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Abstract Background Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting around 2% of children and young adults worldwide, characterized by deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Genetic factors contribute to the development of ID phenotypes, including mutations and structural changes in chromosomes. Pathogenic variants in the HCFC1 gene cause X-linked mental retardation syndrome, also known as Siderius type X-linked mental retardation. The MN1 gene is necessary for palate development, and mutations in this gene result in a genetic condition called CEBALID syndrome. Methods Exome sequencing was used to identify the disease-causing variants in two affected families, A and B, from various regions of Pakistan. Affected individuals in these two families presented ID, developmental delay, and behavioral abnormalities. The validation and co-segregation analysis of the filtered variant was carried out using Sanger sequencing. Results In an X-linked family A, a novel hemizygous missense variant (c.5705G > A; p.Ser1902Asn) in the HCFC1 gene (NM_005334.3) was identified, while in family B exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous nonsense variant (c.3680 G > A; p. Trp1227Ter) in exon-1 of the MN1 gene (NM_032581.4). Sanger sequencing confirmed the segregation of these variants with ID in each family. Conclusions The investigation of two Pakistani families revealed pathogenic genetic variants in the HCFC1 and MN1 genes, which cause ID and expand the mutational spectrum of these genes.

In the growing field of biotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal force of innovation, unveiling a new era of discovery and advancement. The convergence of AI with biotechnology has revolutionized the landscape of scientific research and development. The dynamic interplay between AI and biotechnology highlights the transformative power of AI techniques in accelerating advancements in drug discovery, development, personalized medicine, biomolecular engineering, bioprocessing, CRISPR technology, genome editing, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomic, and AI-enabled robotics in biotechnology. This integration of AI with biotechnology helps us combat global challenges and offers environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions like bioremediation, bioplastics, biodiesel, and biofiltration. Current examples of these problems include waste management, air pollution, healthcare, clean water, energy access, sustainable practices, conservation of biodiversity, and ecosystems. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis, drawing on current literature, case studies, and emerging trends, to highlight the transformative potential of AI in reshaping the biotechnological landscape. It also addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with this AI-powered transformation, discussing future directions, ethical considerations, and the need for human-AI collaboration to ensure responsible and sustainable progress for a brighter future.

Study region: Beijing Region Study focus: Limited studies have yet been done on regionalization of multi-performances of rainwater harvesting systems (RHS). In this study, the daily rainfall records from 77 stations are used, and a hydro-economic model is adopted to examine regional water saving, stormwater control and economic performances of RHS by proposing a regionalization approach. New hydrological insights for the region: Higher water saving efficiency (WSE) and reliability (R) of RHS are linked with lower water demand, larger tank size and greater rainfall conditions. Differently, higher stormwater capture efficiency (SCE) is related to higher water demand, larger tank size and lower rainfall. The WSE and R of RHS demonstrate substantial regional differences; their maximized obtainable values closely depend on water demand scenarios and range from 9% to 99%, with smaller values in western mountain area but larger values in northeast suburban and central urban areas. The maximum obtainable values of SCE range from 61% to 100%, with higher values in western mountain area, but lower values in northeast suburban and central urban areas. A 10 m3 tank size can provide the highest benefit-cost ratio of RHS across the Beijing region. The regionalization approach proposed is a useful guidance for the implementation of RHS and sustainable urban water management, and thus it has the potential for wide uses in other regions with high rainfall gradients.

A particularly useful assessment tool for evaluating uncertainty and dealing with fuzziness is the Fermatean fuzzy set (FFS), which expands the membership and non-membership degree requirements. Distance measurement has been extensively employed in several fields as an essential approach that may successfully disclose the differences between fuzzy sets. In this article, we discuss various novel distance measures in Fermatean hesitant fuzzy environments as research on distance measures for FFS is in its early stages. These new distance measures include weighted distance measures and ordered weighted distance measures. This justification serves as the foundation for the construction of the generalized Fermatean hesitation fuzzy hybrid weighted distance (DGFHFHWD) scale, as well as the discussion of its weight determination mechanism, associated attributes and special forms. Subsequently, we present a new decision-making approach based on DGFHFHWD and TOPSIS, where the weights are processed by exponential entropy and normal distribution weighting, for the multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) issue with unknown attribute weights. Finally, a numerical example of choosing a logistics transfer station and a comparative study with other approaches based on current operators and FFS distance measurements are used to demonstrate the viability and logic of the suggested method. The findings illustrate the ability of the suggested MADM technique to completely present the decision data, enhance the accuracy of decision outcomes and prevent information loss.

Introduction: Flow dynamics due to the peristaltic pumping has been the topic of great interest for the researchers. But numerical and analytical analyses for the peristaltic motion are limited where flow domain is deformed real-time. Research on peristalsis has a limitation where theoretical aspects of walls motion are considered, neglecting the real time deformation of the walls.Objectives: This paper aims to propose a more reliable and accurate numerical methodology for peristaltic motions to address the above-mentioned challenge. Stream traces, velocities, and pressure drops along the tube is to be visualized more accurately.Methods: In present study a finite volume based dynamic mesh motion method is adopted to analyze the peristaltic motion of a non-Newtonian Quemada fluid in an axisymmetric channel. The walls and interior domain of the channel is dynamically deformed for a sinusoidal wave traveling on boundary.Results: Simulation of unsteady flow behavior for time t=0s to 2s and amplitude ratio Φ=0.2,0.4,and0.6. predicts fluid trapping phenomenon. Rotation of fluid particles is more prominent for higher amplitude ratios. Pressure gradient increases with increasing amplitude ratios.Conclusion: A novel dynamic mesh method is proposed for peristaltic pumping. It provides more accurate and more physical results for stream traces; pressure drops and velocities along the tube. A limited case of the study validates the theoretical and analytical results already presented in literature; hence the method is reliable.

