, Dc, Sepanlou, Sg, Servan-Mori, Ee, Shaikh, Ma, Shariful Islam, Sm, Shfare, Mt, Shrime, Mg, Shukla, Sr, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Silva, Da, Silva, Jp, Silveira, Dga, Singh, Ja, Singh, Np, Sinha, Dn, Sinke, Ah, Soares Filho, Am, Sobaih, Bha, Sorensen, Rjd, Soriano, Jb, Soyiri, In, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stanaway, Jd, Stein, Dj, Stokes, Ma, Sufiyan, Mb, Suliankatchi, Ra, Sunguya, Bf, Sur, Pj, Sykes, Bl, Sylaja, Pn, Tadakamadla, Sk, Tadesse, Ah, Taffere, Gr, Tariku, At, Temsah, Mh, Tesema, Ag, Tesfaye, Dj, Thompson, Mj, To, Qg, Tran, Bx, Tran, Kb, Tripathy, Sp, Tuem, Kb, Ukwaja, Kn, Uthman, Oa, Uzochukwu, Bsc, Valdez, Pr, van Boven, Jfm, Vladimirov, Sk, Vlassov, Vv, Vollset, Se, Wallin, Mt, Walson, Jl, Wang, Yp, Wassie, Mm, Weaver, Mr, Weintraub, Rg, Weldegwergs, Kg, West, Te, White, Rg, Whiteford, Ha, Wolfe, Cd, Wondimkun, Ya, Wyper, Gma, Yan, Ll, Yimer, Nb, Yirsaw, Bd, Yoon, Sj, Younis, Mz, Zaki, Me, Zaman, Sb, Zenebe, Zm, Zimsen, Srm, Zuhlke, Lj, Murray, Cjl, and Lozano, R.
Subjects: Peformance, Coverage, Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, GBD, Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best), universal health coverage, Article, access quality health care, health care access and quality index, Nations, Healthcare Acce, Cause-specific mortality, Psychology, Healthcare Access and Quality Index, Mælitæki, States, Medicine (all), Health care, Þjóðir, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Quality, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Sálfræði, Indicator, Amenable mortality, Transition, we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8–98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9–97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5–97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1–24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3–23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2–26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1–93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4–53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6–68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3–38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view—and subsequent provision—of quality health care for all populations, Trends, Inequalities
Abstract: Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97.1 (95% UI 95.8-98.1) in Iceland, followed by 96.6 (94.9-97.9) in Norway and 96.1 (94.5-97.3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18.6 (13.1-24.4) in the Central African Republic, 19.0 (14.3-23.7) in Somalia, and 23.4 (20.2-26.8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91.5 (89.1-936) in Beijing to 48.0 (43.4-53.2) in Tibet (a 43.5-point difference), while India saw a 30.8-point disparity, from 64.8 (59.6-68.8) in Goa to 34.0 (30.3-38.1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4.8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20.9-point to 17.0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17.2-point to 20.4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view and subsequent provision of quality health care for all populations., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Barbora de Courten is supported by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100864). Ai Koyanagi’s work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII —General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Alberto Ortiz was supported by Spanish Government (Instituto de Salud Carlos III RETIC REDINREN RD16/0019 FEDER funds). Ashish Awasthi acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through INSPIRE Faculty scheme Boris Bikbov has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Boris Bikbov acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Panniyammakal Jeemon acknowledges support from the clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015–20). Job F M van Boven was supported by the Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology of the University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Olanrewaju Oladimeji is an African Research Fellow hosted by Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and he also has