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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), agreed by the UN General Assembly in 2015, are a set of 17 focus areas which balance economic, environmental and social dimensions in an integrated and indivisible manner. They are intended to be a common framework for growth and harmony, aiming by the year 2030 to resolve key issues relating to people and the planet through partnership between developed and developing countries. \ud \ud Goal 4 of the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, focuses on enhancing global access to, and enabling the completion of, high-quality education. UN SDG 4 seeks to guarantee a universal primary education for all, and the support of further lifelong learning thereafter for everyone. \ud \ud Pakistan's educational landscape has been affected by an absence of high-quality educational provision, particularly in rural areas. The Pakistani education system has had a particularly tough time addressing the challenges of poor academic performance, and high dropout rates, among primary school children. The Pakistani government has needed to concentrate its efforts on improving the education sector, and a range of initiatives have been launched to improve access to education, and to enhance the quality of education which is provided.\ud \ud The aim of this research is to devise a mechanism to overcome the barriers to project success faced by educational projects being delivered in Pakistan, and so maximise the efficiency and sustainability of such projects. According to the research investigations undertaken as part of this study, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Pakistan make a considerable contribution to the delivery of educational projects. This research has therefore examined, and reports on, the underlying challenges faced by these NGOs when delivering educational projects in Pakistan and key factors for overcoming these. \ud \ud A total of 24 participants representing key stakeholders associated with the delivery of educational projects in Pakistan were interviewed on their views on the subject. The recursive abstraction approach was utilised to derive meaningful information from the data collected. From this analysis, it has been possible to devise a project management framework for the NGOs operating in Pakistan to use when delivering educational projects. Utilising this framework is likely to enhance the successful delivery of educational projects. Whilst specifically based upon NGOs delivery of educational projects in Pakistan, the research team believe that the lessons learnt from this study are equally applicable to educational projects being delivered by NGOs working within other Asian countries.

Anemia is common disorder in pediatric population. In developing countries, prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is highest among children aged below five years. In Pakistan, overall 62.3% children are anemic out of which 4.1% are severely anemic. IDA is associated with impaired physical growth and cognitive development in children less than five years of age. Objective: To compare the mean hemoglobin levels and frequency of polycythemia in full term neonates after early and delayed cord clamping Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial The sample size was calculated by the WHO sample size calculator, with consecutive non probability Sample size = 95 in each group, total sample size = 190, using power of test 80% ,level of significance 5% ,anticipated population proportion 1=5%, Anticipated population proportion 2=16%. Setting: The study was conducted in DHQ Hospital, Faisalabad Duration Of Study: Six month from the date of approval of synopsis from board of study (December 2018 to June 2019) Methodology: One hundred and ninety full term neonates were selected after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the participants were divided into two equal groups randomly. One group was subjected to early cord clamping after delivery while other group was subjected to late cord clamping. Two hours after clamping the venous blood samples were taken for the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. SPSS version 17 for windows was used for statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for gestational age, birth weight, hemoglobin and hematocrit. Frequency and proportions were calculated for gender and polycythemia. Effect modifiers like gestational age, gender and birth weight were controlled by stratification. Independent sample t test and Chi square tests were applied before and after stratification appropriately. A p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean gestational age of the mothers was 39.27 ± 1.50 weeks (mean ±SD). Out of 190 neonates, 91 (47.9%) were males while the 99 (52.1%) were females. The mean birth weight was 3.64 ± 0.72 kg (mean ± SD) while mean Hb and HCT levels were 16.07 ± 2.30 g/dl and 63.26 ± 5.32% respectively.Keeping cut off value of 13.5 g/dl of Hb to label anemia or no, my study showed that 35 (18.4%) neonates were anemic. The polycythemia (HCT >65%) was present in 72 (37.9%) of neonates. There was no difference between groups in terms of gender, anemia, gestational age and birth weight (p values 0.663, 0.852, 0.700 and 0.491 respectively). The distribution of polycythemia was different among groups (p value 0.007). The mean hemoglobin level in group A was 15.52 ± 1.90 g/dl while in group B it was 16.62 ± 2.53 g/dl (p value 0.001). Similarly, the mean hematocrit level was different among groups (62.09 ± 4.75 and 64.43 ± 5.62 for group A and B respectively, p value 0.002). The stratification results showed the results showed that mean Hb levels are statistically not different among some of the groups (gestational age 4 kg.Rest of the stratification groups showed significant difference. CONCLUSION: The delayed cord clamping in neonates results in increased mean hemoglobin and hematocrit levels with increased frequency of polycythemia as compared to early cord clamping. KEYWORDS: Infant, Newborn, Hemoglobins, Umbilical Cord, Polycythemia, Prognosis

Purpose: Limited evidence exists to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) across all age groups. This review aimed to investigate the benefits of point-of-care LUS for the early diagnosis of pneumonia compared to traditional chest X-rays (CXR) in a subgroup analysis including pediatric, adult, and geriatric populations., Material and Methods: This systematic review examined systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original research from 2017 to 2021, comparing point-of-care LUS and CXR in diagnosing pneumonia among adults, pediatrics and geriatrics. Studies lacking direct comparison or exploring diseases other than pneumonia, case reports, and those examining pneumonia secondary to COVID-19 variants were excluded. The search utilized PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases with specific search strings. The study selection, conducted by two independent investigators, demonstrated an agreement by the Kappa index, ensuring reliable article selection. The QUADAS-2 tool assessed the selected studies for quality, highlighting risk of bias and applicability concerns across key domains. Statistical analysis using Stata Version 16 determined pooled sensitivity and specificity via a bivariate model, emphasizing LUS and CXR diagnostic capabilities. Additionally, RevMan 5.4.1 facilitated the calculation of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), offering insights into diagnostic accuracy., Results: The search, conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases by two independent investigators, initially identified 1045 articles. Following screening processes, 12 studies comprised a sample size of 2897. LUS demonstrated a likelihood ratio of 5.09, a specificity of 81.91%, and a sensitivity of 92.13% in detecting pneumonia in pediatric, adult, and geriatric patients, with a p-value of 0.0002 and a 95% confidence interval, indicating diagnostic accuracy ranging from 84.07% to 96.29% when compared directly to CXR., Conclusion: Our review supports that LUS can play a valuable role in detecting pneumonia early with high sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy across diverse patient demographics, including pediatric, adult, and geriatric populations. Since it overcomes most of the limitations of CXR and other diagnostic modalities, it can be utilized as a diagnostic tool for pneumonia for all age groups as it is a safe, readily available, and cost-effective modality that can be utilized in an emergency department, intensive care units, wards, and clinics by trained respiratory care professionals., Competing Interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form and declare no conflict of interest.