Search

Background: WHO and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics recognise the words "post maturity," "post term," "postdate," and "prolongedpregnancy" to describe pregnancies that continue beyond their intended end points (expected date of delivery). As much as 10% of pregnancies become more complicated due to a pregnancy that lasts longer than expected, and this poses risks to both the mother and the unborn child. Objective: To study of medical induction of labour in post-dated pregnancy. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Abdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali, Bangladesh from January to June 2022. 100 patients included in our study. Labour induction in post-dated pregnancy was performed only after appropriate assessment of the mother and foetus. The inclusion criteria were intact membrane, cephalic presentation, singleton pregnancies, low Bishop score in post-dated pregnancies. Absolute contraindications to induction of labour include contracted pelvis, placenta previa, unexplained vaginal bleeding, presentation other than head and previous caesarean section were excluded from the study. This study shows that the main method was oxytocin drip and second method was ARM+oxytocin in drip, some cases induced by using oral prostaglandin and very few cases induced by intra cervical prostaglandin. Results: During the study 21-31 years age group, 60%. 42% were in oxytocin drip followed by 38% were in ARM + Oxytocin drip, 14% were in misoprostol in oxytocin drip 30% were failed cases followed by in ARM + Oxytocin drip it was 25%, in misoprostol it was 14%. Majority had Spontaneous vaginal delivery followed by 15% had Delivery by Caesarean section and 10% had Delivery with the aid of Forceps. 13% had foetal distress and 5% had unfavorable cervix. 75% were healthy baby and 20% were distress baby. Conclusion: Successful birth outcomes are strongly correlated with labor starting at the optimal time. An accurate diagnosis of postdatism is crucial. Mothers' worries and issues related to postdatism may be reduced with the help of sound guidance and close observation from healthcare providers. Due to technical constraints in foetal monitoring and oxytocin titration, caesarean section is often used to terminate most post-dated pregnancies in various hospitals throughout the nation. When a mature cervix and optimal fetal presentation are present, inducing labor seems to be safe for both the woman and the baby.

Background: Many people still lack access to health care in countries like Bangladesh, despite the country's impressive record of improvement and growth in this area. Pregnancy-related hypertension is the most prevalent medical issue. Objective: In this study our main goal is to compare the efficacy of labetalol and methyldopa in treatment of pregnancy induced hypertension. Method: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Abdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali over a period of 2 years from September 2019 to September 2021, after taking ethical committee clearance. 180 Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive women after 20 weeks of pregnancy coming to hospital over a period of 2 years on IPD basis from September 2019 to September 2012 were included as sample size. Among 180 patients of PIH, 90 were given Labetalol (group A) and 90 were given Methyldopa (group B). Results: during the study, with labetalol, the mean arterial pressure on admission was 109.48mmHg which reduced to 96.90mmHg on day 7. Reduction in MAP was statistically significant. On comparing the two drugs, MAP on admission were comparable but on day 7, significant fall in MAP was seen in patients receiving labetalol. In the present study, the mean time required to control BP in group A was 42.22 hours and in group Bit was 36.97 hours. In group A, 40% patients required a dose of 750 mg/day to achieve optimal BPcontrol. Whereas 52% patients had their BP controlled with 300mg / day. Thus the rate of spontaneous labour was more in patients treated with labetalol. Patients in both group where in both group most common side-effect observed was headache. 8% patients in Group A and 7% patients in group B had this symptom. Conclusion: The freedom from maternal and fetal side-effects, the efficient hypotensive action indicates that labetalol is suitable for use during pregnancy.

