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An experiment was laid out to determine the response of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on alfalfa yield under different types of irrigation water. First factor comprised of two treatments as chemical fertilizer (NP 58-88 kh ha-1), Organic fertilizer as poultry manure (5 tonnes ha-1) and the other factor was comprised of three treatments as tube well water, Canal water and Treated wastewater. The results indicated that fertilizer's application significantly affected the parameters. Chemical fertilizers significantly effect on plant height (50.23 cm), number of stems per m-2 (647.67) and nitrogen percentage (0.05%). Irrigation levels had a significant effect on parameters especially canal water performed better. Plant height (49.79 cm), crop growth rate (2.37g m2 day-1) and nitrogen percentage (0.05%) these parameters were observed as better for canal water. A combination of chemical fertilizer with tube well water performed better as the maximum results were seemed for parameters of the leaf to stem ratio (0.99), root length (14.58 cm), pH (8.15), nitrogen percentage (0.05%) and organic matter content (0.85). The better performance of soil for Lucerne crop was observed in chemical fertilizer than in FYM and poultry manure. The positive effect of canal water and chemical fertilizers on available moisture in the soil was estimated. All treatment means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability level. During the experiment period, significantly higher crop yield was obtained in canal water and chemical fertilizer. The study concluded that the canal water and chemical fertilizer boosted crop yield and growth, improved Lucerne's quality content.

Maize is an important cereal crop in world. Due to the climate change the temperature has increased and water availability is reduced. Both factors limit yield potential of major cereal crops. Uniform and vigorous stand establishment is the main milestone for economically successful maize production program, but drought stress is the major cause of stand failure and yield reduction. Mannitol is considered essential for photosynthates activity which contributes 60-80% in many plants, it produces photosynthates in leaves that are translocated in phloem. Mannitol synthesis is normal in the cytosol of source leaves with a hexose phosphate pool with sucrose synthesis. Experiment was conducted to estimate the effect of various irrigation levels I0: Control, I1: Skip Irrigation at tasseling, I2: Skip Irrigation at dough stage and foliar application of mannitol with given concentration C0: 0 mM, C1: 2 mM, C2: 4 mM, C3: 6 mM on maize variety DS-555. This experiment was conducted at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The plants were uprooted from field at emergence, tasseling, silking, milking and physiological maturity stages and subject to oven dry method to understand the plant biomass partitioning. All parameters of stand establishment, growth and yield related parameters were evaluated in laboratory. The Fisher's ANOVA analysis of variance methodology was used to statistically evaluate the measured results, and the treatment means was valuated using the Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability level.

Maize is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice in the world and plays a significant role in human nutrition. Its area and production have been substantially increased during recent years in Pakistan. Water contributes more than 70% in the composition of plant body and is important for all anabolic/catabolic processes. Among all the abiotic stresses the water shortage is the major one. To explore the efficacy of exogenously applied salicylic acid in mitigating the drought effects under different water regimes on maize growth and yield, a field experiment was conducted at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan, during autumn, 2021. The layout of experimental trial was comprised of randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement with gross plot size of 5 m × 3 m. There were two factors in this study; factor A comprised of different irrigation regimes such as no stress, skip irrigation at knee height, and skip irrigation at tasseling. Whereas the factor B comprised of salicylic acid treatments viz; 0 mg L-1, 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1, and 300 mg L-1. Water stress was applied at varying described stages. Drought stress influenced badly the physiological features and other growth and yield related attributes of maize crop and exogenous salicylic acid application was found helpful to enhance crop yield performance by increasing stress tolerance in maize. Salicylic acid as foliar application @ 300 mg L-1 was recorded best which ameliorated the moisture stress and improved the crop yield performance.

Agriculture has made significant strides recently, and sustainability build on those successes by using a smart strategy that may maintain greater returns and farm profitability without depleting the resources. Furthermore, nano-materials enhance the efficiency of farm production to enable site targeted regulated distribution of minerals, assuring the least amount of agri-input usage while enhancing crop output. Particularly in the agriculture industry, nanoscienceis crucial for agricultural production, food packaging and processing, water purification, nutrition security, and pollution control as well as crop development and plant preservation. NPs display a well-organized antibacterial activity towards bacteria and viruses. Important inorganic NPs with effective pesticide characteristics include silver, aluminum and copper. Chitosan nano-particles, ZnO nano-particles, and silica nano-particles are beneficial for the treatment of virus infection, including the mosaic virus in tobacco, potatoes, and alfalfa. The revitalization of the damaged soil resources may be possible using nano-enabled soil rehabilitation. The toxicity copper in soil is typically linked to soluble free metal ion species like Cu2+, that are easily accessible and extremely hazardous, in traditional forms of higher soil.