Blood flow analysis plays an essential role in understanding cardiovascular health and disease. An accurate mathematical modeling is necessary in context of representation of arterial domains and blood flow to learn about the intricate blood dynamics. In this paper we concentrate on the mathematical representation of the geometry of the blood artery and find numerical solutions with mild to severe degree of stenosis. Blood dynamics has steady state, in-compressible and laminar nature. The shear thinning non-viscous effects of blood are assumed to obey Carreau model. Fluid flow is based on coupled Navier-Stokes equation in three dimensions and is simulated with finite volume approach over hexahedral elements. Application of a constant mass flow rate at the inlet of the artery results in a number of observations to analyze. It is found that with increasing the severity of stenosis, blood velocity becomes higher in stenotic region, pressure drop along the arterial domain is increased and shear stresses exerted by blood on walls of artery are increased.

Evaluating the potential impacts of land use and land cover change (LULCC) and climate change on air pollution is crucial to unravel the driving forces and mechanisms behind changes in air quality. A multi-faceted approach was adopted, including a land change model (LCM) and Mann–Kendall (MK) test, to evaluate the transition of land cover type, changes in climate, and atmospheric pollutants during 2004–2021 in Pakistan. Moreover, a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model and a mathematical model were used to assess the potential contribution of LULCC and climate dynamics to atmospheric pollution. It was revealed that during 2004, croplands covered an area of 9.72 × 104 mile2, accounting for 38% of the total area. However, the area of the croplands increased to 10.1 × 104 mile2, accounting for 40% of the total area in 2021. The MK test showed that the north and west–south regions significantly experienced air pollution, with the increasing trend for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) being 0.89× 1015 molecules/cm2 per year and 0.54 DU/year, respectively. For climate variability, mean precipitation (Precp) and mean surface pressure (SP) showed a prominent increasing trend, with a maximum value of 1 mm/year and 0.01 Kpa/year, respectively. The mean temperature maximum (Tmax) showed an increasing and decreasing trend, with the highest value of 0.28°C/year and 0.08°C/year, respectively. In the context of contribution, the conversion of cropland to grasslands increased the trend for SO2 concentrations. The highest increasing trend of 1.5 DU for ozone (O3) was found due to conversion of grasslands to shrublands. Additionally, regional climate played a significant role in making air pollution stagnant across the country. Precp and wind speed (WS) contributed significantly in escalating NO2 concentrations in Pakistan, while Precp contributed most (0.004 DU) to increasing SO2 concentrations. For O3, the most influential climate factor was Precp. These results on a long-term temporal scale demonstrated how maintaining climate variability through comprehensive land use management can help improve ambient air quality in Pakistan.

The rapid development of digital finance has effectively reduced financial challenges in rural regions and created new prospects for agricultural production. This article examines the impact of digital financial development on rice production in Sichuan Province using the 2011–2021 Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index and data from 20 prefecture-level cities, as well as a fixed effects model. The mechanism of action is also discussed. The findings reveal that the advancement of digital finance plays an important role in boosting the expansion of rice production, and that digital finance influences rice output by increasing farmers’ willingness to participate in insurance and increasing the availability of credit. A heterogeneity analysis reveals that digital finance has a substantial effect on mountainous and economically poor areas. As a result, this article suggests that the breadth and depth of usage of rural digital finance, as well as the development of rural digital financial services in underdeveloped areas, should be expanded.

In this paper, a new family of rotationally symmetric planar graphs is described based on an edge coalescence of planar chorded cycles. Their local fractional metric dimension is established for those ones arisen from chorded cycles of order up to six. Their asymptotic behaviour enables us to ensure the existence of new families of rotationally symmetric planar graphs with either constant or bounded local fractional dimension.

The fundamental cause of coronary heart disease is thought to be atherosclerosis. Blood flow in arteries under plaque formation is widely studied using both experimental and theoretical methods in literature. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of non-Newtonian blood flow in an idealized stenosed artery. Non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is assumed by Casson and Quemada fluid models. An analysis is performed for four forms of stenosis, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%, which are defined by a narrowing of the artery's diameter. The mathematical model for non-Newtonian fluid transport is presented in the form of highly nonlinear coupled partial differential equations. A finite-volume approach is used to solve the system of equations numerically. The solutions are obtained using a hybrid mesh with hexahedron and tetrahedron control volumes. Numerical solutions are validated first with experimental results from the literature for a Newtonian fluid, and then the results are extended to non-Newtonian fluid models. It can be observed that the non-Newtonian nature of the fluid model influences flow dynamics and is a significant aspect to consider for arteries with small diameter. The velocity and pressure drop rise as the degree of stenosis develops. Wall shear is substantially larger in stenotic passages and severity of stenosis is directly related with this increasing behavior.

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is well known for related micro and macrovascular complications. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus leads to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, microvascular impairment, myocardial dysfunction, and skeletal muscle changes which affect multiple organ systems. This study was designed to take an extensive view of cardiorespiratory dynamics in patients with type 2 DM.MethodsOne hundred healthy controls (HC) and 100 DM patients were enrolled. We measured and compared the breathing patterns (spirometry), VO2 max levels (heart rate ratio method) and self-reported fitness level (international fitness scale) of individuals with and without diabetes. Data was analyzed in SPSS v.22 and GraphPad Prism v8.0.ResultsWe observed restrictive spirometry patterns (FVC ConclusionThis study shows decreased pulmonary functions, decreased cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max) and IFiS scale variables in diabetic population as compared to healthy controls which are also associated with glycemic levels and long-standing DM. Screening for pulmonary functions can aid optimum management in this population.