Introduction: Chronic osteomyelitis is a surgical disease that can require significant dedication from both patient and surgeon to eradicate. Treatment requires isolation of pathogen, significant debridement for removal of all infective and necrotic material, then bony and soft tissue reconstruction. Objective: We shall try to highlight the option of management of a pan-Diaphyseal osteomyelitis of a children in the new era of osteosynthesis by Ilizarov. Discussion: A two years old baby presented to us with the H/O chronic discharging sinus and arm sling for around 3 months. After clinical history taking and examination, radiography and pus testing (C/S) and sequestrum and pathological fracture was the identifying points we took the plan for exploration curettage and drainage. Finally we fix the arm by Ilizarov osteosynthesis for more than 3 months. The wound healed and osteomyelitis resolved. Conclusion: Use of Ilizarov osteosynthesis for fixation and wire tension effect to resolve the infection1,2 Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(2): 157-158

長崎大学学位論文 [学位記番号]博（医歯薬）甲第1294号 [学位授与年月日]令和2年12月2日, (2020-12-02)

Asymptomatic leishmaniasis is believed to play important role in maintaining the transmission of Leishmania spp. within endemic communities. Therefore, the efforts to eliminate leishmaniasis are daunting if we cannot manage asymptomatic leishmaniasis well. To clarify the global prevalence and factors associated with the asymptomatic Leishmania infection, we assessed the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis by a systematic review followed by meta-analyses. In addition, factors associated with the asymptomatic leishmaniasis versus symptomatic were also analyzed. We included all of the original articles alluding to the human asymptomatic leishmaniasis that was confirmed by at least one laboratory diagnosis method regardless of age, sex, race, and ethnicity of the patients, study design, publication date or languages. In total, 111 original articles were chosen for the data extraction. Based on our meta-analyses of the original articles reporting asymptomatic leishmaniasis mostly in endemic areas, the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis was 11.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6%‐14.4%] in general population, 36.7% [95% CI 27.6%‐46.8%] in inhabitants living in the same or neighboring household to the symptomatic patients, and 11.8% [95% CI 7.1%-19%] in HIV infected patients. Among individuals with leishmaniasis, 64.9% [95% CI 54.7%-73.9%] were asymptomatic and males were more susceptible to develop symptoms, with OR=1.88, 95% CI 1.19-2.99, P=0.007. Meta-regression analysis showed no significant change in the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis during the last 40 years.

The aim of this study was to find out the adhesion formation after closing of parietal peritoneum at primary caesarean section done in different indications; the patients were admitted in Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital, a rural tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. In this study total 872 pregnant women were evaluated in 4 years period, who were admitted either from OPD or through emergency. Most of the caesarean sections were done due to elective causes. After the primary caesarean section, the repeat caesarean section was done in the same hospital by same surgeon within these time period and observed that there was no or few filmy adhesions were formed. So it was evaluated that, objectively to accept this step that is peritoneal closure in our operation procedure to reduce peritoneal adhesion formation.KYAMC Journal Vol. 6, No.-2, Jan 2016, Page 627-630

Concrete is most widely used construction material. It is a major part of development in all countries especially in a developing country like India. Concrete plays very important role in the infrastructural development, concrete possess a very low tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. The abundant availability of raw materials, excellent strength and durability, low manufacturing and maintenance cost, versatility in forming various shapes and unlimited structural application in combination with steel reinforcement has made the concrete a common construction material. The growth and advancement in concrete technology has made the construction to reach at high level with superior construction techniques and methodologies. The present review paper mainly focuses on research papers carried in the field of fibre reinforced concrete, which includes experimentation studies, strength and durability properties, effect on fibres etc. The latest developments in fibre reinforced concrete have been emphasized in the present review paper. The literature papers collected are mostly concentrated on the review of published papers after 2010. The paper represents a complete collection of the studies carried out in the field of fibre reinforced composites. The review article would give an updated material for the researchers in the field of fibre reinforced concrete. Thus helps them to carry out the research related to fibres, fibre composite etc, and can furnish in their studies and help them to arrive at feasible outcomes.

