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Abstract Background Lignocellulosic biomass provides a great starting point for the production of energy, chemicals, and fuels. The major component of lignocellulosic biomass is cellulose, the employment of highly effective enzymatic cocktails, which can be produced by a variety of microorganisms including species of the genus Aspergillus, is necessary for its utilization in a more productive manner. In this regard, molecular biology techniques should be utilized to promote the economics of enzyme production, whereas strategies like protoplast fusion could be employed to improve the efficacy of the hydrolytic process. Results The current study focuses on cellulase production in Aspergillus species using intrageneric protoplast fusion, statistical optimization of growth parameters, and determination of antioxidant activity of fermentation hydrolysate. Protoplast fusion was conducted between A. flavus X A. terreus (PFFT), A. nidulans X A. tamarii (PFNT) and A. oryzae X A. tubingensis (PFOT), and the resultant fusant PFNT revealed higher activity level compared with the other fusants. Thus, this study aimed to optimize lignocellulosic wastes-based medium for cellulase production by Aspergillus spp. fusant (PFNT) and studying the antioxidant effect of fermentation hydrolysate. The experimental strategy Plackett-Burman (PBD) was used to assess how culture conditions affected cellulase output, the best level of the three major variables namely, SCB, pH, and incubation temperature were then determined using Box-Behnken design (BBD). Consequently, by utilizing an optimized medium instead of a basal medium, cellulase activity increased from 3.11 U/ml to 7.689 U/ml CMCase. The following medium composition was thought to be ideal based on this optimization: sugarcane bagasse (SCB), 6.82 gm; wheat bran (WB), 4; Moisture, 80%; pH, 4; inoculum size, (3 × 106 spores/ml); and incubation Temp. 31.8 °C for 4 days and the fermentation hydrolysate has 28.13% scavenging activities. Conclusion The results obtained in this study demonstrated the significant activity of the selected fusant and the higher sugar yield from cellulose hydrolysis over its parental strains, suggesting the possibility of enhancing cellulase activity by protoplast fusion using an experimental strategy and the fermentation hydrolysate showed antioxidant activity.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a considerable family of evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperones that play an important role in protecting cells against cellular stressors. HSP70 is a sensitive, and superabundant gene associated with heat stress's physiological adaptability. This research aimed to identify the polymorphisms in 5' - 3' untranslated regions (5' UTR and 3′ UTR) of the HSP70 gene in western Sudan indigenous cattle. The genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of Sudanese Red Fulani, Nyalawi, and Messeri cattle, and analyzed using the Sangar sequencing method. The results showed that the existence of 5 SNPs of g.802C>T, g.895C/-, g.1125A>C, g.1128G>T, and g.1204T>C at 5' UTR and one SNP of g.64T>G at 3′ UTR. The moderate polymorphic informative content (PIC) and highest effective number of allele values were detected in SNP of g.895C/- (1.97) and g.64T>G (1.88) in Sudanese Red Fulani and indicated that these SNPs are highly polymorphic. The deletion of Cytosine (g.895C/-) and G (g.64T>G) alleles were the most frequent while the (--) and (GT) genotypes were the most frequent among these cattle. The chi-square (χ2) test revealed that the genotype frequency for the HSP70 gene disagreed with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). This research is the first study concerned with HSP70 polymorphisms in Western Sudanese cattle. Thus, the results concluded that the HSP70 gene in (5' UTR and 3′ UTR) in all studied cattle was polymorphic. The 2 SNPs of g.895C/- and g.64T>G are useful molecular markers to assist selection for thermal adaptation in Sudanese cattle breeds.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a considerable family of evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperones that play an important role in protecting cells against cellular stressors. HSP70 is a sensitive, and superabundant gene associated with heat stress's physiological adaptability. This research aimed to identify the polymorphisms in 5' - 3' untranslated regions (5' UTR and 3' UTR) of the HSP70 gene in western Sudan indigenous cattle. The genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of Sudanese Red Fulani, Nyalawi, and Messeri cattle, and analyzed using the Sangar sequencing method. The results showed that the existence of 5 SNPs of g.802C>T, g.895C/-, g.1125A>C, g.1128G>T, and g.1204T>C at 5' UTR and one SNP of g.64T>G at 3' UTR. The moderate polymorphic informative content (PIC) and highest effective number of allele values were detected in SNP of g.895C/- (1.97) and g.64T>G (1.88) in Sudanese Red Fulani and indicated that these SNPs are highly polymorphic. The deletion of Cytosine (g.895C/-) and G (g.64T>G) alleles were the most frequent while the (--) and (GT) genotypes were the most frequent among these cattle. The chi-square (χ2) test revealed that the genotype frequency for the HSP70 gene disagreed with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). This research is the first study concerned with HSP70 polymorphisms in Western Sudanese cattle. Thus, the results concluded that the HSP70 gene in (5' UTR and 3' UTR) in all studied cattle was polymorphic. The 2 SNPs of g.895C/- and g.64T>G are useful molecular markers to assist selection for thermal adaptation in Sudanese cattle breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]