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Possible reasons for the non-detection of absorption in the metastable HeI(2^3S) line at transit observations of warm Neptune GJ436b, in spite of the well pronounced strong absorption features measured earlier in Ly{\alpha} for this planet, are investigated. We perform numeric simulations of the escaping upper atmosphere of this planet and its HeI(2^3S) triplet absorption with a global 3D multi-fluid self-consistent hydrodynamic model. By fitting the model parameters to the lowest detection level of absorption measurements, we constrain an upper limit the He/H abundance three times smaller than the solar value. We demonstrate that neither the significant changes of the stellar wind related with possible stellar coronal mass ejections (CMEs), or possible variations in the stellar ionization radiation, nor the presence of heavy trace elements have crucial effect on the absorption at the 10830{\AA} line of HeI(2^3S) triplet. The main reason of weak signature is that the region populated by the absorbing metastable helium is rather small (<3R_p), as well as the small size of the planet itself, in comparison to the host star. We show that the radiation pressure force acting on the HeI(2^3S) atoms spreads them along the line of sight and around the planet, thus further reducing peak absorption., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

We aim to narrow down the origin of the non-detection of the metastable HeI triplet at about 10830 A obtained for the hot Jupiter WASP-80b. We measure the X-ray flux of WASP-80 from archival observations and use it as input to scaling relations accounting for the coronal [Fe/O] abundance ratio to infer the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flux in the 200-504 A range, which controls the formation of metastable HeI. We run three dimensional (magneto) hydrodynamic simulations of the expanding planetary upper atmosphere interacting with the stellar wind to study the impact on the HeI absorption of the stellar high-energy emission, the He/H abundance ratio, the stellar wind, and the possible presence of a planetary magnetic field up to 1 G. For a low stellar EUV emission, which is favoured by the measured logR'HK value, the HeI non-detection can be explained by a solar He/H abundance ratio in combination with a strong stellar wind, or by a sub-solar He/H abundance ratio, or by a combination of the two. For a high stellar EUV emission, the non-detection implies a sub-solar He/H abundance ratio. A planetary magnetic field is unlikely to be the cause of the non-detection. The low EUV stellar flux, driven by the low [Fe/O] coronal abundance, is the likely primary cause of the HeI non-detection. High-quality EUV spectra of nearby stars are urgently needed to improve the accuracy of high-energy emission estimates, which would then enable one to employ the observations to constrain the planetary He/H abundance ratio and the stellar wind strength. This would greatly enhance the information that can be extracted from HeI atmospheric characterisation observations., Comment: Accepted for publication on A&A, 20 pages

The paper presents results of laboratory experiment modeling the interaction between Lunar magnetic anomalies and Solar wind. To model the LMA we use quadrupole magnetic field. The main dimentionless parameter of the problem, the ion inertia length relative to the mini-magnetosphere size, well corresponds between experiment and LMA conditions. The main result is measurement of the magnetically reflected proton fluxes, which show qualitative agreement to available satellite data.

A 3D fully self-consistent multi-fluid hydrodynamic aeronomy model is applied to simulate the hydrogen-helium expanding upper atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HD189733b, and related absorption in the Lya line and the 10830 A line of metastable helium. We studied the influence of a high-energy stellar flux, stellar wind, and Lya cooling to reproduce the available observations. We found that to fit the width of the absorption profile in 10830 A line the escaping upper atmosphere of planet should be close to the energy limited escape achieved with a significantly reduced Lya cooling at the altitudes with HI density higher than 3*10^6 cm^-3. Based on the preformed simulations, we constrain the helium abundance in the upper atmosphere of HD189733b by a rather low value of He/H~0.005. We show that under conditions of a moderate stellar wind similar to that of the Sun the absorption of Lya line takes place mostly within the Roche lobe due to thermal broadening at a level of about 7%. At an order of magnitude stronger wind, a significant absorption of about 15% at high blue shifted velocities of up to 100 km/s is generated in the bowshock region, due to Doppler broadening. These blue shifted velocities are still lower than those (~200 km/s) detected in one of the observations. We explain the differences between performed observations, though not in all the details, by the stellar activity and the related fluctuations of the ionizing radiation (in case of 10830 A line), and stellar wind (in case of Lya line).