We report a 70 years old postmenopausal lady Mrs Johura Begum presented to us with the complaints of watery and foul smelling per vaginal discharge for 4-5 months, occasional per vaginal bleeding for 2-3 months lower abdominal pain for 15 days, fever for 7 days. On general examination she was restless, her temperature was 1020F and lower abdomen was tender. On per vaginal examination there were foul smelling discharge and a large ulcerated and necrossed mass in the vaginal canal that bleeds on touch. She was managed surgically. Now she is on chemotherapy and well.KYAMC Journal Vol. 7, No.-2, Jan 2017, Page 818-820

The need to characterize ices coating dust grains in dense interstellar clouds arises from the importance of ice morphology in facilitating the diffusion and storage of radicals and reaction products in ices, a well-known place for the formation of complex molecules. Yet, there is considerable uncertainty about the structure of ISM ices, their ability to store volatiles and under what conditions. We measured the infrared absorption spectra of CO on the pore surface of porous amorphous solid water (ASW), and quantified the effective pore surface area of ASW. Additionally, we present results obtained from a Monte Carlo model of ASW in which the morphology of the ice is directly visualized and quantified. We found that 200 ML of ASW annealed to 20 K has a total pore surface area that is equivalent to 46 ML. This surface area decreases linearly with temperature to about 120 K. We also found that (1) dangling OH bonds only exist on the surface of pores; (2) almost all of the pores in the ASW are connected to the vacuum--ice interface, and are accessible for adsorption of volatiles from the gas phase; there are few closed cavities inside ASW at least up to a thickness of 200 ML; (3) the total pore surface area is proportional to the total 3-coordinated water molecules in the ASW in the temperature range 60--120 K. We also discuss the implications on the structure of ASW and surface reactions in the ice mantle in dense clouds., Comment: 12 pages, 16 figures

The diffusion of atoms and molecules in ices covering dust grains in dense clouds in interstellar space is an important but poorly characterized step in the formation of complex molecules in space. Here we report the measurement of diffusion of simple molecules in amorphous solid water (ASW), an analog of interstellar ices, which are amorphous and made mostly of water molecules. The new approach that we used relies on measuring in situ the change in band strength and position of mid-infrared features of OH dangling bonds as molecules move through pores and channels of ASW. We obtained the Arrhenius pre-exponents and activation energies for diffusion of CO, O$_2$, N$_2$, CH$_4$, and Ar in ASW. The diffusion energy barrier of H$_2$ and D$_2$ were also measured, but only upper limits were obtained. These values constitute the first comprehensive set of diffusion parameters of simple molecules on the pore surface of ASW, and can be used in simulations of the chemical evolution of ISM environments, thus replacing unsupported estimates. We also present a set of argon temperature programmed desorption experiments to determine the desorption energy distribution of argon on non-porous ASW., 10 pages, 10 figures

Background: Foramen magnum meningiomas are challenging tumors, requiring special considerations because of the vicinity of the medulla oblongata, the lower cranial nerves, and the vertebral artery. After detailing the relevant anatomy of the foramen magnum area, we will explain our classification system based on the compartment of development, the dural insertion, and the relation to the vertebral artery. Method: A 35 years age lady with foramen magnum meningioma was operated at the Department of Neurosurgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University 6 months back. A case report was taken before surgery and 6 month follow up was done after operation. Conclusion: As foramen magnum meningioma is very difficult to approach, with the help of microscope with proper training. We can remove completely without any deficit.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i3.21031

Bacterial disease of silkworm causes significant reduction of silk production leading to huge economic loss. This study aims to isolate bacteria from diseased silkworm and to determine its pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. A strain of Klebsiella granulomatis has been isolated from silkworm haemolymph which was later identified on the basis of biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The optimum culture condition of K. granulomatis was determined at pH 7.0 and 37 °C temperature. The strain was resistant to most of the antibiotics used in this study except azithromycin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. The strain is capable to reproduce flacherrie like symptoms with high mortality rate when re-injected into healthy silkworm. Treatment with low dose of ciprofloxacin was found to be effective to prevent flacherrie induced by the isolated K. granulomatis strain.