honorary affiliations with Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Eastern Cape, South Africa and School of Public Health, University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia. He is indeed grateful for support from HSRC, WSU and UNAM. EUI is supported in part by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF UID: 86003). Ulrich Mueller acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study grant No 01ER1511/D, Gabrielle B Britton is supported by Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación and Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá. Giuseppe Remuzzi acknowledges that the work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Behzad Heibati would like to acknowledge Air pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Syed Aljunid acknowledges the National University of Malaysia for providing the approval to participate in this GBD Project. Azeem Majeed and Imperial College London are grateful for support from the Northwest London National Insititute of Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care. Tambe Ayuk acknowledges the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies for office space provided. José das Neves was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). João Fernandes gratefully acknowledges funding from FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grant number UID/Multi/50016/2013). Jan-Walter De Neve was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (201900). Kazem Rahimi was supported by grants from the Oxford Martin School, the NIHR Oxford BRC and the RCUK Global Challenges Research Fund. Laith J Abu-Raddad acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 9-040-3-008) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-IHME effort. Liesl Zuhlke is funded by the national research foundation of South Africa and the Medical Research Council of South Africa. Monica Cortinovis acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Chuanhua Yu acknowleges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552 and grant number 81273179) Norberto Perico acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Charles Shey Wiysonge’s work is supported by the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant numbers 106035 and 108571). John J McGrath is supported by grant APP1056929 from the John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship). Quique Bassat is an ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) research professor at ISGlobal. Richard G White is funded by the UK MRC and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union (MR/P002404/1), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium: OPP1084276/OPP1135288, CORTIS: OPP1137034/OPP1151915, Vaccines: OPP1160830), and UNITAID (4214-LSHTM-Sept15; PO 8477-0-600). Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowleges contribution from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (grant OI 175 014). Shariful Islam is funded by a Senior Fellowship from Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University and received career transition grants from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Sonia Saxena is funded by various grants from the NIHR. Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (reference number CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII–Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. Stefanos was awarded with a 6 months visiting fellowship funding at IHME from M-AES (reference no. MV16/00035 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III). S Vittal Katikreddi was funded by a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_ UU_12017/15) and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15). Traolach S Brugha has received funding from NHS Digital UK to collect data used in this study. The work of Hamid Badali was financially supported by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. The work of Stefan Lorkowski is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A). Mariam Molokhia’s research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We also thank the countless individuals who have contributed to GBD 2016 in various capacities.
Published: 2018

10. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Rob E. Dorrington, Belinda K Lloyd, Elisabete Weiderpass, Kovin Naidoo, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra Nolte, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, R. Kumar, Xiaofeng Liang, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Kazem Rahimi, Sanjay Basu, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Dipan Bose, Vivekanand Jha, Adansi A. Amankwaa, Kaire Innos, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Itamar S. Santos, Anwar Rafay, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Nana Kwaku Mainoo, Saleem M Rana, Wagner Marcenes, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Rana J. Asghar, Lela Sturua, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Corine Karema, Charles R. Newton, Uche S. Uchendu, Jongmin Lee, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Harish Chander Gugnani, Kaushalendra Kumar, Reza Assadi, Ibrahim Abubakar, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Timothy M. Wolock, Ronny Westerman, Samath D Dharmaratne, Katya Anne Shackelford, Anders Larsson, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Jixiang Ma, Lynne Gaffikin, Konstantin Kazanjan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Yichong Li, Felix Sayinzoga, Daniel Dicker, Philimon Gona, Maurice Giroud, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Lorenzo Monasta, Chantal Huynh, Abdullatif Husseini, Ted R. Miller, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Majed Asad, Uʇur Dilmen, Alaa Badawi, Hsien-Ho Lin, Haidong Kan, Vinod K. Paul, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, James Leigh, Xiao Nong Zou, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Valentina Arsić Arsenijević, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Murugesan Raju, Stephanie J. London, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Young-Ho Khang, Knud Juel, Mohsen Naghavi, Rasmus Havmoeller, Gelin Xu, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Norito Kawakami, Neil Pearce, Elisabeth Barboza França, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ketevan Goginashvili, Vegard Skirbekk, Neeraj Bedi, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Andrew H. Kemp, H. Dean Hosgood, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Konrad Pesudovs, Linhong Wang, Xiao Rong Wang, Alan D. Lopez, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Walter Mendoza, Aref A. Bin Abdulhak, Ivy Shiue, G Anil Kumar, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Jung-Chen Chang, Yousef Khader, Caitlyn Steiner, Selen Begüm Uzun, Luciano A. Sposato, Gabrielle deVeber, Raghib Ali, Andre Pascal Kengne, Chakib Nejjari, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Tania Georgina Sánchez Pimienta, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Hilda L Harb, Ali H. Mokdad, Edward J Mills, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Xiaohong Li, Luke Nyakarahuka, Diego De Leo, Rashmi Gupta, Robert G. Weintraub, Tim Driscoll, Sun Ha Jee, Carolina Maria Teixeira, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hwashin Hyun Shin, Palwasha Anwari, Daniel Pope, Hassan Amini, Jae-Hyun Park, Saad B. Omer, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Juan Liang, Tara Templin, Arindam Basu, Farshad Farzadfar, Yang Yang, Xuan Che, Scott Weichenthal, Jeyaraj D Pandian, David L. Tirschwell, Adrian Davis, Hilton Lam, Feng Tan, Stephen S Lim, Soewarta Kosen, Atsushi Goto, Ratilal Lalloo, Yanping Wang, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Dhruv S. Kazi, Jose C. Adsuar, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Gene F. Kwan, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Costas A. Christophi, Theo Vos, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Jed D. Blore, Azmeraw T. Amare, Kyle R. Heuton, Walid Ammar, Louisa Degenhardt, Andrew Vallely, Guohong Jiang, Ricky Leung, Jasvinder A. Singh, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, A Artaman, Steven E. Lipshultz, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, John Q. Wong, Manami Inoue, Coen H. Van Gool, James D. Wilkinson, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Manuela Mendonca Felicio, Farshad Pourmalek, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Robert G. Nelson, Tom Achoki, Edmond K. Kabagambe, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Christopher J L Murray, In-Hwan Oh, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Ulrich O Mueller, Austin E Schumacher, Edson Serván-Mori, Berrak Bora Basara, Simon I. Hay, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Kim Yun Jin, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Mall Leinsalu, Sergei Petrovich Ermakov, Marek Majdan, Ileana B. Heredia Pi, Christina Papachristou, Scott B. Patten, Rajeev Gupta, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Mustafa Z. Younis, Kenji Shibuya, Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima, Andrea P. Silva, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Anand Dayama, Eiman Jahangir, Stefan Ma, Karen M. Tabb, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Mazin J. Al Kahbouri, Nadim E. Karam, Jun Zhu, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Dinorah González-Castell, Diego Gonzalez-Medina, Aliya Naheed, Ryan M Barber, Salvador Villalpando, Yang Liu, Chanda Kulkarni, Vinay Nangia, Haidong Wang, Yongmei Li, Rosario Cárdenas, Randah R. Hamadeh, Suzanne Polinder, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Max Petzold, Bryan L. Sykes, Ubai Alsharif, Chuanhua Yu, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Graeme J. Hankey, Mouhanad