Background: COVID-19 not only jeopardized the health, economy but also the education. Medical education is the worst affected area. Shift from traditional learning to online teaching brings forth new kind of complexity in teaching and learning behavior. Student’s attitude towards digital world, availability of resource, their capacity to use and learn from online teaching, institutional conversion and adoption of online method of teaching and their impact all are expected concerns. This study is the reflection of female medical student’s status and perception during Covid 19 pandemic. Objective: To assess the affect of covid-19 pandemic on medical education among female medical students. Study Design: Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Pak Red Crescent Medical & Dental College Kasur from 1st January 2021 to 31st August 2021. Methodology: Questionnaire was generated based on student’s interview, feedback and literature review. Question was of yes/no type. Impact of Covid19 was assessed, working potential, future planning, availability of resources, role of institution, knowledge, attitude and mental and physical well being. Questionnaire was distributed and collected after 24 hours, majority responders were female. Results: There were 29 students with average age of 21.3±2 years, who responded to the survey, among them only 2 were males. 86.2% claimed negative impact of Covid-19. 34.5% had mild, 37.9% moderate and 24.1% had severe anxiety. Only eight (27.6%) students worked as frontline worker or volunteer during pandemic with highest rate (66.7%) among final year or house officers. Majority (93.0%) were aware of the COVID-19 infection and its consequences. Social media was the major source of information for 79.3% followed by WHO web site, faculty lectures, government health advisors and conference/symposia at campus. A good number (65.5%) were willing to work as frontline worker, 58.6% had their families no objection on their working as frontline workers.13.8% did not have digital devices. 58.6% were satisfied with internet function. Conclusion: Majority student’s physical and mental wellbeing affected by Covid. Most were aware of Covid and its consequences. Institution need to integrate online teaching method into traditional way of learning. More resources should be directed for education and provision of facility. Keywords: COVID-19, Education, Learning, Anxiety , Female students, Digital devices

Introduction: Allergic conjunctivitis is in fact a bunch of diseases affecting the visual surface and is usually related with type1 hypersensitivity reactions. Two acute disorders, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, exist, as do 3 chronic illnesses, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is related with seasonal hypersensitivities that ordinarily happen amid the spring and summer months, and in some cases amid the fall. Exposure to dust, grass and other airborne allergens causes seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Low levels of vitamin D somewhat related to allergic disorders. This study show a relationship between Serum vitamin D and Immunoglobulin’s E in patients of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis Objective: To evaluate serum vitamin D and serum total immunoglobulin E levels in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC). Material and Methods Study design: quantitative cross sectional Duration: Six months i.e. 1st September 2021 to 28th February 2022 Data Collection procedure: A cross sectional study was conducted on 100 patients. The study was conducted in Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi. Ethical approval was taken from ethical committee. An educated consent was taken from the participants. 60 patients in this study presented with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and 40 healthy normal persons were included. Serum vitamin D and serum total IgE levels were calculated. Results: The average age of the participant in this study was in between 30-50 years of age. In SAC group 40 were males and 20 females. Group two healthy normal consist of 25 males and 15 females. There is a significant decrease of vitamin D level in patients who were diagnosed seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and IgE levels were high when compared to normal healthy group Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated lower plasma vitamin D levels in patients with SAC compared with the control bunch. To conclude a certain association between vitamin D status and allergic conjunctivitis, both multicenter larger case arrangement and further studies examining the impacts of vitamin D supplementation ought to be performed in the long run. Keywords: Vitamin D, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, IgE, Allergy

Objective: The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of the effectiveness of treating school-aged children by patching the eye that is considered to be dominant and performing refraction using active visual therapy (AVT). Place of study: Jinah international hospital abbottabad Duration of study: October 2021 to April 2022 Methods: There were 65 children with ages 6-16 years had anisometropic amblyopia included in this study. After informed written agreement, participants' demographics were recorded. Posterior and back anterior segments were checked. Recorded best visual therapy. Refractive error of amblyopic eyes was +7 to -5 diopters. Refraction was corrected. Improvement in visual acuity and refraction were assessed every two months. Post-treatment visual acuity of 6/24, 6/36, 6/60 was tested with a regression and correlation T-test. SPSS 21.0 analyzed all data. Results: Among 65 children, 40 (61.5%) were males and 25 (38.5%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 8.7±4.17 years. Hypermetropia was the most common refractive error found in 45 (69.2%) cases followed by myopia in 20 (30.8%) cases. Pre-treatment 24 (36.9%) patients had BCVA 6/24, 12 (18.5%) patients had 6/36, 17 (26.2%) patients had 6/60 and 12 (18.5%) had CF. Post-treatment 18 (27.7%) had BCVA 6/6, 10 (15.4%) had 6/9, 11 (16.9%) cases had 6/12, 12 (18.5%) children had 6/18, 5 (7.7%) had 6/24, 6 (9.2%) had BCVA 6/60 and 3 (4.6%) had CF. Conclusion: In this study, we came to the conclusion that the treatment for anisometropic amblyopia, which involves the patching of the patient's dominant eye and the refraction of the amblyopic eye using active visual therapy, is beneficial. Keywords: Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), Counting Fingers (CF), Visual Acuity (V.A), Refractive Errors, Active Visual Therapy (AVT)