The seventh cholera pandemic caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor (ET) has been superseded in Asia and Africa by altered ET possessing the cholera toxin (CTX) gene of classical (CL) biotype. The CL biotype of V. cholerae was isolated, along with prototypic and altered ET, during the 1991 cholera epidemic in Mexico and subsequently remained endemic until 1997. Microbiological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses of clinical and environmental V. cholerae isolated in Mexico between 1998 and 2008 revealed important genetic events favoring predominance of ET over CL and altered ET. V. cholerae altered ET was predominant after 1991 but not after 2000. V. cholerae strains isolated between 2001 and 2003 and a majority isolated in 2004 lacked CTX prophage (Φ) genes encoding CTX subunits A and B and repeat sequence transcriptional regulators of ET and CL biotypes: i.e., CTXΦ(-). Most CTXΦ(-) V. cholerae isolated in Mexico between 2001 and 2003 also lacked toxin coregulated pili tcpA whereas some carried either tcpA(ET) or a variant tcpA with noticeable sequence dissimilarity from tcpA(CL). The tcpA variants were not detected in 2005 after CTXΦ(+) ET became dominant. All clinical and environmental V. cholerae O1 strains isolated during 2005-2008 in Mexico were CTXΦ(+) ET, carrying an additional truncated CTXΦ instead of RS1 satellite phage. Despite V. cholerae CTXΦ(-) ET exhibiting heterogeneity in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, CTXΦ(+) ET isolated during 2004-2008 displayed homogeneity and clonal relationship with V. cholerae ET N16961 and V. cholerae ET isolated in Peru.

About 65 Escherichia coli strains isolated from extra-intestinal sites were included in this study to determine their biofilm formation capability and virulence properties. About 87% ExPEC isolates were motile and 12.3% were found to be non-motile. Only 12.30% isolates were strong biofilm former (SBF >1.5) whereas 18.46% isolates were non biofilm former. About 71% isolates were capable to express curli but curli expression is lower in isolates from pus and peritoneal fluid. About 41.53% isolates have moderate capability (CSH value 21-50%) to adhere to hydrocarbons whereas 20% didn’t show any hydrocarbon adherence capability. Most of the isolates showed moderate cell aggregation (60-80%) potential with S. maltophila but 15.4% isolates were found to be non-aggregative. Forty-one (63.07%) strains were resistant to 2 or more of the most commonly clinically used antibiotics. 44.6% isolates were haemolytic, 35.3% showed colicin activity, 47.7% were MRHA positive, 49.2% had SAT value ≤2.0 M and 9.2% were protease producer. About 77% (50 out of 65) of the isolates harbor type 1 gene. csgA gene was found in 61.5% (40) isolate, papC was found in 64.6% (42), afa and sfa genes were found in 67.7% (44) each. Biofilm formation may contribute to the pathogenic potential of ExPEC.

The viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is a unique survival strategy of many bacteria in the environment in response to adverse environmental conditions. VBNC bacteria cannot be cultured on routine microbiological media, but they remain viable and retain virulence. The VBNC bacteria can be resuscitated when provided with appropriate conditions. A good number of bacteria including many human pathogens have been reported to enter the VBNC state. Though there have been disputes on the existence of VBNC in the past, extensive molecular studies have resolved most of them, and VBNC has been accepted as a distinct survival state. VBNC pathogenic bacteria are considered a threat to public health and food safety due to their nondetectability through conventional food and water testing methods. A number of disease outbreaks have been reported where VBNC bacteria have been implicated as the causative agent. Further molecular and combinatorial research is needed to tackle the threat posed by VBNC bacteria with regard to public health and food safety.