Hammami, Iuri da Costa Leite, Dickens Akena, Rintaro Mori, Alanur Çavlin, Maia Kereselidze, Jonathan de la Cruz Monis, Deena Alasfoor, Taavi Lai, Eric Y. Tenkorang, Cyrus Cooper, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Dan Poenaru, Veena S. Kulkarni, Naohiro Yonemoto, Elizabeth Glaser, Sergey Soshnikov, Ziad A. Memish, Paul N. Jensen, Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez, Ana C. Garcia, Rakhi Dandona, Emilie Agardh, Katherine B Gibney, Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado, Michelle L. Bell, David M. Pereira, Muluemebet Abera Wordofa, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Elena Alvarez, Stephen G. Waller, Ketevan Gambashidze, Eduardo Bernabé, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Hebe N. Gouda, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Zanfina Ademi, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Denis Nash, Dima M. Qato, Luca Ronfani, Nobhojit Roy, Donald H. Silberberg, Monica S. Vavilala, Lydia S. Atkins, Hans W. Hoek, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Christopher C. Mapoma, Jost B. Jonas, Tolesa Bekele, Lalit Dandona, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Sumeet S. Chugh, Johan Ärnlöv, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Samia Alhabib, Massimo Cirillo, Soraya Seedat, Paul S. F. Yip, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Kebede Deribe, John Nelson Opio, Peter J. Allen, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Bach Xuan Tran, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Yingfeng Zheng, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Yong Zhao, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Bulat Idrisov, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Kathryn H. 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Heredia, Hoek, Hans W., Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Husseini, Abdullatif, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahangir, Eiman, Jee, Sun Ha, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B., Juel, Knud, Kabagambe, Edmond Kato, Kan, Haidong, Karam, Nadim E., Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B., Kwan, Gene, Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Ander, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, Jame, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., London, Stephanie J., Lotufo, Paulo A., Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mainoo, Nana Kwaku, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, De La Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G., Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J., Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O., Omer, Saad B., Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Jae-Hyun, Paternina Caicedo, Angel J., Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Dan, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M., Refaat, Amany, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Pimienta, Tania Georgina Sánchez, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua A., Sampson, Uchechukwu, Santos, Itamar S., Sawhney, Monika, Sayinzoga, Felix, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schumacher, Austin, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Andrea P., Singh, Jasvinder A., Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soshnikov, Sergey S., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tan, Feng, Teixeira, Carolina Maria, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Tirschwell, David L., Towbin, Jeffrey A., Tran, Bach X., Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vallely, Andrew J., Van Gool, Coen H., Vasankari, Tommi J., Vavilala, Monica S., Venketasubramanian, N., Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vos, Theo, Waller, Stephen, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Xiao Rong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D., Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q., Wordofa, Muluemebet Abera, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C., Yano, Yuichiro, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D., Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J.L., Lozano, Rafael, Kassebaum, Nj, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Coggeshall, M, Shackelford, Ka, Steiner, C, Heuton, Kr, Gonzalez-Medina, D, Barber, R, Huynh, C, Dicker, D, Templin, T, Wolock, Tm, Ozgoren, Aa, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, Sf, Achoki, T, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Adsuar, Jc, Agardh, Ee, Akena, D, Alasfoor, D, Alemu, Za, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Al Kahbouri, Mj, Alla, F, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzmán, N, Amankwaa, Aa, Amare, At, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Antonio, Ca, Anwari, P, Arnlöv, J, Arsenijevic, V, Artaman, A, Asad, Mm, Asghar, Rj, Assadi, R, Atkins, L, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Basu, A, Basu, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Bernabe, E, Beyene, Tj, Bhutta, Z, Bin Abdulhak, A, Blore, J, Basara, Bb, Bose, D, Breitborde, N, Cárdenas, R, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ca, Castro, Re, Catalá-López, F, Cavlin, A, Chang, Jc, Che, X, Christophi, Ca, Chugh, S, Cirillo, M, Colquhoun, Sm, Cooper, Lt, Cooper, C, da Costa Leite, I, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davis, A, Dayama, A, Degenhardt, L, De Leo, D, Del Pozo-Cruz, B, Deribe, K, Dessalegn, M, Deveber, Ga, Dharmaratne, Sd, Dilmen, U, Ding, El, Dorrington, Re, Driscoll, Tr, Ermakov, Sp, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, Ej, Farzadfar, F, Felicio, Mm, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, de