In the realm of thermal management for electronic systems, the efficacy of heat dissipation serves as a major predictor of the reliability and operational lifespan of electronic components. Simultaneously, within the realm of geothermal energy utilization, where harnessing the Earth’s inherent heat reservoirs is employed for power generation and direct heating applications, an intricate comprehension of temperature gradients and the dynamics governing heat transfer stands as an imperative prerequisite for optimizing the extraction of thermal energy. This work offers a complete mathematical model aimed at understanding the principles governing energy transfer inside naturally convected flows subjected to the impact of an external magnetic field. The analytical inspection involves a broad parametric study of the flow system, comprising variations in buoyancy-driven factors, as well as the magnetic field parameter, indicated as the Hartmann number (Ha), ranging from 0 to 50. This multifaceted study unveils the profound impact of magnetic fields on critical aspects of the flow, including isotherm alignment, velocity distributions, thereby paving the way for the development of advanced cooling systems poised to deliver elevated energy efficiency and enhanced performance in electronic devices. The computational analysis digs into the complicated temperature distributions, velocity profiles, and vorticity patterns. It is found that increment of the external magnetic force limits the variations in fluid’s horizontal and vertical velocities. Convective heat transfer is decreased with increasing Hartmann number at cold and hot sections of the fluid chamber. While for Rayleigh number this behavior is reversed.

Background: The presence and behavior of mosquitoes in various agro-ecological zones of Punjab are influenced by a combination of seasonal and topographical patterns, cropping schemes, and human settlement. These modifications have a significant impact on the occurrence of diseases. Therefore, determining the distribution of these species could help in halting their spread and disease outbreaks. Methods: Under these prevailing conditions, surveillance studies were carried out at six zones of Punjab, to know the distribution of mosquitoes. Samples were collected in various seasons (once in winter and rainy seasons, and twice in summer), from all possible habitats, having stagnant water. Results: Out of twenty-four (24) recorded species, three were included in Anophelinae and Culicinae, eleven from tribe Aedini, eight from Culicini and one each from Ficulbiini and Mansoniini. Sampling was done from 91 m (Ahmed Pur East) elevation to 1759 m (Fort Monroe). High and diversified population was recorded during rainy season. The Anopheline mosquitoes were found in rural as well as urban habitats, including rainfed, wet mountains and irrigated plains whereas Aedine species were confined to northern irrigated plains and mostly recorded from Changa Manga National Forest. Culicine species were more diversified and abundant, in all seasons. However, M. chamberlaini was collected from urban (rainfed lands) and rural (northern irrigated plains) settings. C. crassipes was recorded only from rainfed lands. Conclusion: Twenty-four mosquito species from the Anophelinae and Culicinae subfamilies were observed in the current investigation. Anophelinae subfamily contained three species. Eleven species of Culicinae belonged to the tribe Aedini, eight to the Culicini, and one each to the Mansoniini and Ficalbiini.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a very essential part of the automobile industry and play a vital role in the development of the economy of a country. Due to their eco-friendly nature and lower operating cost, EVs have acquired great attention globally. Almost all leading automobile manufacturers are developing cost-efficient EVs. However, with the increase in the number of EVs day by day, the need for efficient charging stations to deliver economical charging needs to be developed. To charge these EVs from the conventional grids is an additional burden on these grids as more electricity will be required to charge these EVs, which may result in incremental energy production as well as the energy cost for the general consumers. These days, increasing the number of EVs can bring sustainability problems in Pakistan as the considered country already facing the worst electrical energy crisis in the last ten years. For this purpose, we must require some alternate methods for charging the EVs charging to avoid overloading on existing grids. The use of renewable energy resources (RERs) is an effective solution to tackle this shortage of power. Therefore, in this paper, a cost-effective solution is proposed by hybridizing the different types of RERs to charge the EVs from the charging station. A different combination of RERs is used as case studies for a specific area of Pakistan named Kallar Kahar. Simulation is performed on MATLAB/Simulink and energy cost is being compared for different case studies. The proposed hybrid power system used approximately 50% wind, 40% solar, and 10% biogas as RERs. The results show that case 4 is best among all which provides yearly power production of 375,220 kWh at a net annual cost of 43,174.06$/year while the net annual cost to provide the same power with the grid is 59,304$/year. There is a 1.37% reduction in the overall annual cost of the proposed charging station as compared to the utility grid.

Background: Utilizing pollinators is one of the most dependable, economical, and environmentally friendly ways to improve cross-pollination, boost crop output, and improve crop quality. Bees are regarded as the best pollinators among all other pollinators. Methods: The current study was conducted to elucidate the impact of honeybee (Apis mellifera) visits on the pollination of various sunflower cultivars including Hysum-33, Hysun-38, and FH-106. Results: Our finding revealed that the highest average number of honeybee visits was observed in the morning followed by noon and afternoon on different sunflower cultivars. The maximum number of honeybee visits was recorded on Hysun-38, while the minimum was recorded on the FH-106 cultivar, which was 87.85 and 73.6, respectively. In (Hysun-33) and (FH-106), the maximum average time spent by the honeybee noticed in the morning on the flower was 34.24 and 32.67 min, whereas the maximum average time spent in the evening on the flower of (Hysun-38), which was 36.41 min. Regression analysis demonstrated that a significant effect between the head diameter of sunflower cultivars and the number of honey bee visits (p

Background: Host plants not only provide and living places and energy materials for insects, but also influence insect population parameters and population fitness. Methods: This study examined the influence of various host plant species on the fitness of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). The biological parameters and population parameters of pea aphid on 6 different host plants (Vicia fabae, Pisum sativum, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, Onobrychis viciaefolia and Melilotus officinalis) were observed and counted by ecological experiments, which were carried out in a control chamber. Results: The results showed that the developmental duration of 1st and 2nd instar nymphs of pea aphids on T. pratense and P. sativum was significantly prolonged, whereas that of 3rd and 4th instar nymphs on O. viciaefolia and M. officinalis was significantly shortened. Compared with the pea aphid on the V. faba, the longevity of adults on M. officinalis and P. sativum was significantly prolonged, but only the generation time on P. sativum was significantly prolonged. Moreover, the survival rate of nymphs was significantly lower on O. viciaefolia and M. sativa than on others. Net reproductive rate and mean generation time on V. faba were significantly higher than in other host plants. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) of pea aphid feeding of A. pisum on P. sativum and O. viciaefolia decreased. However, those on the double population time on P. sativum and O. viciaefolia were significantly higher than the others. Conclusion: The findings will clarify the population fitness of pea aphids on different hosts and guide the rational distribution of different host plants, and provide new references for aphid control strategies.