The hot Jupiter WASP-80b has been identified as a possible excellent target for detecting and measuring HeI absorption in the upper atmosphere. We observed 4 primary transits of WASP-80b in the optical and near-IR using the HARPS-N and GIANO-B high-resolution spectrographs, focusing on the HeI triplet. We further employed a three-dimensional hydrodynamic aeronomy model to understand the observational results. We did not find any signature of planetary absorption at the position of the HeI triplet with an upper limit of 0.7% (i.e. 1.11 planetary radii; 95% confidence level). We re-estimated the stellar high-energy emission that we combined with a stellar photospheric model to generate the input for the hydrodynamic modelling. We obtained that, assuming a solar He to H abundance ratio, HeI absorption should have been detected. Considering a stellar wind 25 times weaker than solar, we could reproduce the non-detection only assuming a He to H abundance ratio about 16 times smaller than solar. Instead, considering a stellar wind 10 times stronger than solar, we could reproduce the non-detection only with a He to H abundance ratio about 10 times smaller than solar. We attempted to understand this result by collecting all past HeI measurements looking for correlations with stellar high-energy emission and planetary gravity, but without finding any. WASP-80b is not the only planet with a sub-solar estimated He to H abundance ratio, suggesting the presence of efficient physical mechanisms (e.g. phase separation, magnetic fields) capable of significantly modifying the He to H content in the upper atmosphere of hot Jupiters. The planetary macroscopic properties and the shape of the stellar spectral energy distribution are not sufficient for predicting the presence or absence of detectable metastable He in a planetary atmosphere, as also the He abundance appears to play a major role., Comment: Accepted for publication on A&A

The signs of an expanding atmosphere of HD209458b have been observed with far-ultraviolet transmission spectroscopy and in the measurements of transit absorption by metastable HeI. These observations are interpreted using the hydrodynamic and Monte-Carlo numerical simulations of various degree of complexity and consistency. At the same time, no attempt has been made to model atmospheric escape of a magnetized HD209458b, to see how the planetary magnetic field might affect the measured transit absorption lines. This paper presents the global 3D MHD self-consistent simulations of the expanding upper atmosphere of HD209458b interacting with the stellar wind, and models the observed HI (Lya), OI (1306 A), CII (1337 A), and HeI (10830 A) transit absorption features. We find that the planetary dipole magnetic field with the equatorial surface value of Bp = 1 G profoundly changes the character of atmospheric material outflow and the related absorption. We also investigate the formation of planetary magnetosphere in the stellar wind and show that its size is more determined by the escaping atmosphere flow rather than by the strength of magnetic field. Fitting of the simulation results to observations enables constraining the stellar XUV flux and He abundance at ~10 erg cm2/s (at 1 a.u.) and He/H=0.02, respectively, as well as setting an upper limit for the dipole magnetic field of Bp<0.1 G on the planetary surface at the equator. This implies that the magnetic dipole moment of HD209458b should be less than 0.06 of the Jovian value.

Transmission spectroscopy of WASP-107b revealed 7-8% absorption at the position of metastable HeI triplet at 10830 {\AA} in Doppler velocity range of [-20; 10] km/s, which is stronger than that measured in other exoplanets. With a dedicated 3D self-consistent hydrodynamic multi-fluid model we calculated the expanding upper atmosphere of WASP-107b and reproduced within the observations accuracy the measured HeI absorption profiles, constraining the stellar XUV flux to (6-10) erg cm-2 s-1 at 1 a.u., and the upper atmosphere helium abundance He/H to 0.075-0.15. The radiation pressure acting on the metastable HeI atoms was shown to be an important factor affecting the shape of the absorption profiles. Its effect is counterbalanced by the processes of collisional depopulation of the HeI metastable state. Altogether, the observed HeI absorption in WASP-107b can be interpreted with the expected reasonable parameters of the stellar-planetary system and appropriate account of the electron and atom impact processes., Comment: to be published