Objective: In the present study an attempt was made to assess the effect of pterygium excision on the induced astigmatism, and the relationship between the size of pterygium and the amount of astigmatism. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Conducted at Jinnah International Hospital during from March 2021 - September 2021. Methods: There were fifty five patients of both genders were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 20-65 years. After obtaining informed written permission, we collected demographic data on all of the participants, including their age, gender, place of residence, and job title.All the included patients in this study had pterygium. The paired t-test was used to compare data from before and after surgery. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare preoperative astigmatism to the grade of pterygium. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: Among 55 patients, 30 (54.5%) were males and 25 (45.5%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 35.9±15.45 years. There were 32 (58.2%) patients had urban residency and 23 (41.8%) cases had rural residency. Majority of the patients were outdoor workers 38 (69.1%). Majority of the eyes had grade II pterygia 24 (43.6%), 17 (30.9%) patients had grade III and 12 (21.8%) had grade IV pterygia and 2 (3.6%) had double headed pterygia. Pre-operative mean astigmatism in eyes with grade II was 3.43± 1.34D, in eyes of grade IIImean astigmatism was 4.83 ±1.62D and in eyes of grade IV 8.78±2.39D decreases to 1.5±2.18D, 1.56±3.61D and 5.11±4.32D. We found visual acuity same in 26 (47.3%) and improvement in 29 (52.7%) eyes from 0.50± 1.41 D to 1.1±0.56 D. Refractive cylinder was improved to 2.91±2.61D with p vale

Introduction: The COVID-19 could be a dangerous widespread that has influenced each angle of life including education. The educational institutes have been closed to avoid the spread of the infection, and they have changed over their system into distance education. Completing the semester there's a have to be address the risky issues within the modern framework to create it for future usage Objectives: 1-To explore the effects of Covid-19 on life style 2- To know the perceptions and suggestions regarding online education in pandemic Material and Methods Study design: Qualitative Settings: Rawalpindi Medical University Duration: Six months i.e. 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2021 Data Collection procedure: It was focus group discussion conducted via Zoom link. There were 15 medical students were selected from all five classes of MBBS randomly after taking informed consent. A variety of issues that were obtained from the discussion were identified. Results: The findings have uncovered that most of the members were influenced by the widespread period contrarily Anxiety, hope less, and fatigue. It is clear from the findings that education process has had its shortcomings instead of its advantages such as need of interaction, and communication which lead the students to segregation, issues about exams, conventional instructive habits, the load of assignments, and time administration. On the other side the advantages regarding flexibility of place and time to learn and comfort in assessment Conclusion: It is evident that the COVID-19 widespread process has influenced the students’ lives adversely. These negative sentiments have not been overcome by the instruction they uncovered all through the period. While, in conventional campus life they would be at the side their companions and teachers and they would overcome the issues together through socializing. Distance education system tried to facilitating teaching. The COVID-19 widespread period ought to be regarded as an opportunity for teachers to consider how to push the distance education framework forward. Within the light of the findings, it would be awesome to create the current distance education practices which we may well are beyond any doubt that long-term executions get a solid premise. Keywords: Covid-19, Pandemic, Focus group, Distance education, Higher education

Objective: Aim was to compare the visual results of patients who received ECCE and phacoemulsification for the treatment of age-related cataracts. Study Design: Prospective study Place and Duration: Conducted at Jinnah International Hospital during from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2021. Methods:There were 130 patients of both genders presented for cataract surgery. Patients were aged between 35-75 years.When patients signed an informed permission form, demographic information such as age and sex were recorded. Patients were equally divided in two groups. Group I received phacoemulsification (phaco) cataract surgery and group II received conventional extracapsular cataract extraction. Intraoperative and post-operative complication among cases was assessed. At last follow up best corrected visual acuity was assessed and compared among both groups. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze complete data. Results:Among 130 cases, majority of the cases 85 (65.4%) were males and 45 (34.6%) were females. 15 (11.5%) patients were aged between 35-45 years, 45 (34.6%) patients were aged between 46-55 years, 38 (29.2%) were aged between 56-6 years and 32 (24.6%) had age > 65years. Post-operative we found significantly good vision among patients of phaco group in 54 (83.1%) cases as compare to group II in 31 (47.7%) cases. Frequency of intraoperative complications was higher in group II 9 (13.8%) as compared to group I 3 (4.6%) cases. Post-operative complications in group I was corneal decompensation, high astigmatism and posterior capsule opacity but in group II high astigmatism and corneal decompensation were the complications. Conclusion:We came to the conclusion that the visual outcome was considerably better in the Phaco operation compared to the ECCE technique (p = 0.003). As a result, we advocate for the provision of Phaco equipment in hospitals that have sufficient capabilities for the performance of intraocular surgery. Keywords:PhacoemulsificationSurgery, Extracapsular cataract extraction, Complications, Vision Acuity

