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The purpose of the present study was to compare moral judgment in students with and without intellectual disability in Shiraz. The research method was causal-comparative, and the statistical population included the secondary students with and without intellectual disability ageing 16 years old. The sample size was 160 students (80 with intellectual disability and 80 without intellectual disability). These students were selected by a cluster sampling method. The Moral Judgment Scale was used to measure moral judgment. The collected data were analyzed by t-test, MANOVA and two-way ANOVA. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the total scores of moral judgment and its dimensions (p0.05).According to the findings, it is suggested that any plan to promote and internalize students' moral values ​​must be considered based on their cognitive development level, because there is a relationship between moral and cognitive development of students.

This study was designed to compare thinking styles of gifted and nongifted Iranian students and to examine the appropriateness in a nonwestern context of the Thinking Styles Inventory. 200 students in junior high school, including 109 nongifted students (55 girls and 54 boys) and 91 gifted students (46 girls and 45 boys), whose mean age was 12.4 yr. ( SD = .69), responded to the short version of the Thinking Styles Inventory. Analysis indicated that gifted students scored significantly higher than nongifted students on Type 1 and Type 3 thinking styles, while the nongifted students had statistically significant higher scores on the Type 2 thinking styles. These results are discussed in terms of the previous research and thinking styles model proposed by Sternberg in 1997.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the attitudes of individuals with and without intellectual disability toward their quality of life. Associations between demographic variables such as sex, age, father's education, and father's occupation and quality of life were also assessed. 40 people with intellectual disability from special schools were matched with 40 people from Shiraz Vocational Teaching Center on sex, age, and fathers' careers and educations. There was no significant difference between the two groups on total Quality of Life scores, but differences were found in subscales. The groups with intellectual disability reported higher scores on the dimensions of life satisfaction, competency/productivity, and social belongingness/community integration. The normal group scored higher on empowerment/independence. In the intellectual disability group, the father's career was a better predictor of quality of life.

Sz~mrnary.-A comparison of scores on locus of control by three groups of children in intact families (n=676), parent loss through death (n=30), and parent loss through divorce (n=20) showed chat children from divorced families scored significantly more external chan children from intact families. The results are considered in relation to previous studies and some educauonal implications noted. Locus of control, as developed by Rotter (1966), refers to whether individuals perceive their behaviors as internally or externally controlled. In a large number of stuhes of the effect of loss of a parent (father or mother) by death or dvorce locus of control among the young children and adolescents has been examined. For example, children who experience loss of father or mother through death or divorce come to adopt a more external locus of control (Parish, 1982; Lancaster & Rchmond, 1983; Parish & Hortin, 1983; Slater & Haber, 1984). In other words, these studies have generally shown that loss of father or mother has been associated in certain instances with enhanced externality among those indviduals who have faced such experiences. According to Rotter's analysis, children whose parent is absent experience massive doses of uncontrollable complex forces (1966), so they might be expected to score more external. However, there seems to be a difference between children who have experienced absence of father or mother by death and those whose experience was by divorce. Children from divorced famhes have experienced more conflict in the home prior to divorce and continued parental turmoil after the divorce (Emery, 1982). Slater and Haber (1984) stated that high conflict in hvorced homes produces lowered self-esteem, greater anxiety, and less feeling of control. The aim of this study was to compare the scores on a measure of locus of control among students from intact famihes, children who have experienced loss of father or mother by death, and children who have experienced absence of father or mother following dvorce. The increasing divorce rate in Iran and also the increased rate of absence of father or mother make it important to understand such loss on children's locus of control.