The discovery of thousands of highly irradiated, low-mass, exoplanets has led to the idea that atmospheric escape is an important process that can drive their evolution. Of particular interest is the inference from recent exoplanet detections that there is a large population of low mass planets possessing significant, hydrogen dominated atmospheres, even at masses as low as $\sim 2$~M$_\oplus$. The size of these hydrogen dominated atmospheres indicates the the envelopes must have been accreted from the natal protoplanetary disc. This inference is in contradiction with the Solar System terrestrial planets, that did not reach their final masses before disc dispersal, and only accreted thin hydrogen dominated atmospheres. In this review, we discuss the evidence for hydrogen dominated atmospheres on terrestrial mass ($\lesssim$ 2~M$_\oplus$) planets. We then discuss the possible origins and evolution of these atmospheres with a focus on the role played by hydrodynamic atmospheric escape driven by the stellar high-energy emission (X-ray and EUV; XUV)., Comment: Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews. Part of ISSI special collection on 'Understanding the Diversity of Planetary Atmospheres'

Warm Neptune GJ3470b has been recently observed in 23S-23P transition of metastable helium, yielding absorption of about 1% in Doppler velocity range of [-40; 10] km/s. Along with previous detection of absorption in Ly{\alpha} with depth of 20-40% in the blue and red wings of the line, it offers a complex target for simulation and testing of the current models. Obtained results suggest that absorption in both these lines comes from interaction of expanding upper planetary atmosphere with stellar plasma wind, allowing to constrain the stellar plasma parameters and the helium abundance in planet atmosphere.

Aims: We aim at constraining the conditions of the wind and high-energy emission of the host star reproducing the non-detection of Ly$\alpha$ planetary absorption. Methods: We model the escaping planetary atmosphere, the stellar wind, and their interaction employing a multi-fluid, three-dimensional hydrodynamic code. We assume a planetary atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium. We run models varying the stellar high-energy emission and stellar mass-loss rate, further computing for each case the Ly$\alpha$ synthetic planetary atmospheric absorption and comparing it with the observations. Results: We find that a non-detection of Ly$\alpha$ in absorption employing the stellar high-energy emission estimated from far-ultraviolet and X-ray data requires a stellar wind with a stellar mass-loss rate about six times lower than solar. This result is a consequence of the fact that, for $\pi$ Men c, detectable Ly$\alpha$ absorption can be caused exclusively by energetic neutral atoms, which become more abundant with increasing the velocity and/or the density of the stellar wind. By considering, instead, that the star has a solar-like wind, the non-detection requires a stellar ionising radiation about four times higher than estimated. This is because, despite the fact that a stronger stellar high-energy emission ionises hydrogen more rapidly, it also increases the upper atmosphere heating and expansion, pushing the interaction region with the stellar wind farther away from the planet, where the planet atmospheric density that remains neutral becomes smaller and the production of energetic neutral atoms less efficient. Conclusions: Comparing the results of our grid of models with what is expected and estimated for the stellar wind and high-energy emission, respectively, we support the idea that the atmosphere of $\pi$ Men c is likely not hydrogen-dominated., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. The abstract has been shortened to fit the arXiv form