Entropy is a thermodynamic function in chemistry that, based on the number of possible configurations for a given system or process, measures the randomness and disorder of molecules in that system or process. Many problems in arithmetic, biology, chemical graph theory, organic and inorganic chemistry, and other disciplines are resolved using distance-based entropy. A topological descriptor also connects certain physical aspects of the underlying chemical substances, in contrast to a topological index, which in chemical graph theory is a numerical representation of a chemical network. When building models for any chemical network, the graph is crucial. Simonraj et al. produced a brand-new category of graphs known as the third kind of hex-derived networks. In our work, we discuss the third class of hex-derived networks, which includes hex-derived networks ( $\mathcal {HDN}_{3}$ ), triangular hex-derived networks ( $\mathcal {THDN}_{3}$ ), rectangular hex-derived networks ( $\mathcal {RHDN}_{3}$ ), and chain hex-derived networks ( $\mathcal {CHDN}_{3}$ ). We compute exact results for newly defined entropies by utilizing their topological indices based on end vertex degrees.

Abstract Dealing with erroneous, unexpected, susceptible, flawed, vulnerable, and intricate information is simplified with the use of a single-valued neutrosophic set (svns). This is because of the fact that these types of information are more sensitive to error. This is due to the fact that these particular kinds of information are more prone to error. The ideas of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets have both undergone further development as a direct result of the development of this new theory. In svns, indeterminacy is quantified in a way that is both obvious and unambiguous, and truth membership, indeterminacy membership, and falsity membership are all completely independent of one another. In algebraic analysis, certain binary operations can be thought of as interacting with algebraic modules. These modules are intricate and ubiquitous structures. There are many different applications for modules to be used in. Modules find use in an extremely wide variety of different kinds of businesses and market segments. We investigate the idea of $$(\mu ,\nu ,\omega )$$ ( μ , ν , ω ) -svns and relate it to $$(\mu ,\nu ,\omega )$$ ( μ , ν , ω ) -single-valued neutrosophic module and $$(\mu ,\nu ,\omega )$$ ( μ , ν , ω ) -single-valued neutrosophic submodule, respectively. The goals of this research are to comprehend the algebraic structures of a $$(\mu ,\nu ,\omega )$$ ( μ , ν , ω ) -single-valued neutrosophic submodule of a classical module and enhance the legitimacy of this technique by discussing numerous essential aspects. Both of these goals will be accomplished through the course of this study. The strategies that we have developed in this manuscript are more generalizable than those that have been utilized in the past. These strategies include fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and neutrosophic sets.

This analysis articulately presents the impact of heat transfer along with associated characteristics inside an equilateral triangular enclosure. Aiming to focus on the significance of heat transfer, four heaters (w1,w2,w3,w4) and three cold walls (C1,C2,C3) are brought into notice in equilateral enclosure. The bottom wall of the enclosure moves with uniform velocity (U0̄) in its own axis while the inclined and corner cold walls of the enclosure are fixed. The position of heaters is considered in four quadrants of cylindrical wall while the segments are placed at the corners of enclosure. Mathematical expressions are developed for heaters and cold walls. The computational model is considered in two-dimensional triangular domain. Water liquid is treated as a working fluid (Pr=6.9). Buoyancy effect is incorporated into Navier–Stokes equations using Boussinesq estimation. The governing equations are explored numerically by using Finite Volume Method based ANSYS-Fluent implicit solver software. Comparison has been made for the current results with published work in limiting case. Excellent matched has been seen. The findings show that the heat transfer rate is noted maximum in third quadrant of cylindrical wall (w4) when compared with other walls against Reynolds number. The temperature is noted maximum at the top corner near the segment C3 when Reynolds number increases. The results have it possible applications in thermal insulation of buildings, heating and cooling processes in machineries, furnaces and controlling of fire in buildings etc.

Synthetic pesticides are excessively consumed to control crop pests but abundant use of chemicals may implicate the whole ecosystem badly in the end. Despite the growing concern, few natural products are commercialized for pest control whilst onfarm use of existing botanically-based pesticides remains a small, but growing, component of crop protection practice. The experiment was conducted to assess the potential trade-offs of using botanical extracts (Neem leaf extract, NLE, and Moringa leaf extract, MLE) along with synthetic insecticide, Confidor 200 SL, against Aphis gossypii Glover. Meanwhile, impact of these insecticides on natural enemies were also determined in the field experiment. Data were recorded 12h before, as well as 1, 3, and 7 days after the application (DPA) of insecticides. Results revealed that chemical insecticide after 1DPA were showed higher mortality (%) of aphid’s population at leaf (33%) and boll stage (41%), whereas, the botanical treated plots showed lower mortality used alone as well combined application but lower numbers were observed on the negative controls. The same trend of insecticidal activity was observed from all treatments after 3DPA, but interestingly, after 7DPA, the resurgence of beneficial insects were only recorded in botanical extract-treated plots. The Confidor presented an adverse effect on natural enemies whereas no or few natural enemies were observed compared to herbal extracts. Overall, for long-term control, the combined use of botanical insecticides is proved to be more efficient in the management of the aphids than Confidor and caused no or little adverse impact on the beneficial insects.

This study included concepts for (ω, ε, ς)-single valued neutrosophic hyperring ((ω, ε, ς)-SV NHR) and (ω, ε, ς)-single valued neutrosophic hyperideal ((ω, ε, ς)-SV NHI). (ω, ε, ς)-single valued neutrosophic hyperrings ((ω, ε, ς)-SV NHRs) and (ω, ε, ς)-single valued hyperideals ((ω, ε, ς)-SV NHIs) are examined and validated in terms of algebraic features and of structural characteristics.

