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Viruses are everywhere, being the most abundant entities in the biological world. This paper suggests the idea of RNA appearing before DNA and establishing the RNA world , and, consequently, through the RNA virus and other strains creating the path to life. The arguments presented in favor are conclusively shown through the principles of Chaos and Complexity producing Order and life.

A series of eleven thiazolidine-2, 4-dione (TZD) derivatives, were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral analysis. All the synthesized TZD derivatives were screened for their in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and antioxidant, activities and cytotoxicity. In vivo antihyperglycemic effect was assessed by measuring plasma glucose (PG) levels in alloxan-induced type II diabetic rat models. The compound 4h exhibited better blood glucose lowering activity than the standard drug rosiglitazone. The synthesized TZD derivatives were evaluated for hepatotoxicity and pancreatic tissue studies. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method and H2 O2 method. Compounds 4a and 4b exhibited potent antioxidant activity. Among the tested compounds for cytotoxicity using MTT assay method, compound 4i exhibited better viability and cytotoxicity activity. Thiazolidinedione derivatives were evaluated for their affinity towards target PPARg, using rosiglitazone as the reference compound molecular docking visualization through FlexX docking program. From selected anti-diabetic targets, the proposed derivatives exhibited better interaction with PPARγ receptor, where rosiglitazone showed docking score of -19.891 kJ/ mol, compound 4h exhibited highest docking score of -31.6068 kJ/mol. The study showed that all the studied compounds were showing higher docking score when compared to control drug rosiglitazone and it could be a remarkable starting point to evaluate structure activity relationships to develop new lead molecules with potential anti-diabetic activities.

The purpose of this paper is to define artificial intelligence in terms of existing patterns of development and to iterate the applications and uses of such an intelligence in the future. The paper shall proceed to weigh in possibilities and failures of such design , and analyse whether a creation of artificial intelligence can be achieved using missing ingredients with which the mind's thinking is capable of, and which can be installed as patterns for achieving artificial intelligence for replicating the human mind

The detection of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions have been done by modifying the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with graphene oxide (GO) mixed ionic liquid (IL) (BMIM-PF₆) and nafion binder. The developed nanocomposite film combines the advantages of graphene and ionic liquid for enhanced detection. The estimated sensitivity for Cd (II) was 0.0711 µA/ppb and limit of detection found to be 0.33 ppb in the concentration range of 2.4–70 ppb. The effect of deposition potential (Dp), deposition time (Dt) and stirring speed(S) have been carried out for the response of Cd (II) current signal. The estimated sensitivity for Pb (II) was 0.0371 µA/ppb and limit of detection value of 0.42 ppb found in the linear calibration range of 5–15 ppb. Further the study of interaction effect of independent parameters (Dp, Dt, S) has also been studied by designing the experiment based on Box-Behnken design. The RSM modeling and optimization of process parameters for Cd (II) current response by IL/GO/GCE electrode was carried out with suitable empirical model. This developed sensor exhibited selective, good stability and reproducibility that could be explored for environmental, food and pharmaceutical analysis. Keywords: Electrochemical sensor, Graphene, Heavy metals, Voltammetry, RSM optimization

Fabrication of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosensor for determination of Cr(VI) based on the inhibition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity is reported herein. The sensor platform was developed by using electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) film modified GCE electrode. The thionine layer is deposited over ERGO layer by two step electrodeposition process. Immobilization of HRP over the thionine modified ERGO electrode has been done by mixing with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. The cathodic responses of the immobilized HRP for H2O2 detection is monitored using cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry method. Cr(VI) as a trace metal ions inhibitor to the enzyme activity was proportional to concentration in the range of 0.039–0.78 µM with the sensitivity of 4.41% inhibition µM−1 and the limit of detection is 0.02 µM (S/N = 3). The inhibition mechanism determined from Dixon and Cornish-Bowden plots was found to be uncompetitive. Good stability and reproducibility of the developed sensor could provide an excellent sensing platform for the determination of peroxide and heavy metals in environmental analyses and clinical testing. Keywords: Electrodeposition, Electroreduced graphene oxide, Peroxide, Horseradish peroxidase, Chromium, Enzyme inhibition