The absorption of stellar radiation observed by the HD209458b in resonant lines of OI and CII has not yet been satisfactorily modeled. In our previous 2D simulations we have shown that the hydrogen-dominated upper atmosphere of HD209458b, heated by XUV radiation, expands supersonically beyond the Roche lobe and drags the heavier species along with it. Assuming solar abundances, OI and CII particles accelerated by tidal forces to velocities up to 50 km/s should produce the absorption due to Doppler resonance mechanism at the level of 6-10%, consistent with the observations. Since the 2D geometry does not take into account the Coriolis force in the planet reference frame, the question remained to which extent the spiraling of the escaping planetary material and its actually achieved velocity may influence the conclusions made on the basis of 2D modeling. In the present paper we apply for the first time in the study of HD209458b a global 3D hydrodynamic multi-fluid model that self-consistently describes the formation and expansion of the escaping planetary wind, affected by the tidal and Coriolis forces, as well as by the surrounding stellar wind. The modeling results confirm our previous findings that the velocity and density of the planetary flow are sufficiently high to produce the absorption in HI, OI, and CII resonant lines at the level close to the in-transit observed values. The novel finding is that the matching of the absorption measured in MgII and SiIII lines requires at least 10 times lower abundances of these elements than the Solar system values., Comment: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2019)

Using a global 3D, fully self-consistent, multi-fluid hydrodynamic model, we simulate the escaping upper atmosphere of the warm Neptune GJ436b, driven by the stellar XUV radiation impact and gravitational forces and interacting with the stellar wind. Under the typical parameters of XUV flux and stellar wind plasma expected for GJ436, we calculate in-transit absorption in Ly{\alpha} and find that it is produced mostly by Energetic Neutral Atoms outside of the planetary Roche lobe, due to the resonant thermal line broadening. At the same time, the influence of radiation pressure has been shown to be insignificant. The modelled absorption is in good agreement with the observations and reveals such features as strong asymmetry between blue and red wings of the absorbed Ly{\alpha} line profile, deep transit depth in the high velocity blue part of the line reaching more than 70%, and the timing of early ingress. On the other hand, the model produces significantly deeper and longer egress than in observations, indicating that there might be other processes and factors, still not accounted, that affect the interaction between the planetary escaping material and the stellar wind. At the same time, it is possible that the observational data, collected in different measurement campaigns, are affected by strong variations of the stellar wind parameters between the visits, and therefore, they cannot be reproduced altogether with the single set of model parameters., Comment: 34 pages and 18 figures

We present two-dimensional multi-fluid numerical modelling of the upper atmosphere of the hot Jupiter WASP-12b. The model includes hydrogen chemistry, and self-consistently describes the expansion of the planetary upper atmosphere and mass loss due to intensive stellar irradiation, assuming a weakly magnetized planet. We simulate the planetary upper atmosphere and its interaction with the stellar wind (SW) with and without the inclusion of tidal force and consider different XUV irradiation conditions and SW parameters. With the inclusion of tidal force, even for a fast SW, the escaping planetary material forms two streams, propagating towards and away from the star. The atmospheric escape and related mass loss rate reaching the value of 10^12 gs^-1 appear to be mostly controlled by the stellar gravitational pull. We computed the column density and dynamics of MgII ions considering three different sets of SW parameters and XUV fluxes. The simulations enable to compute the absorption at the position of the Mg h line and to reproduce the times of ingress and egress. In case of a slow SW and without accounting for tidal force, the high orbital velocity leads to the formation of a shock approximately in the direction of the planetary orbital motion. In this case, mass loss is proportional to the stellar XUV flux. At the same time, ignoring of tidal effects for WASP-12b is a strong simplification, so the scenario with a shock, altogether is an unrealistic one., Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures

We modeled the transit signatures in the Lya line of a putative Earth-sized planet orbiting in the HZ of the M dwarf GJ436. We estimated the transit depth in the Lya line for an exo-Earth with three types of atmospheres: a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, a nitrogen-dominated atmosphere, and a nitrogen-dominated atmosphere with an amount of hydrogen equal to that of the Earth. We calculated the in-transit absorption they would produce in the Lya line. We applied it to the out-of-transit Lya observations of GJ 436 obtained by the HST and compared the calculated in-transit absorption with observational uncertainties to determine if it would be detectable. To validate the model, we also used our method to simulate the deep absorption signature observed during the transit of GJ 436b and showed that our model is capable of reproducing the observations. We used a DSMC code to model the planetary exospheres. The code includes several species and traces neutral particles and ions. At the lower boundary of the DSMC model we assumed an atmosphere density, temperature, and velocity obtained with a hydrodynamic model for the lower atmosphere. We showed that for a small rocky Earth-like planet orbiting in the HZ of GJ436 only the hydrogen-dominated atmosphere is marginally detectable with the STIS/HST. Neither a pure nitrogen atmosphere nor a nitrogen-dominated atmosphere with an Earth-like hydrogen concentration in the upper atmosphere are detectable. We also showed that the Lya observations of GJ436b can be reproduced reasonably well assuming a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, both in the blue and red wings of the Lya line, which indicates that warm Neptune-like planets are a suitable target for Lya observations. Terrestrial planets can be observed in the Lya line if they orbit very nearby stars, or if several observational visits are available., Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

We present a 3D fully selfconsistent multi-fluid hydrodynamic aeronomy model to study the structure of a hydrogen dominated expanding upper atmosphere around the hot Jupiter HD 209458b and the warm Neptune GJ 436b. In comparison to previous studies with 1D and 2D models, the present work finds such 3D features as zonal flows in upper atmosphere reaching up to 1 km/s, the tilting of the planetary outflow by Coriolis force by up to 45 degrees and its compression around equatorial plane by tidal forces. We also investigated in details the influence of Helium (He) on the structure of the thermosphere. It is found that by decrease of the barometric scale-height, the He presence in the atmosphere strongly affects the H2 dissociation front and the temperature maximum.

The work shows that a single elongated island immersed in the quasi-neutral current sheet makes it MHD unstable. Typical values of growth rate are found to be several per cent of inverse Alfven time for broad sheets. Hall dynamics greatly enhance instability and growth rate reaches one-tenth of ion cyclotron frequency when sheet width is comparable to ion inertia length. A weak square-root dependence of increment on island width and length is derived both from numerical simulation and analytical analysis. At the non-linear phase of evolution a phenomenon of fast impulsive intensification of current is found. After finite time of about 10 ion-cyclotron periods it ends by a collapse of the sheet. It is shown that Hall dynamics is responsible for such a behaviour. Possible implications for magnetotail substorms are discussed.

Reconnection physics at micro-scales is investigated in an electron magnetohydrodynamics frame. A new process of collapse of the neutral current sheet is demonstrated by means of analytical and numerical solutions. It shows how at scales smaller than ion inertia length a compression of the sheet triggers an explosive evolution of current perturbation. Collapse results in the formation of a intense sub-sheet and then an X-point structure embedded into the equilibrium sheet. Hall currents associated with this structure support high reconnection rates. Nonlinear static solution at scales of the electron skin reveals that electron inertia and small viscosity provide an efficient mechanism of field lines breaking. The reconnection rate does not depend on the actual value of viscosity, while the maximum current is found to be restricted even for space plasmas with extremely rare collisions. The results obtained are verified by a two-fluid large-scale numerical simulation.

In previous experiments by the authors on a magnetic dipole interacting with a laser-produced plasma the generation of an intense field-aligned current (FAC) system on terrella poles was observed. In this paper the question of the origin of these currents in a low-latitude boundary layer of magnetosphere is investigated. Experimental evidence of such a link was obtained by measurements of the magnetic field generated by tangential drag and sheared stress. This specific azimuthal field was found to have quadruple symmetry and local maxima inside the magnetosphere adjacent to the boundary layer. Cases of metallic and dielectric dipole covers modeling good conductive and non-conductive ionosphere revealed that the presence or absence of FACs results in different amplitudes and spatial structures of the sheared field. The current associated with the azimuthal field flows upward at the dawnside, and toward the equator plane at the duskside. It was found to coincide by direction and to correspond by amplitude to a total cross-polar current measured independently. The results suggest that compressional and Alfven waves are responsible for FAC generation. The study is most relevant to FACgeneration in the magnetospheres of Earth and Mercury following pressure jumps in solar wind.