Lima, Gm, Forouzanfar, Mh, França, Eb, Gaffikin, L, Gambashidze, K, Gankpé, Fg, Garcia, Ac, Geleijnse, Jm, Gibney, Kb, Giroud, M, Glaser, El, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, González-Castell, D, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Gugnani, Hc, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, Rr, Hammami, M, Hankey, Gj, Harb, Hl, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Pi, Ib, Hoek, Hw, Hosgood, Hd, Hoy, Dg, Husseini, A, Idrisov, Bt, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, Kh, Jahangir, E, Jee, Sh, Jensen, Pn, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Juel, K, Kabagambe, Ek, Kan, H, Karam, Ne, Karch, A, Karema, Ck, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, D, Kemp, Ag, Kengne, Ap, Kereselidze, M, Khader, Y, Khalifa, Se, Khan, Ea, Khang, Yh, Knibbs, L, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Defo, Bk, Kulkarni, C, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, Ga, Kumar, K, Kumar, Rb, Kwan, G, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lansingh, Vc, Larsson, A, Lee, Jt, Leigh, J, Leinsalu, M, Leung, R, Li, X, Li, Y, Liang, J, Liang, X, Lim, S, Lin, Hh, Lipshultz, Se, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, Bk, London, Sj, Lotufo, Pa, Ma, J, Ma, S, Machado, Vm, Mainoo, Nk, Majdan, M, Mapoma, Cc, Marcenes, W, Marzan, Mb, Mason-Jones, Aj, Mehndiratta, Mm, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Memish, Za, Mendoza, W, Miller, Tr, Mills, Ej, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Monasta, L, de la Cruz Monis, J, Hernandez, Jc, Moore, Ar, Mori, R, Mueller, Uo, Mukaigawara, M, Naheed, A, Naidoo, K, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Nejjari, C, Nelson, Rg, Neupane, Sp, Newton, Cr, Ng, M, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mj, Nisar, Mi, Nolte, S, Norheim, Of, Nyakarahuka, L, Oh, Ih, Ohkubo, T, Olusanya, Bo, Omer, Sb, Opio, Jn, Orisakwe, Oe, Pandian, Jd, Papachristou, C, Park, Jh, Caicedo, Aj, Patten, Sb, Paul, Vk, Pavlin, Bi, Pearce, N, Pereira, Dm, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Poenaru, D, Polanczyk, Gv, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qato, D, Quistberg, Da, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ur Rahman, S, Raju, M, Rana, Sm, Refaat, A, Ronfani, L, Roy, N, Pimienta, Tg, Sahraian, Ma, Salomon, J, Sampson, U, Santos, I, Sawhney, M, Sayinzoga, F, Schneider, Ij, Schumacher, A, Schwebel, Dc, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, Sg, Servan-Mori, Ee, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Shin, Hh, Shiue, I, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Silva, Ap, Singh, Ja, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soshnikov, S, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sykes, Bl, Tabb, Km, Talongwa, Rt, Tan, F, Teixeira, Cm, Tenkorang, Ey, Terkawi, A, Thorne-Lyman, Al, Tirschwell, Dl, Towbin, Ja, Tran, Bx, Tsilimbaris, M, Uchendu, U, Ukwaja, Kn, Undurraga, Ea, Uzun, Sb, Vallely, Aj, van Gool, Ch, Vasankari, Tj, Vavilala, M, Venketasubramanian, N, Villalpando, S, Violante, F, Vlassov, Vv, Vos, T, Waller, S, Wang, H, Wang, L, Wang, Sx, Wang, Y, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, Rg, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, Jd, Woldeyohannes, Sm, Wong, Jq, Wordofa, Ma, Xu, G, Yang, Yc, Yano, Y, Yentur, Gk, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, Sj, Younis, Mz, Yu, C, Jin, Ky, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zhao, Y, Zheng, Y, Zhou, M, Zhu, J, Zou, Xn, Lopez, Ad, Naghavi, M, Murray, Cj, Lozano, R, Cell biology, Epidemiology, Public Health, Erasmus MC other, Cardiothoracic Surgery, and Pathology
Subjects: Pediatrics, Time Factors, Nutrition and Disease, hiv-infection, immunodeficiency virus-1 infection, peripartum cardiomyopathy, Poison control, HIV Infections, IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-1 INFECTION, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Health, 0302 clinical medicine, PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY, pregnancy-related mortality, Risk Factors, Pregnancy, Voeding en Ziekte, Cause of Death, Global health, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, 10. No inequality, Cause of death, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, south-africa, Medicine (all), 1. No poverty, WOMEN, PREGNANCY-RELATED MORTALITY, health initiatives, General Medicine, SOUTH-AFRICA, 3. Good health, Maternal Mortality, World Health, CHILD SURVIVAL, Female, Maternal death, women, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factor, DEATHS, child survival, Article, adult mortality, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, HEALTH INITIATIVES, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, HIV-INFECTION, ADULT MORTALITY, Injury prevention, medicine, Organizational Objectives, Organizational Objective, Humans, VLAG, Models, Statistical, business.industry, Risk Factor, medicine.disease, deaths, Standardized mortality ratio, Socioeconomic Factors, Relative risk, Pregnancy Complications, Infectiou, business, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery.METHODS: We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values.FINDINGS: 292,982 (95% UI 261,017-327,792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376,034 (343,483-407,574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1-1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6-3·6) in Iceland.INTERPRETATION: Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2016

11. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Karen Sliwa, Xiaofeng Liang, Vivekanand Jha, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Rakhi Dandona, Gonghuan Yang, Xuan Che, Soewarta Kosen, Sergei Petrovich Ermakov, Ted R. Miller, Samath D Dharmaratne, Philimon Gona, Sergey Soshnikov, Atsushi Goto, Costas A. Christophi, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Elena Alvarez, Yanping Wang, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Giancarlo Logroscino, Massimo Cirillo, Knud Juel, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Stefan Ma, Samaya Ismayilova, Karen Fern Greenwell, Michelle L. Bell, Saad B. Omer, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Dhruv S. Kazi, Jed D. Blore, Walid Ammar, Carly E Levitz, Kovin Naidoo, Solveig A. Cunningham, Stephen G. Waller, Anand Dayama, James D. Wilkinson, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Meghan D. Mooney, Mall Leinsalu, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Paul S. F. Yip, Anders Larsson, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Hideaki Toyoshima, Guohong Jiang, Xia Wan, Chuanhua Yu, Soufiane Boufous, Ivy Shiue, Bulat Idrisov, Qing Lan, Chelsea A. Liddell, Austin E Schumacher, Valeria Caso, Nigel Bruce, Paulo A. Lotufo, Ibrahim Abubakar, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Luke Nyakarahuka, Edward J Mills, Iuri da Costa Leite, Semaw Ferede Abera, Ana C. Garcia, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Matthew M Coates, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Bradford D. Gessner, Kebede Deribe, Tommi Vasankari, Logan Sandar, Kenji Shibuya, Karen M. Tabb, Troy Jacobs, Christopher J L Murray, Chakib Nejjari, Katherine T. Lofgren, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Haidong Wang, Joanna Moschandreas, Raimundas Lunevicius, Nataliya Foigt, Rashmi Gupta, Ziad A. Memish, Victoria Pillay-van Wyk, Randah R. Hamadeh, Azmeraw T. Amare, Lalit Dandona, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Monika Sawhney, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Farhad Islami, Palwasha Anwari, Mustafa Z. Younis, Amitava Banerjee, Ruben Castro, David O. Carpenter, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Taavi Lai, Yousef Khader, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Atte Meretoja, Zanfina Ademi, Ivo Rakovac, Yang Yang, Hilda L Harb, Daniel Pope, Jun She, Yichong Li, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Adrian Davis, Stein Emil Vollset, Andre Pascal Kengne, Henry Apfel, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, John J. McGrath, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Jonas Minet Kinge, Elisabete Weiderpass, Rajiv Chowdhury, Damian G Hoy, Jürgen C Schmidt, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Harish Chander Gugnani, Hywel C Williams, Karen Edmond, Peter J. Allen, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Tom Achoki, Edmond K. Kabagambe, Naohiro Yonemoto, Jun Zhu, Simon I. Hay, Karen J. Courville, Ketevan Goginashvili, Theo Vos, Kim Yun Jin, Kawkab Shishani, Lorenzo Monasta, H. Dean Hosgood, Uʇur Dilmen, Marcella Montico, Shankuan Zhu, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Hebe N. Gouda, Linh N Bui, Sanjay Basu, Mouhanad Hammami, Mohammad T Mashal, Bryan K. Phillips, Marissa Iannarone, Ronan A Lyons, Young-Ho Khang, Robert G. Weintraub, Luca Ronfani, Daniel Kim, Alanur Çavlin, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ronny Westerman, Maia Kereselidze, Itamar S. Santos, Reza Assadi, Hwashin Hyun Shin, Carolina Maria Teixeira, Berrak Bora Basara, David Rojas-Rueda, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Adansi A. Amankwaa, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Kaushalendra Kumar, Daniel Obadare Fijabi, Neeraj Bedi, Robert Quentin Reilly, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Scott Weichenthal, Mark A. Green, Selen Begüm Uzun, Mukesh Dherani, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Majed Asad, Jasvinder A. Singh, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Eric L. Ding, Jost B. Jonas, Tolesa Bekele, Alan J Thomson, Steven E. Lipshultz, Rosario Cárdenas, Sajjad Ur Rahman, George A. Mensah, Jongmin Lee, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Mohammad Yahya Saeedi, Magdalena M. Muszyńska, Ulrich O Mueller, Stephen S Lim, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, Luciano A. Sposato, G Anil Kumar, Farshad Pourmalek, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, K.M. Venkat Narayan, William Msemburi, Ting Wu Chuang, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Saleem M Rana, Mohammad Taghi Hedayati, Mohsen Naghavi, Vegard Skirbekk, Walter Mendoza, Ali H. Mokdad, Yohannes Kinfu, Jean de Dieu Ngirabega, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Parfait Uwaliraye, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Farshad Farzadfar, Rob E. Dorrington, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, R. Kumar, Lesley