Research involving human subjects are important to develop new therapeutics for the betterment of the human race. To take part in such research as volunteers is moral duty of any human. But such experiments should be justifiable and minimal risky for the participants. History of unethical research involving humans led to the development of many guidelines to make such research ethical as well as to gain maximum possible output. Several guidelines have been formulated to ensure research with human participants ethical. All the guidelines emphasize on one thing in particular- informed consent of the human subjects. Other considerations include rational benefit-harm ration, beneficence, justice, adequate research design and approval from proper authorities. All these guidelines aim to prevent any unethical research involving humans against their will. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i2.16375 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(2) 41-48

Identification and classification of the microorganisms are of utmost importance in the field of environmental, industrial,medical and agricultural microbiology, and microbial ecology. Traditional phenotype-based methods encounter manychallenges and shortcomings which limit their usability. Molecular methods offer better solutions in identifying and characterizing microorganisms. Several DNA fingerprinting methods have been developed and are in use already. In principle, mostof these methods are based on PCR and restriction site analysis. Some of these methods are still not economic in use andrequire huge set-up cost. Continuous research is going on around the world to improve the methodology and applicability ofthese methods as well as to make them economic in use.

Difficulties in cultivating most of the microorganisms limit our ability to study microbial ecosystems. Molecular methods are valuable tools for investigating the diversity and structure of bacterial communities. These techniques can be used on culturable as well as non-culturable bacteria. Cultivation independent techniques based on nucleic acids extracted from the environment provide information on community structure and diversity. Analyses of DNA can determine the numbers of different genomes. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or rDNA (genes coding for rRNA) fingerprinting, probing and sequencing can be used to detect and identify organisms. The combination of different methods that complement each other is a useful strategy for monitoring changes of microbial communities in natural ecosystems.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v42i1.5896 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 42 (1): 19-33, 2013

Background: All women go through menopause stage after a certain age and menopause women suffer from different medical problems which needs specific attention. Aim: The aim of the study is to find out the consequences of postmenopausal women attending in the hospital for medical treatment. This study also identifies the outcome of different consequences in those patients. Methods: Among 105 patients were selected for the study purposively those who were admitted in the gynecological ward in Kumodini Women's medical college from March 2008 to February 2009. All patients were undertake clinical examination and find out the consequence of menopause in one year observation period. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the patient and information also collected from patient's treatment file. Statistical analysis was performed by using statistical software SPSS 11.5 window. Results: Among 105 patients, age was above 40 years. Most of the patients were coming from low and low middle income society having maltiparous We have examined that most of the menopausal women developed uterovaginal prolapse was 63.8%, genital malignancies was found among 17.4% patients and rest were faced other benign disorders (19%) which includes leiomyoma, pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), uncontrolled bleeding, urinary tract infections (UTI) and ovarian cysts. Conclusions: In Post menopausal phase of women in Bangladesh suffered from different health consequences like uterine prolapse, benign diseases and carcinoma which causes of hospital admission for better management. KYAMC Journal Vol. 3, No.-2, January 2013, Page 290-293 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i2.15169

Aims & Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the complications related to uro-genital system of patients who received radiotherapy for invasive cervical cancer. The patient selection is randomized who were evaluated in OPD Obst. Gynae. Deptt.of KYAMCH after receiving their full course of radiotherapy.100 patients were evaluated. In this study most of the women were perimenopausal, having 2-5 children, most of them were presented with vaginal discharge & postcoital bleeding, most of them received surgical treatment followed by radiotherapy & chemotherapy. During radiotherapy most of them having no complains, some of them were suffering from frequency of micturation & dysuria. 31% patient suffered from dyspareunia, 17% vaginal stenosis, 7% vaginal discharge and 7% cystitis. KYAMC Journal Vol. 3, No.-2, January 2013, Page 273-276 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i2.15166