In an experiment on a magnetic dipole interacting with a laser-produced plasma the generation of an intense field aligned current (FAC) system was observed for the first time in a laboratory. The detailed measurements of the total value and local current density, of the magnetic field at the poles and in the equatorial magnetopause, and particular features of electron motion in the current channels revealed its similarity to the Region-1 current system in the Earth magnetosphere. Such currents were found to exist only if they can close via conductive cover of the dipole. Comparison of conductive and dielectric cases revealed specific magnetic features produced by FACand their connection with electric potential generated in the equatorial part of the magnetopause. To interpret the data we consider a model of electric potential generation in the boundary layer which agrees with experiment and with measurements of the Earth transpolar potential in the absence of an interplanetary magnetic field as well. The results could be of importance for the investigation of Mercury as a magnetic disturbance due to FAC could be especially large because of the small size of the Hermean magnetosphere.

To shed more light on the nature of the observed Ly{\alpha} absorption during transits of HD 209458b and to quantify the major mechanisms responsible for the production of fast hydrogen atoms (the so called energetic neutral atoms, ENAs) around the planet, 2D hydrodynamic multifluid modeling of the expanding planetary upper atmosphere, which is driven by stellar XUV, and its interaction with the stellar wind has been performed. The model selfconsistently describes the escaping planetary wind, taking into account the generation of ENAs due to particle acceleration by the radiation pressure and by the charge exchange between the stellar wind protons and planetary atoms. The calculations in a wide range of stellar wind parameters and XUV flux values showed that under typical Sun-like star conditions, the amount of generated ENAs is too small, and the observed absorption at the level of 6-8 percent can be attributed only to the non-resonant natural line broadening. For lower XUV fluxes, e.g., during the activity minima, the number of planetary atoms that survive photoionization and give rise to ENAs increases, resulting in up to 10-15 percent absorption at the blue wing of the Lya line, caused by resonant thermal line broadening. A similar asymmetric absorption can be seen under the conditions realized during coronal mass ejections, when sufficiently high stellar wind pressure confines the escaping planetary material within a kind of bowshock around the planet. It was found that the radiation pressure in all considered cases has a negligible contribution to the production of ENAs and the corresponding absorption., Comment: open access

A magnetosphere comparable in size to ion inertial length, known as a mini-magnetosphere, possesses unusual features which have been predicted by numerical simulations and shown in recent experiments. In the present paper we study a pronounced difference between the west and east flanks of a mini-magnetosphere observed for the first time in pioneering terrella experiments of 60 s duration. It manifests itself in plasma penetration deep inside the west flank and the formation of a return current that effects the magnetic structure, in contrast to the east flank which has a well-defined boundary layer and plasma cavity. We propose that the plasma penetration and the return current can be understood in the framework of a test-particle model. This model serves to illustrate in simple terms the Hall physics which was found to be behind similar features at the frontal part and the tail of the mini-magnetosphere observed in our previous experiments. Because of the large gyroradius, ions tend to be deflected by the dipole field at the east flank and drawn into the west flank. To verify that the return electric current in the magnetospheric plasma is carried by ions, we measured it directly using a Rogovski coil and compared it with the ion flux measured by Langmuir probe.