The influence of hybrid nano-fluid on heat transport in a semi-annular channel is investigated numerically. The hybrid nano-fluid is a liquid water with suspension of SWCNT and MWCNT. Constant heat fluxes are applied to the walls of channel. The finite volume approach is used to solve the governing mathematical equations. The volume percent of SWCNT is fixed at 0.01% and the volume fraction of MWCNT is varied from 0.01% to 0.1%. Heat transport is shown to diminish as the volume fraction of MWCNT increases. The heat transferred from the wall to the near fluid is influenced by the curvature of the walls. The results are displayed as velocity contours and isotherms. For certain volume fractions of nanoparticles, local Nusselt number distributions are given. It has been discovered that walls with a smaller curvature have a stronger convection heat transfer. Pressure is increased when the volume percentage of nanoparticles increases.

Fixed point theory is a branch of mathematics that studies solutions that remain unchanged under a given transformation or operator, and it has numerous applications in fields such as mathematics, economics, computer science, engineering, and physics. In the present article, we offer a quicker iteration technique, the D** iteration technique, for approximating fixed points in generalized α-nonexpansive mappings and nearly contracted mappings. In uniformly convex Banach spaces, we develop weak and strong convergence results for the D** iteration approach to the fixed points of generalized α-nonexpansive mappings. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of our recommended iteration strategy, we provide comprehensive analytical, numerical, and graphical explanations. Here, we also demonstrate the stability consequences of the new iteration technique. We approximately solve a fractional Volterra–Fredholm integro-differential problem as an application of our major findings. Our findings amend and expand upon some previously published results.

The smallest set of vertices needed to differentiate or categorize every other vertex in a graph is referred to as the graph’s metric dimension. Finding the class of graphs for a particular given metric dimension is an NP-hard problem. This concept has applications in many different domains, including graph theory, network architecture, and facility location problems. A graph G with order n is known as a Toeplitz graph over the subset S of consecutive collections of integers from one to n, and two vertices will be adjacent to each other if their absolute difference is a member of S. A graph G(Zn) is called a zero-divisor graph over the zero divisors of a commutative ring Zn, in which two vertices will be adjacent to each other if their product will leave the remainder zero under modulo n. Since the local fractional metric dimension problem is NP-hard, it is computationally difficult to identify an optimal solution or to precisely determine the minimal size of a local resolving set; in the worst case, the process takes exponential time. Different upper bound sequences of local fractional metric dimension are suggested in this article, along with a comparison analysis for certain families of Toeplitz and zero-divisor graphs. Furthermore, we note that the analyzed local fractional metric dimension upper bounds fall into three metric families: constant, limited, and unbounded.

The field of mathematics that studies the relationship between algebraic structures and graphs is known as algebraic graph theory. It incorporates concepts from graph theory, which examines the characteristics and topology of graphs, with those from abstract algebra, which deals with algebraic structures such as groups, rings, and fields. If the vertex set of a graph G^ is fully made up of the zero divisors of the modular ring Zn, the graph is said to be a zero-divisor graph. If the products of two vertices are equal to zero under (modn), they are regarded as neighbors. Entropy, a notion taken from information theory and used in graph theory, measures the degree of uncertainty or unpredictability associated with a graph or its constituent elements. Entropy measurements may be used to calculate the structural complexity and information complexity of graphs. The first, second and second modified Zagrebs, general and inverse general Randics, third and fifth symmetric divisions, harmonic and inverse sum indices, and forgotten topological indices are a few topological indices that are examined in this article for particular families of zero-divisor graphs. A numerical and graphical comparison of computed topological indices over a proposed structure has been studied. Furthermore, different kinds of entropies, such as the first, second, and third redefined Zagreb, are also investigated for a number of families of zero-divisor graphs.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to assess and determine the impact of the five core technologies of Industry 4.0 (3D Printing, Big Data Analytics, Cloud Computing, Internet of Things (IoT) and Robotics) on the organizational performance of the retail industry in the context of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – Pakistan's retail industry was chosen as the target sector, and the target population was composed of senior-level employees, including managers from first-level positions to top-level positions, as well as subordinate employees working under the supervision of first-level managers, possessing the technological know-how of Industry 4.0. The data were collected through a matrix-based survey questionnaire that was based on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.” The process of data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics. Findings – The findings obtained by this research work showed a significant relationship among the five core pillars of Industry 4.0 and the organizational performance of Pakistan's retail industry. Besides, the obtained findings provided preliminary evidence that Industry 4.0's disruptive technologies, particularly, 3D printing, big data analytics, cloud computing, IoT and robotics, could help Pakistan's retail industry solve various problems and challenges, such as meager revenues, increased expenses and unorganized systems. Originality/value – The present study extended the theoretical body of knowledge through studying and examining Industry 4.0's five crucial factors that significantly contribute to the service sector, particularly, the retail industry, of the big emerging markets (BEM) economies, including Pakistan.

Background: Insect populations and their dispersal can be altered by temperature changes. As a result, evaluating the effects of these changes on insect species' developmental stages is critical for establishing effective management measures. Methods: This study examined the developmental duration, growth, longevity, fecundity, and other population parameters in two generations of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) exposed to four different temperatures (i.e., 27 °C, 30 °C, 33 °C, and 36 °C) for four different time intervals (i.e., 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 10 h). Results: The results indicated that nymph survival rate significantly decreased with exposure to 36 °C for 10 h in both generations (F1 and F2). The survival rate of 1st to 4th instars of F1 generation decreased by 85.0 %, 88.5 %, 85.7 %, and 83.7 % respectively at 36° C for 10 h exposure compared to the control (25 °C). Similarly, survival rate of 1st to 4th instars of F2 generation decreased by 83.7 %, 86.0 %, 82.2 %, and 78.7 %, respectively when exposed to 36 °C for 10 h compared to the control. The shortest longevity of both generations was observed under 33 °C and 36 °C exposure for 10 h. The highest and the lowest net reproductive rate (R0) for both generations was observed under exposure to 27 °C for 1 h and 36 °C for 10 h, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the two generations reached the highest level under 27 °C exposure for 1 h and the lowest was recorded for the individuals exposed to 36 °C for 10 h. The highest finite rate of increase (λ = F1, 1.41 and F2, 1.42 d−1) for two generations was examined for the individuals exposed to 27 °C for 1 h. The values of life table parameters of both generations were significantly affected under exposure to 36 °C for 10 h. Conclusion: The combined effect of different temperatures and time intervals on biological and life table parameters of M. persicae studied first time in this study. Therefore, our research will help in estimating the modifications that a population of M. persicae may experience in response to heat stress.