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, including Thailand. Representative V. cholerae strains associated with endemic cholera (n = 32), including strains (n = 3) from surface water sources, in Khon Kaen, Thailand (2003-2011), were subjected to microbiological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. According to phenotypic and related genetic data, all tested V. cholerae strains belonged to serogroup O1, biotype El Tor (ET), Inaba (IN) or Ogawa (OG). All of the strains were sensitive to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, while multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains showing resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin were predominant in 2007. V. cholerae strains isolated before and after 2007 were non-MDR. All except six diarrhoeal strains possessed ctxA and ctxB genes and were toxigenic altered ET, confirmed by MAMA-PCR and DNA sequencing. Year-wise data revealed that V. cholerae INET strains isolated between 2003 and 2004, plus one strain isolated in 2007, lacked the RS1 sequence (rstC) and toxin-linked cryptic plasmid (TLC)-specific genetic marker, but possessed CTX(CL) prophage genes ctxB(CL) and rstR(CL). A sharp genetic transition was noted, namely the majority of V. cholerae strains in 2007 and all in 2010 and 2011 were not repressor genotype rstR(CL) but instead were rstR(ET), and all ctx(+) strains possessed RS1 and TLC-specific genetic markers. DNA sequencing data revealed that strains isolated since 2007 had a mutation in the tcpA gene at amino acid position 64 (N→S). Four clonal types, mostly of environmental origin, including subtypes, reflected genetic diversity, while distinct signatures were observed for clonally related, altered ET from Thailand, Vietnam and Bangladesh, confirmed by distinct subclustering patterns observed in the PFGE (NotI)-based dendrogram, suggesting that endemic cholera is caused by V. cholerae indigenous to Khon Kaen.

Being a scientist, especially a clinical research one, is a noble but tough job. Scientific job is different from other jobs in terms of working hour and pressure; they need more freedom in their job & research that also put lots of responsibility on them. Research is funded by public money and it is the responsibility of scientists to gain maximum output from it. Clinical research is very complex and involves the use of animal, microbial as well as human samples and volunteers which make it more prone to ethical scrutiny. Minority of researchers who commit fraudulent use of public money & unethical clinical practice threaten public support for science. Now a day, there is growing concern of public and politicians on the freedom of scientists and unethical scientific practice in clinical trials. The most efficient measures to prevent scientific misconduct are awareness—notably, self-awareness— education and transparency. Most of the developed countries have formulated their own guidelines to ensure proper utilization and ethical clinical research and trials. Bangladesh is still lagging behind in terms of regulation and monitoring of clinical research and trials. This review aims to make related peoples to be aware of the necessity of its own guidelines for clinical research and trials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i1.14266 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(1):30-34

Hydrogen, being the most abundant element, is the driver of many if not most reactions occurring on interstellar dust grains. In hydrogen atom addition reactions, the rate is usually determined by the surface kinetics of the hydrogen atom instead of the other reaction partner. Three mechanisms exist to explain hydrogen addition reactions on surfaces: Langmuir-Hinshelwood, Eley-Rideal, and hot-atom. In gas-grain models, which mechanism is assumed greatly affects the simulation results. In this work, we quantify the temperature dependence of the rates of atomic hydrogen addition reactions by studying the reaction of H+O$_3$$\rightarrow$O$_2$+OH on the surface of a film of non-porous amorphous solid water (np-ASW) in the temperature range from 10 K to 50 K. The reaction rate is found to be temperature independent. This disagrees with the results of simulations with a network of rate equations that assume Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism through either thermal diffusion or tunneling diffusion; the reaction rates assuming such mechanism possesses a strong temperature dependence, either explicitly or implicitly, that is not seen experimentally. We suggest that the Eley-Rideal and/or hot-atom mechanism play a key role in hydrogen atom addition reactions, and should be included in gas-grain models. We also suggest that our newly developed time-resolved reactive scattering can be utilized to measure the chemical desorption efficiency in grain surface reactions., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, ApJ accepted

Nucleic acid amplification is a valuable molecular tool not only in basic research but also in application oriented fields, such as clinical medicine development, infectious diseases diagnosis, gene cloning and industrial quality control. A comperehensive review of the literature on the principles, applications, challenges and prospects of different alternative methods of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed. PCR was the first nucleic acid amplification method. With the advancement of research, a no of alternative nucleic acid amplification methods has been developed such as loop mediated isothermal amplification, nucleic acid sequence based amplification, strand displacement amplification, multiple displacement amplification. Most of the alternative methods are isothermal obviating the need for thermal cyclers. Though principles of most of the alternate methods are relatively complex than that of PCR, they offer better applicability and sensitivity in cases where PCR has limitations. Most of the alternate methods still have to prove themselves through extensive validation studies and are not available in commercial form; they pose the potentiality to be used as replacements of PCR. Continuous research is going on in different parts of the world to make these methods viable technically and economically.