This is the second paper in a series where we build a self-consistent model to simulate the mass-loss process of a close-orbit magnetized giant exoplanet, so-called hot Jupiter (HJ). In this paper we generalize the hydrodynamic (HD) model of an HJ expanding hydrogen atmosphere, proposed in the first paper, to include the effects of intrinsic planetary magnetic field. The proposed self-consistent axisymmetric 2D magnetohydrodynamics model incorporates radiative heating and ionization of the atmospheric gas, basic hydrogen chemistry for the appropriate account of major species composing HJ's upper atmosphere and related radiative energy deposition, and H3+ and Ly{\alpha} cooling processes. The model also takes into account a realistic solar-type X-ray/EUV spectrum for calculation of intensity and column density distribution of the radiative energy input, as well as gravitational and rotational forces acting in a tidally locked planet-star system. An interaction between the expanding atmospheric plasma and an intrinsic planetary magnetic dipole field leads to the formation of a current-carrying magnetodisk that plays an important role for topology and scaling of the planetary magnetosphere. A cyclic character of the magnetodisk behavior, composed of consequent phases of the disk formation followed by the magnetic reconnection with the ejection of a ring-type plasmoid, has been discovered and investigated. We found that the mass-loss rate of an HD 209458b analog planet is weakly affected by the equatorial surface field <0.3 G, but is suppressed by an order of magnitude at the field of 1 G.

Transient interaction of magnetic dipole with plasma flow carrying southward magnetic field is studied in laboratory experiment. The flow with transverse frozen-in field is generated by means of laser-produced plasma cross-field expansion into background plasma which fills vacuum chamber along externally applied magnetic field prior to interaction. Probe measurements showed that at realized plasma parameters effective collisionless Larmor coupling takes place resulting in formation of strong compressive perturbation which propagates in background with super-Alfvenic velocity and generates in laboratory frame transverse electric field comparable in value to expected induction one. Compression pulse with southward field after short propagation interacts with dipole and creates well defined magnetosphere. Comparison of magnetospheres created by laser-produced plasma expanding in vacuum field and in magnetized background revealed fundamental differences in structure and behavior of electric potential in plasma. In presence of frozen-in southward field direct {\guillemotleft}sub-solar{\guillemotright} penetration of outside electric potential deep inside of magnetosphere was observed taking place with velocity close to upstream Alfven speed.

Transient interaction of counter-streaming super-sonic plasma flows in dipole magnetic dipole is studied in laboratory experiment. First quasi-stationary flow is produced by teta-pinch and forms a magnetosphere around the magnetic dipole while laser beams focused at the surface of the dipole cover launch second explosive plasma expanding from inner dipole region outward. Laser plasma is energetic enough to disrupt magnetic field and to sweep through the background plasma for large distances. Probe measurements showed that far from the initially formed magnetosphere laser plasma carries within itself a magnetic field of the same direction but order of magnitude larger in value than the vacuum dipole field at considered distances. Because no compression of magnetic field at the front of laser plasma was observed, the realized interaction is different from previous experiments and theoretical models of laser plasma expansion into uniform magnetized background. It was deduced based on the obtained data that laser plasma while expanding through inner magnetosphere picks up a magnetized shell formed by background plasma and carries it for large distances beyond previously existing magnetosphere.

We investigate the interaction between the magnetized stellar wind plasma and the partially ionized hydrodynamic hydrogen outflow from the escaping upper atmosphere of non- or weakly magnetized hot Jupiters. We use the well-studied hot Jupiter HD 209458b as an example for similar exoplanets, assuming a negligible intrinsic magnetic moment. For this planet, the stellar wind plasma interaction forms an obstacle in the planet's upper atmosphere, in which the position of the magnetopause is determined by the condition of pressure balance between the stellar wind and the expanded atmosphere, heated by the stellar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. We show that the neutral atmospheric atoms penetrate into the region dominated by the stellar wind, where they are ionized by photo-ionization and charge exchange, and then mixed with the stellar wind flow. Using a 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, we show that an induced magnetic field forms in front of the planetary obstacle, which appears to be much stronger compared to those produced by the solar wind interaction with Venus and Mars. Depending on the stellar wind parameters, because of the induced magnetic field, the planetary obstacle can move up to ~0.5-1 planetary radii closer to the planet. Finally, we discuss how estimations of the intrinsic magnetic moment of hot Jupiters can be inferred by coupling hydrodynamic upper planetary atmosphere and MHD stellar wind interaction models together with UV observations. In particular, we find that HD 209458b should likely have an intrinsic magnetic moment of 10-20% that of Jupiter., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, accepted to MNRAS