Background: Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient required by the plants for their normal growth and development. However, the impacts of different forms of P have been rarely tested on the morphology, physiology, and biochemical attributes of garlic (Allium sativum L.) Methods: This study examined interactive effect of mineral-P (mP) as single super phosphate (SSP), and organic-P (oP) as farmyard manure (FYM) on morphological, physiological traits and volatile sulfur containing compounds of garlic. The treatments included T0 = control, T1 = 50 kg ha−1 mP, T2 = 70 kg ha−1 mP, T3 = 90 kg ha−1 mP, T4 = 50 kg ha−1 mP + oP ≈ 50 kg ha−1, T5 = 70 kg ha−1 mP + oP ≈ 60 kg ha−1, T6 = 90 kg ha−1 mP + oP ≈ 30 kg ha−1, and T7 = 50 kg ha−1 mP + oP ≈ 90 kg ha−1. Results: The plant morphological and physiological traits as well as contents of the volatile sulfur containing compounds were significantly altered by the interactive effect of mP and oP. The garlic plants that were treated with T7 generated the maximum bulb output (4382.96 kg ha−1), followed by those fertilized with T5, T6, T2, and T4 which produced 4205.43, 4164.10, 3992.73, and 3916.30 kg ha−1, respectively. The harvest was brought down to 3722.80 kg ha−1 in T3, and it was just 3509.95 kg ha−1 in T1. The response of volatile sulfur containing compounds in garlic leaves (detected by GC–MS and HPLC analysis) indicated that in T7 enormously higher count of constituents in garlic leaves were determined which include aldehydes (3.254 µg/g), hydrocarbons(1.245 µg/g), esters (0.547 µg/g), acids (1.658 µg/g), sulfides (4.985 µg/g), ketones (1.254 µg/g), ethers (8.888 µg/g), alkaloids (0.357 µg/g), heterocyclic polymers (2.684 µg/g), cyclomethycaines (1.854 µg/g), polyolefins (0.214 µg/g), furfuryl and furan derivatives (0.987 µg/g), phenols (0.666 µg/g) and diterpenes(1.256 µg/g). Conclusions: It is noticeable that in absence of oP, the highest level of mP could not improve the volatile compounds, but higher rate of oP even under lower portion of mP recorded higher concentration of the volatile compounds in garlic leaves. Therefore, combined application of organic and mineral P is recommended for better yield and quality of garlic.

Pectinophora gossypiella, which destroys cotton crops' brackets, squares, flowers, and bolls, has been identified as a severe pest in practically all the world's cotton-growing nations. Triazophos, a trans-laminar, broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide can manage Lepidopteran pests in cotton, rice, and maize. P. gossypiella has developed resistance against major insecticides including triazophos. To comprehend the function of insecticides in the environment, it is vital to grasp their lethal, low, and/or sublethal impacts as well as transgenerational consequences. In this study, triazohpos had lethal, sublethal, and transgenerational effects in two P. gossypiella generations (F0 and F1). Triazophos caused greater toxicity against P. gossypiella, according to the findings of the bioassay, with LC50 values of 2.728 mg/l for F0 and 1.852 mg/l for F1 after 48 h of exposure. Triazophos LC10 and LC25 concentrations caused considerable variations in biological parameters, which clearly indicated longer larval duration during F0 and F1 generations. Parameters related to reproduction showed significant differences with lower fecundity of 231.08 eggs/ female (LC10); 203.87 eggs/ female (LC25) and 220.95 eggs/ female (LC10) 209.21 eggs/ female (LC25) of F0 and F1 generations respectively and as compared to control which were 264.76 eggs/ female and 274.62 eggs/ female for F0 and F1 respectively. Demographic parameters for F0 and F1 population revealed net reproduction rate (R0); intrinsic rate of increase (r); mean generation time (T) and (λ) were having significant difference in triazophos treated populations as compared to control. From results it can be asserted that life table reproductive and demographic parameters affected by triazophos can be helpful in managing P. gossypiella in cotton crop and will result in more success against triazophos populations of P. gossypiella.

This study proposes a Padé approximation based hybrid mesh free framework for numerical solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. The proposed framework involves three novel aspects. Firstly, the conjunction of Padé approximation based residual functional and penalty function approach for handling boundary/Initial conditions is employed to design an equivalent optimization problem. Secondly, the notion of cooperative multi-simplex searches in the environment of Nelder-Mead Simplex (NMS) algorithm is introduced. Finally, a hybrid of multi-simplex search and Differential Evolution (DE) is proposed to efficiently cope with the modelled problem. The developed method is named as Padé Evolutionary Cooperative Multi-Simplex (PECMS) algorithm. The results of the developed PECMS scheme on illustrative examples are compared with three well-known methods, namely, Differential Transform Method (DTM), Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) and the Variational Iteration Method (VIM). The comparisons demonstrate that the current approach possesses high accuracy when compared to the competing methods.