Background: Multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria represent a challenge in the treatment of infections. It is imperative, therefore, that new substances with antimicrobial properties should be searched to fight these microorganisms. Objective: A series of 5-benzylidene-2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl benzoic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated their antimicrobial potential. The compounds were synthesized by both conventional and microwave synthesizers. Methods: In this study, a series of 5-benzylidene-2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl benzoic acid derivatives were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of 2, 4-thiazolidinedione with substituted aryl aldehydes followed by substitution of 3-amino group with p-chlorobenzoic acid. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral (FT-IR, mass and 1HNMR) and elemental analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and a fungal strain by agar well diffusion assay method and solid dilution method. Results: The compounds exhibited appreciable antimicrobial activity. Compound 4-(5-(2- chlorobenzylidene)-2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)benzoic acid (3f) expressed potent antimicrobial activities against all of the microbial strains examined in this study with MIC values ranging between 0.6-0.8 µg/mL and diameter of the zone of inhibition between 17.2-19.5 mm at the concentration of 200 µg/mL. Conclusion: There was a marked decrease in the reaction time, under mild conditions through microwave synthesis wherein it presented a green approach towards syntheses of the thiazolidinedione derivatives. All compounds exhibited mild to moderate antimicrobial activity. The results of tested bioactive assay showed that the nature of the substituent on the phenyl ring significantly influenced the antimicrobial activity. Among the chloro, bromo and methoxy substituted derivatives, chloro derivative possessed the highest activity followed by bromo and then methoxy. The position of the substituents on the arylidene nucleus also affected the activity and it was found that generally ortho-substituted derivatives showed better antimicrobial activity than others.

The study draws insights to teacher and learners in terms of teaching material development. Teaching of the second language has been an important issue in modern world. It is not only an area of teaching but also an area of economic concerns. As a natural outcome that brings out, there is a hard competition among the publishers to obtain the high quality of the teaching materials. Any language learning process traditionally needs print materials or non-print materials (Reinders and White, 2010; Richards, 2001, p. 251; McGrath, 2002, pp. 125-136). The current paper is an assessment of the English Language curriculum that is taught in the colleges across Gujarat. Through this paper, it is focused on whether the curriculum fulfills learners’ needs. Curriculum is used as a general term for the entire organized teaching plan of a subject. Syllabus refers to a pre-defined teacher and supervisor definition of how the curriculum will be accomplished over a predefined period. A curriculum can consist of a number of syllabi. In many parts of the world, language education programs are designed following a syllabus-driven approach, that is, the syllabus determines what kind of materials will be prescribed and in what ways they can be implemented for the classroom teaching. In certain educational contexts, the syllabus even determines how materials should be designed in the first place.

In this paper, the structural and mechanical properties of IS:2062 mild steel after single-pass gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) were investigated and evaluated, to reveal the weld strength and microhardness of welded joints. The properties of the welded joint are affected by various welding parameters, such as welding current, welding speed, gas flow rate and groove angle. This work concerns with mild steel plate joining with bevel angle (30°–50°) and also using filler material same as the base metal. The quality of welds will depend on the modeling of weld bead shape.

A series of novel schiff bases of 3-aminomethyl pyridine have been synthesized through condensation reaction with substituted aryl aldehydes/ketones and/cyclic ketones. These schiff bases were screened for anticonvulsant activity. The chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. A number of compounds were observed to exhibit seizures protection after intraperitoneal administration at the dose 30 and 100 mg kg−1 in various models employed. In MES screen we found five potent compounds i.e., (1c) N-(2-chlorobenzylidene) (pyridin-3-yl) methanamine, (1f) 2-methoxy-4-{(pyridine-3-ylmethyl imino) methyl} phenol, (2a) N-(3phenylallylidene) (pyridin-3-yl) methanamine, (3b) 3-{1-(pyridin-3-ylmethylimino) ethyl} benzenamine, and (4a) N-(diphenyl-methylene) (pyridin-3-yl) methanamine, emerged as most active compounds in series (ED50) 11.70, 6.39, 11.70, 8.64, and 9.13 mg kg−1 with high protective index (PI) > 10. Four compounds (1e) 4-{(Pyridine-3-ylmethylmino) methyl}benzene-1,3-diol, (1g) N-(3,4,-dimethoxybenzylidene) (pyridin-3-yl)methanamine, (2b) N-{(1H-indol-3-yl)methylene}(pyridin-3-yl) methanamine, and (5) N-cyclohexylidene (pyridine-3-yl) methanamine) showed remarkable protection over clinically used drugs in sc.PTZ screen (ED50) 6.44, 11.70, 6.47, and 14.16 with (PI > 10). Compound (4b) showed good anticonvulsant activity (ED50) 20.79, but with relatively higher neurotoxicity (PI, 0.57). Compound (1e) was active in both sc.PTZ and in sc.STR seizures. Some selected compounds were subjected to oral MES screen (30 mg kg−1) in rats, most of the compounds showed peak activity after 0.5 h of oral administration.