The interaction of escaping upper atmosphere of a hydrogen rich non-magnetized analog of HD209458b with a stellar wind of its host G-type star at different orbital distances is simulated with a 2D axisymmetric multi-fluid hydrodynamic model. A realistic sun-like spectrum of XUV radiation which ionizes and heats the planetary atmosphere, hydrogen photo-chemistry, as well as stellar-planetary tidal interaction are taken into account to generate self-consistently an atmospheric hydrodynamic outflow. Two different regimes of the planetary and stellar winds interaction have been modelled. These are: 1) the "captured by the star" regime, when the tidal force and pressure gradient drive the planetary material beyond the Roche lobe towards the star, and 2) the "blown by the wind" regime, when sufficiently strong stellar wind confines the escaping planetary atmosphere and channels it into the tail. The model simulates in details the hydrodynamic interaction between the planetary atoms, protons and the stellar wind, as well as the production of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) around the planet due to charge-exchange between planetary atoms and stellar protons. The revealed location and shape of the ENA cloud either as a paraboloid shell between ionopause and bowshock (for the "blown by the wind" regime), or a turbulent layer at the contact boundary between the planetary stream and stellar wind (for the "captured by the star" regime) are of importance for the interpretation of Ly{\alpha} absorption features in exoplanetary transit spectra and characterization of the plasma environments., Comment: Published on ApJ

In the present series of papers we propose a consistent description of the mass loss process. To study the effects of intrinsic magnetic field of a close-orbit giant exoplanet (so-called Hot Jupiter) on the atmospheric material escape and formation of planetary inner magnetosphere in a comprehensive way, we start with a hydrodynamic model of an upper atmosphere expansion presented in this paper. While considering a simple hydrogen atmosphere model, we focus on selfconsistent inclusion of the effects of radiative heating and ionization of the atmospheric gas with its consequent expansion in the outer space. Primary attention is paid to investigation of the role of specific conditions at the inner and outer boundaries of the simulation domain, under which different regimes of material escape (free- and restricted- flow) are formed. Comparative study of different processes, such as XUV heating, material ionization and recombination, H3+ cooling, adiabatic and Lyman-alpha cooling, Lyman-alpha reabsorption is performed. We confirm basic consistence of the outcomes of our modeling with the results of other hydrodynamic models of expanding planetary atmospheres. In particular, we obtain that under the typical conditions of an orbital distance 0.05 AU around a Sun-type star a Hot Jupiter plasma envelope may reach maximum temperatures up to ~9000K with a hydrodynamic escape speed ~9 km/s resulting in the mass loss rates ~(4-7)*10^10 g*s . In the range of considered stellar-planetary parameters and XUV fluxes that is close to mass loss in the energy limited case. The inclusion of planetary intrinsic magnetic fields in the model is a subject of the following up paper (Paper II)., Comment: 31 pages, 11 figures

A problem of magnetosphere formation on ion inertia scale around weakly magnetized bodies is investigated by means of laboratory experiment, analytical analysis and 2.5D Hall MHD simulation. Experimental evidence of specific magnetic field generated by the Hall term is presented. Direct comparison of regimes with small and large ion inertia length revealed striking differences in measured magnetopause position and plasma stand off distance. Analytical model is presented, which explains such basic features of mini-magnetosphere observed in previous kinetic simulations as disappearance of bow shock and plasma stopping at Stoermer particle limit instead of pressure balance distance. Numerical simulation is found to be in a good agreement with experiments and analytical model. It gives detailed spatial structure of Hall field and reveals that while ions penetrate deep inside mini-magnetosphere electrons overflow around it along magnetopause boundary., Comment: 23 pages, 18 figures