Background and objectives: Trichogramma chilonis is an important biological control agent (parasitoid) that kill the host species before they damage the crops. However, insecticide sprayed after T. chilonis release significantly alter its efficacy. The acute toxicity risks of neem seed extract and commonly used insecticides for the control of lepidopteran insects are unknown for T. chilonis. The main objective of this study was to assess the toxicity of four insecticides, i.e., buprofezin, lufenuron, methoxyfenozide, pyriproxyfin and neem seed extract to T. chilonis. Methods: Egg card and dipped surface bioassays were used to test the toxicity insecticides, i.e., lufenuron (2 ml/liter), methoxyfenozide (2 ml/liter), buprofezin (5 g/liter), pyriproxyfin (5 ml/liter) and neem seed extract (2 ml/liter). Egg cardboards prepared from the parasitized eggs of Sitotroga cerealella collected at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 8th day after oviposition were dipped in the respective concentrations of inleticides and neem seed extract. The dipped cardboards were dried and emergence of T. chilonis was recorded. Similarly, dipped surface bioassay was conducted to observe the mortality of T. chilonis at 4 and 24-h after exposure. Results: The applied insecticides exhibited varying degree of toxicity against T. chilonis. Lufenuron and neem seed extract proved least toxic, methoxyfenozide and buprofezin were moderately toxic and pyripoxyfen exhibited the highest toxicity during the study. Similarly, lufenuron and neem seed extract proved less toxic for the adults, buprofezin was moderately toxic, and methoxyfenozide and pyripoxyfen exhibited the highest toxicity in the dipped surface assay after 4 h of exposure. All insecticides proved highly toxic for the adults 24 h after exposure. The results reveled that lufenuron and neem oil are relatively safe for T. chilonis. Conclusions: The tested insecticides and neem seed oil exhibited varying degree of toxicity against T. chilonis. The overall toxicity was classified as; pyriproxyfen > methoxyfenozide > buprofezin > lufenuron > neem seed extract. Therefore, neem seed extract and lufenuron are safer for T. chilonis compared to the rest of the insecticides included in the study.

Background: Fertilizer samples are tested for determining their nutrient contents; however, different methods give varying results. Therefore, the major objective of this study was to develop and validate potassium determination method by flame photometry technique. Methods: Flame photometry technique for the quantification of potassium concentration in fertilizer samples was validated in Soil and Water Testing Laboratory (ISO/IEC: 17025), Dera Ghazi Khan. The method validation was done for repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, recovery, selectivity, and bias. Results: The limits of detection and quantification were 0.87% and 2.88% K2O, respectively. The repeatability was 0.33%, and reproducibility (T-calculated was 0.69 which was less than T-tabulated, i.e., 2.06). Linear curve was obtained for concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 ppm (K) exhibiting R2 of 0.99. The recovery for K in fertilizer sample was 98.8%. The potassium contents were identified with complete recovery without interference of other nutrients in the sample. The Z-score of all the results (Magruder USA, Fertilizer sample check program) were in acceptable range. The correlation coefficient (0.999%) depicts strong relationship between actual K value and observed values. Conclusions: By this relation, we can say that method performance was excellent. Hence, the method can be successfully used for potassium determination in fertilizer samples.

Objectives: The Chive chives cultivars Han Yu Zi Gen, Fu Jiu Bao F1, Shouguang Du Gen Hong, Xue Jiu, Jiu Xing 22, and Ma Lian Da Ye Bai Gen are recently evolved cultivars, and this would be the first study to characterize for agronomy, quality, volatile profile and E-Nose for aromatic and textural quality. Methods: These cultivars were selected based on their suitability for aromatic and textural qualities that are desirable for food processing. The cultivars Han were analyzed for agronomy and quality indices by methods in general use in modern laboratories, while their volatile profile was studied by HS-SPME/GC–MS and E-nose analyses. Results: The cultivars varied for agronomy and quality indices (P

Objectives: Berberis lycium, Adhatoda vasica, and Zizypus jujuba are common worldwide medicinal plants. These plants are used in different diseases by local people. However, the scientific rationale for the use of these plants is limited especially in diseases arising from oxidative stress. This study was therefore aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-gout activity of these plants from Kashmir flora. Methods: The antioxidant activities were studied by different in vitro assays which include lipid peroxidation assay, DPPH assay, ABTS assay, iron chelation assay, total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The antidiabetic activity of plants extracts was analyzed by the inhibition of alpha glucosidase, while anti-gout activities were observed by the inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme. Results: All plants extract exhibited good antioxidant activities which are due to significant metal chelating ability and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The maximum inhibitory effect against lipid peroxidation was observed in water extract of Berberis lycium root extracts. The maximum antidiabetic activity was shown by acetone extract of Berberis lyceum roots justifying its popular use in diabetes. Acetone extract of Zizypus jujuba showed excellent inhibition of xanthine oxidase justifying its popular use in gout. The high antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of these plants might be due to high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is concluded that Zizpus jujuba, Adhatoda vasica and Berberis lycium are rich source of antioxidants and may be utilized as antidiabetic and antigout agents.

Nowadays, the problem of finding families of graphs for which one may ensure the existence of a vertex-labeling and/or an edge-labeling based on a certain class of integers, constitutes a challenge for researchers in both number and graph theory. In this paper, we focus on those vertex-labelings whose induced multiplicative edge-labeling assigns hyper totient numbers to the edges of the graph. In this way, we introduce and characterize the notions of hyper totient graph and restricted hyper totient graph. In particular, we prove that every finite graph is a hyper totient graph and we determine under which assumptions the following families of graphs constitute restricted hyper totient graphs: complete graphs, star graphs, complete bipartite graphs, wheel graphs, cycles, paths, fan graphs and friendship graphs.