Observations by ISO and Spitzer towards young stellar objects (YSOs) showed that CO$_2$ segregates in the icy mantles covering dust grains. Thermal processing of ice mixture was proposed as responsible for the segregation. Although several laboratory studied thermally induced segregation, a satisfying quantification is still missing. We propose that the diffusion of CO$_2$ along pores inside water ice is the key to quantify segregation. We combined Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) and Reflection Absorption InfraRed Spectroscopy (RAIRS) to study how CO$_2$ molecules interact on a non-porous amorphous solid water (np-ASW) surface. We found that CO$_2$ diffuses significantly on a np-ASW surface above 65~K and clusters are formed at well below one monolayer. A simple rate equation simulation finds that the diffusion energy barrier of CO$_2$ on np-ASW is 2150$\pm$50 K, assuming a diffusion pre-exponential factor of 10$^{12}$ s$^{-1}$. This energy should also apply to the diffusion of CO$_2$ on wall of pores. The binding energy of CO$_2$ from CO$_2$ clusters and CO$_2$ from H$_2$O ice have been found to be $2415\pm20$ and $2250\pm20$~K, respectively, assuming the same prefactor for desorption. CO$_2$-CO$_2$ interaction is stronger than CO$_2$-H$_2$O interaction, in agreement with the experimental finding that CO$_2$ does not wet np-ASW surface. For comparison, we carried out similar experiments with CO on np-ASW, and found that the CO-CO interaction is always weaker than CO-H$_2$O. As a result, CO wets np-ASW surface. This study should be of help to uncover the thermal history of CO$_2$ on the icy mantles of dust grains., 8 pages, 11 figures, submitted to ApJ

History of unethical clinical research practice date back to a very long time, though the most remarkable unethical clinical research was those by the Nazis during second world war, which eventually shaken the scientific community and gives birth to the first guideline of ethics in clinical research, the Nuremberg Code. Following Nuremberg code, a number of ethical guidelines has been formulated most important of which are the declaration of Helsinski. To make any research involving human subjects or samples ethically acceptable, a number of key features have to be considered by the scientists. These guidelines are internationally accepted and without following these guidelines, no clinical research is acceptable in the world. Though, there are many countries in the world like Bangladesh, which don’t have any ethical guidelines of their own and thus scientists in those countries do not adhere the any ethical guideline while conducting their research. Each country should have their own ethical guidelines and each clinical research institutes should have own ethical review committee to ensure ethical clinical research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i3.12560 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(3):16-20

There is correlation between cert ain properties of E. coli strains and capacity of the strain to cause non-enteric infections. The aim of this study was to compare Escherichia coli strains isolated from non-enteric infection with those from faeces of normal healthy individuals, for their possession of haemolysin, mannoseresistanthaemagglutinin, colicin, protease, cell surface hydrophobicity and antibiotic susceptibility. Source wise distribution of the haemolytic strains were 60% from urine, 41.7% from blood, 33.3% from peritoneal fluid, 50% from pus and 26.7% from stool. Colicinogeny was found to be a common property of both clinical and faecal E. coli and only a few of the urine and blood isolates (52 and 41.7%, respectively) exhibited colicin V activity. Mannose Resistant Haemagglutinin (MRHA) test showed positive (MRHA) reaction for 47.7% of the clinical E. coli isolates, while this value was only 26.7% for the controls. A significant association between haemolysin production and MRHA of human type O erythrocytes was found, as 75.86% of the Hly E. coli strains were also MRHA. The data obtained in this study suggested that haemolysin production, MRHA of human type O erythrocytes and hydrophobic cell surface might be important for E. coli strains to initiate and sustain infection at non-enteri c sites. Received: June 12, 2012; Accepted: June 21, 2012; Published: August 11, 201