Rushton, Wang, H, Liddell, Ca, Coates, Mm, Mooney, Md, Levitz, Ce, Schumacher, Ae, Apfel, H, Iannarone, M, Phillips, B, Lofgren, Kt, Sandar, L, Dorrington, Re, Rakovac, I, Jacobs, Ta, Liang, X, Zhou, M, Zhu, J, Yang, G, Wang, Y, Liu, S, Li, Y, Ozgoren, Aa, Abera, Sf, Abubakar, I, Achoki, T, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Alemu, Za, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alvarez, E, Amankwaa, Aa, Amare, At, Ammar, W, Anwari, P, Cunningham, Sa, Asad, Mm, Assadi, R, Banerjee, A, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Bhutta, Z, Blore, J, Basara, Bb, Boufous, S, Breitborde, N, Bruce, Ng, Bui, Ln, Carapetis, Jr, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, Do, Caso, V, Castro, Re, Catalá Lopéz, F, Cavlin, A, Che, X, Chiang, Pp, Chowdhury, R, Christophi, Ca, Chuang, Tw, Cirillo, Massimo, da Costa Leite, I, Courville, Kj, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davis, A, Dayama, A, Deribe, K, Dharmaratne, Sd, Dherani, Mk, Dilmen, U, Ding, El, Edmond, Km, Ermakov, Sp, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fijabi, Do, Foigt, N, Forouzanfar, Mh, Garcia, Ac, Geleijnse, Jm, Gessner, Bd, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Green, Ma, Greenwell, Kf, Gugnani, Hc, Gupta, R, Hamadeh, Rr, Hammami, M, Harb, Hl, Hay, S, Hedayati, Mt, Hosgood, Hd, Hoy, Dg, Idrisov, Bt, Islami, F, Ismayilova, S, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jonas, Jb, Juel, K, Kabagambe, Ek, Kazi, D, Kengne, Ap, Kereselidze, M, Khader, Y, Khalifa, Se, Khang, Yh, Kim, D, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, Jm, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Defo, Bk, Kumar, Ga, Kumar, K, Kumar, Rb, Lai, T, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Lee, Jt, Leinsalu, M, Lim, S, Lipshultz, Se, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, Pa, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, Ra, Ma, S, Mahdi, Aa, Marzan, Mb, Mashal, Mt, Mazorodze, Tt, Mcgrath, Jj, Memish, Za, Mendoza, W, Mensah, Ga, Meretoja, A, Miller, Tr, Mills, Ej, Mohammad, Ka, Mokdad, Ah, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moore, Ar, Moschandreas, J, Msemburi, Wt, Mueller, Uo, Muszynska, Mm, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, K, Narayan, Kv, Nejjari, C, Ng, M, de Dieu Ngirabega, J, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mj, Nyakarahuka, L, Ohkubo, T, Omer, Sb, Caicedo, Aj, Wyk, Vp, Pope, D, Prabhakaran, D, Rahman, Su, Rana, Sm, Reilly, Rq, Rojas Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rushton, L, Saeedi, My, Salomon, J, Sampson, U, Santos, I, Sawhney, M, Schmidt, Jc, Shakh Nazarova, M, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Shin, Hh, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Sigfusdottir, Id, Singh, Ja, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soshnikov, S, Sposato, La, Stathopoulou, Vk, Stroumpoulis, K, Tabb, Km, Talongwa, Rt, Teixeira, Cm, Terkawi, A, Thomson, Aj, Thorne Lyman, Al, Toyoshima, H, Dimbuene, Zt, Uwaliraye, P, Uzun, Sb, Vasankari, Tj, Vasconcelos, Am, Vlassov, Vv, Vollset, Se, Vos, T, Waller, S, Wan, X, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, Rg, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, Jd, Williams, Hc, Yang, Yc, Yentur, Gk, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Jin, Ky, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zhu, S, Lopez, Ad, and Murray, C. J.
Subjects: trends, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Nutrition and Disease, democracy, Developing country, coverage, VDP::Medisinske fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Epidemiologi medisinsk og odontologisk statistikk: 803, millennium development goals, Global Health, survival, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, 030225 pediatrics, Voeding en Ziekte, Infant Mortality, Global health, Humans, Organizational Objectives, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, VLAG, business.industry, Mortality rate, Infant, Newborn, 1. No poverty, Infant, health, General Medicine, Millennium Development Goals, Infant mortality, maternal education, 3. Good health, Secular variation, Child mortality, Socioeconomic Factors, income countries, Child, Preschool, Child Mortality, developing-countries, VDP::Midical sciences: 700::Health sciences: 800::Epidemiology, medical and dental statistics: 803, International development, business, Demography, child-mortality
Abstract: Summary Background Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success. Methods We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0–6 days), late neonatal (7–28 days), postneonatal (29–364 days), childhood (1–4 years), and under-5 (0–4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29 000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030. Findings We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0–6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1–18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6–177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8–2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from −6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000–13 than during 1990–2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41·6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37·4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1·4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0·9 million and 2·2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only −1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone. Interpretation Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, US Agency for International Development.
Published: 2014

12. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, Gonzalez-Medina D, Barber R, Huynh C, Dicker D, Templin T, Wolock TM, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Alasfoor D, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alla F, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzmán N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asad MM, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Basu A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhutta Z, Bin Abdulhak A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Breitborde N, Cárdenas R, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Cavlin A, Chang JC, Che X, Christophi CA, Chugh SS, Cirillo M, Colquhoun SM, Cooper LT, Cooper C, da Costa Leite I, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Degenhardt L, De Leo D, del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Dessalegn M, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Dorrington RE, Driscoll TR, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Felicio MM, Fereshtehnejad SM, de Lima GM, Forouzanfar MH, França EB, Gaffikin L, Gambashidze K, Gankpé FG, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Giroud M, Glaser EL, Goginashvili K, Gona P, González-Castell D, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Husseini A, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Inoue M, Jacobsen KH, Jahangir E, Jee SH, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kan H, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kwan G, Lai T, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lansingh VC, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Lim SS, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, London SJ, Lotufo PA, Ma J, Ma S, Machado VM, Mainoo NK, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Mason-Jones AJ, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, de la Cruz Monis J, Hernandez JC, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Nand D, Nangia V, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Park JH, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Poenaru D, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Refaat A, Ronfani L, Roy N, Pimienta TG, Sahraian MA, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Santos IS, Sawhney M, Sayinzoga F, Schneider IJ, Schumacher A, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soshnikov SS, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Tan F, Teixeira CM, Tenkorang EY, Terkawi AS, Thorne-Lyman AL, Tirschwell DL, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Tsilimbaris M, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Undurraga EA, Uzun SB, Vallely AJ, van Gool CH, Vasankari TJ, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Villalpando S, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vos T, Waller S, Wang H, Wang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Westerman R, Wilkinson JD, Woldeyohannes SM, Wong JQ, Wordofa MA, Xu G, Yang YC, Yano Y, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zou XN, Lopez AD, Naghavi M, Murray CJ, and Lozano R
Subjects: Age Distribution, Cause of Death trends, Female, Global Health statistics & numerical data, HIV Infections mortality, Humans, Models, Statistical, Organizational Objectives, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious mortality, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Global Health trends, Maternal Mortality trends
Abstract: Background: The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery., Methods: We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values., Findings: 292,982 (95% UI 261,017-327,792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376,034 (343,483-407,574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1-1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6-3·6) in Iceland., Interpretation: Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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13. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Wang H, Liddell CA, Coates MM, Mooney MD, Levitz CE, Schumacher AE, Apfel H, Iannarone M, Phillips B, Lofgren KT, Sandar L, Dorrington RE, Rakovac I, Jacobs TA, Liang X, Zhou M, Zhu J, Yang G, Wang Y, Liu S, Li Y, Ozgoren AA, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Alemu ZA, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alvarez E, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Ammar W, Anwari P, Cunningham SA, Asad MM, Assadi R, Banerjee A, Basu S, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bhutta Z, Blore JD, Basara BB, Boufous S, Breitborde N, Bruce NG, Bui LN, Carapetis JR, Cárdenas R, Carpenter DO, Caso V, Castro RE, Catalá-Lopéz F, Cavlin A, Che X, Chiang PP, Chowdhury R, Christophi CA, Chuang TW, Cirillo M, da Costa Leite I, Courville KJ, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Deribe K, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani MK, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Edmond KM, Ermakov SP, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fijabi DO, Foigt N, Forouzanfar MH, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Goginashvili K, Gona P, Goto A, Gouda HN, Green MA, Greenwell KF, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Harb HL, Hay S, Hedayati MT, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Idrisov BT, Islami F, Ismayilova S, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kazi DS, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khang YH, Kim D, Kinfu Y, Kinge JM, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Lai T, Lan Q, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leinsalu M, Lim SS, Lipshultz SE, Logroscino G, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Ma S, Mahdi AA, Marzan MB, Mashal MT, Mazorodze TT, McGrath JJ, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mensah GA, Meretoja A, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mohammad KA, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Montico M, Moore AR, Moschandreas J, Msemburi WT, Mueller UO, Muszynska MM, Naghavi M, Naidoo KS, Narayan KM, Nejjari C, Ng M, de Dieu Ngirabega J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nyakarahuka L, Ohkubo T, Omer SB, Caicedo AJ, Pillay-van Wyk V, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Prabhakaran D, Rahman SU, Rana SM, Reilly RQ, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Rushton L, Saeedi MY, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Santos IS, Sawhney M, Schmidt JC, Shakh-Nazarova M, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shishani K, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soshnikov SS, Sposato LA, Stathopoulou VK, Stroumpoulis K, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Teixeira CM, Terkawi AS, Thomson AJ, Thorne-Lyman AL, Toyoshima H, Dimbuene ZT, Uwaliraye P, Uzun SB, Vasankari TJ, Vasconcelos AM, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Waller S, Wan X, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Westerman R, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Yang YC, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhu S, Vos T, Lopez AD, and Murray CJ
Subjects: Child, Preschool, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Organizational Objectives, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Child Mortality trends, Global Health trends, Infant Mortality trends
Abstract: Background: Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success., Methods: We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29,000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030., Findings: We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0-6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1-18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6-177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8-2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41·6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37·4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1·4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0·9 million and 2·2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone., Interpretation: Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, US Agency for International Development., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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13 results on '"Shakh Nazarova, M"'

1. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

2. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

3. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

4. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015

5. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

6. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

7. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

8. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

9. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

10. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

11. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

12. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

13. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

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13 results on '"Shakh Nazarova, M"'

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