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity is one of the important problems faced by neonates causing lifelong morbidity. It can be prevented by early detection and prompt treatment. Objective: To determine the frequency of retinopathy in premature infants in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Methodology: A three-centered cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. All neonates after taking informed consent form guardians were enrolled in the study according to selection criteria. All cases were screened for retinopathy of prematurity at four weeks of age for the first time and later followed up at 4 to 6 weeks interval according to disease stage on slit lamp by consultant ophthalmologist. The premature infants were diagnosed as retinopathy of prematurity based on the operational definition. Results: The mean age was 15.80±5.57 hours, mean gestational age of positive cases was 30.46±1.40 weeks and mean birth weight of positive cases was 1528.2.36±201.47 g. There were 15 (14%) cases who had retinopathy of prematurity while 96 (86%) cases had normal eyes. Among them 11 (73%) cases were of stage 1, 3 (20%) cases of stage 3 and 1(7%) case of stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: In our study, retinopathy is observed in 14% of the premature infants. Keywords: Preterm birth, Gestational age, Complication, Retinopathy of prematurity

Introduction: Thyroid hormones are basic for foetal development during pre and after birth period. During pregnancy, expanded amalgamation of thyroid hormones is required to meet fetal requirements, which leads to tall necessity of iodine. Pregnancy could be a stress for thyroid organ; it influences 3% women amid pregnancy and 10% ladies of child bearing age. About 18-20% of Australian ladies have thyroid counter acting agent positive test during first trimester of pregnancy. Objective: To study the relationship of thyroid profile parameters in relation to Pregnant females in last trimester of pregnancy Material and Methods Study design: Cross sectional Settings: Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi Duration: 6 months, 1st July 2021 to 31st December 2021 Data Collection Procedure: A cross sectional study was conducted on 50 patients. The study was conducted in Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi. Ethical approval was taken from ethical committee. An educated consent was taken from the participants. Study members were pregnant mothers with pregnancy going to antenatal clinic during last trimester of pregnancy. All subjects were examined for any indications and signs of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. This was cross-sectional study Simple convenient sampling technique was applied and sample was calculated using classical test estimate calculation equation of Cochran. Thyroid profile parameters were assessed by ELIZA strategy. Results: A group of fifty healthy pregnant females was selected. The mean age of pregnant females of maternal group was 28.5+6.5. Mode of delivery in females as 28(56%) normal spontaneous vaginal delivery and 22(44%) undergoes C-section. Standard error of mean, Standard deviation and percentile values were calculated in maternal group of females. Conclusion: Trimester particular reference ranges of TSH, FT4 and FT3 of our study were lower than international recommenced levels of 2017 Guidelines of American Thyroid Affiliation. These values may be utilized to compare thyroid disease in pregnancy in our area Keywords: Thyroid Profile, T3, T4, TSH, Hormones, Pregnancy

Background Basilic vein transposition via single long incision is a renowned technique despite its known wound-related complications. Contrary to that, multiple skip incisions technique is thought to have relatively lower wound-related complications. But to the best of our knowledge, these 2 techniques have never been formally compared. Therefore, we conducted this study to compare both. Material and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients who underwent basilic vein transposition arteriovenous fistula (AVF) from January 2011 till May 2016 at Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan were eligible for inclusion in the study. Study population was divided into 2 groups; one group comprising of patients who underwent fistula formation through single long incision and the other group had the procedure carried out via multiple skip incisions. Wound-related complications including wound infection and dehiscence, fistula maturation time, duration of surgery, and primary patency at a follow-up of 12 months were recorded. Results Both the groups were comparable regarding baseline variables. Incidence proportion of wound infection, hematoma, and dehiscence was higher in long incision group; however, it was statistically insignificant. Primary patency at 12 months in skip versus long incision group was 73.0% vs. 69.7% (P-value: 0.62). The mean maturation time for fistula was 42.8 ± 9.5 days and 44.3 ± 10.4 days in skip and long incision group, respectively (P-value:0.31). Duration of surgery was comparable in both. Conclusions Although skip technique does not have significant benefit over long incision technique based on these results, but it is a valid alternative. Randomized control trial is required to better differentiate between these two.