The metric dimension has various applications in several fields, such as computer science, image processing, pattern recognition, integer programming problems, drug discovery, and the production of various chemical compounds. The lowest number of vertices in a set with the condition that any vertex can be uniquely identified by the list of distances from other vertices in the set is the metric dimension of a graph. A resolving function of the graph G is a map ϑ:V(G)→[0,1] such that ∑u∈R{v,w}ϑ(u)≥1, for every pair of adjacent distinct vertices v,w∈V(G). The local fractional metric dimension of the graph G is defined as ldimf(G) = min{∑v∈V(G)ϑ(v), where ϑ is a local resolving function of G}. This paper presents a new family of planar networks namely, rotationally heptagonal symmetrical graphs by means of up to four cords in the heptagonal structure, and then find their upper-bound sequences for the local fractional metric dimension. Moreover, the comparison of the upper-bound sequence for the local fractional metric dimension is elaborated both numerically and graphically. Furthermore, the asymptotic behavior of the investigated sequences for the local fractional metric dimension is addressed.

Fuzzy graph models are found everywhere in natural and human made structures, including process dynamics in biological, physical and social systems. Since real-life problems are often uncertain due to inconsistent and indeterminate information, it is very hard for an expert to model those problems using a fuzzy graph. A complex vague model is useful in the field of mathematics which gives more precision, comparability and flexibility to the system as compared to the vague model. In these years, a mathematical approach is a generalized approach of blending different aspects. According to the above mathematical approach, we investigate strong techniques which are based on complex vague graphs. The purpose of this research study is to present and explore the key properties including: Cartesian products, composition, strong product, semi-strong product and direct product of complex vague graphs with examples. Finally, we present application of complex vague graphs in decision-making problems.

In this paper, Dombi t-norm (TN) and Dombi t-conorm (TCN) are used to generate more complex, flexible and feasible operation rules by managing a parameter in bipolar neutrosophic fuzzy (BNF) environment. We introduce the notion of bipolar neutrosophic Dombi weighted geometric aggregation (BNDWGA) and bipolar neutrosophic Dombi ordered weighted geometric aggregation (BNDOWGA) operators. We discuss their different properties along with proofs and also investigate multi-attribute decision making (MADM) methods on basis of propose aggregation operators under bipolar neutrosophic fuzzy (BNF) environment. We propose an algorithm of selection of cultivating crop to explain the proposed methods under bipolar neutrosophic fuzzy (BNF) environment. The effect of parameter on our proposed bipolar neutrosophic Dombi aggregation operators are discussed graphically. Moreover, the comparison of our proposed methods with existing methods to test their suitable preferences are discussed in detail.

Topological indices are such numbers or set of numbers that describe topology of structures. Nearly 400 topological indices are calculated so far. The prognostication of physical, chemical, and biological attributes of organic compounds is an important and still unsolved problem of computational chemistry. Topological index is the tool to predict the physicochemical properties such as boiling point, melting point, density, viscosity, and polarity of organic compounds. In this study, some degree-based molecular descriptors of hydrocarbon structure are calculated.

Poor postharvest handling, microbial infestation, and high respiration rate are some the factors are responsible for poor storage life of perishable commodities. Therefore, effective preservation of these commodities is needed to lower the damages and extend shelf life. Preservation is regarded as the action taken to maintain desired properties of a perishable commodity as long as possible. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is perishable fruit with high nutritive value; however, has very short shelf-life. Therefore, effective preservation and drying is needed to extend its storage life. Drying temperature and preservatives significantly influence the quality of perishable vegetables and fruits during drying. The current study investigated the effect of different temperatures and preservatives on drying kinetics and organoleptic quality attributes of persimmon. Persimmon fruits were treated with preservatives (25% honey, 25% aloe vera, 2% sodium benzoate, 1% potassium metabisulfite, and 2% citric acid solutions) under different drying temperatures (40, 45, and 50°C). All observed parameters were significantly affected by individual effects of temperatures and preservatives, except ash contents. Similarly, interactive effects were significant for all parameters except total soluble sugars, ash contents, and vitamin C. Generally, fruits treated with citric acid and dried under 50°C had 8.2% moisture loss hour-1, 14.9 drying hours, 0.030 g H2O g-1 hr-1, 1.23° Brix of total soluble solids, 6.71 pH, 1.35% acidity, and 6.3 mg vitamin C. These values were better than the rest of the preservatives and drying temperatures used in the study. Therefore, treating fruits with citric acid and drying at 50°C was found a promising technique to extend storage life of persimmon fruits. It is recommended that persimmon fruits dried at 50°C and preserved in citric acid can be used for longer storage period.

In computer science and mathematics, a partition of a set into two or more disjoint subsets with equal sums is a well-known NP-complete problem. This is a hard problem and referred to as the partition problem or number partitioning. In this paper, we solve a particular type of NP-complete problem on the set of all zero-divisors of Zn including zero, where Zn is the ring of residue classes of a positive integer n. In this regard, we introduce and investigate quadratic zero-divisor graph in which we build an edge between zero-divisors zi and zj if and only if zi2≡zj2 mod n,i≠j. This is denoted as G⏞2,n. We characterize these graphs in term of complete graphs for classes of integers 2α,pα,2αp,2pα and pq, where α is any positive integer and p,q are odd primes.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important legume which is consumed globally for protein intake, particularly in Asian states. It is a well-known source of dietary fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins. The cowpea grains are stored after harvest and used till the next harvest. However, the grains are infested by storage pests, primarily Callosobruchus maculatus. Hence, effective management strategies are needed to protect the stored grains form the pests. This study assessed the efficacy of some edible oils in suppressing C. maculatus infestation in stored cowpea grains. Four different botanical oils (i.e., mustard, neem, poppy, and pumpkin) at four different concentrations (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml per 100 g grain) were included in the study. A control treatment without any botanical oil was also included for comparison. The relevant concentrations of botanical oils were poured into plastic containers containing 100 g cowpea grains and ten C. maculatus adults were released. The jars were sealed and placed at room temperature. Data relating to mortality, oviposition, F1 adult emergence, and seed weight loss were recorded. The tested botanical oils and their concentrations significantly affected mortality after one day. Mortality after 2nd and 3rd days remained unaffected by botanical oils and their different concentrations. The highest mortality was recorded in neem oil-treated grains followed by poppy, pumpkin, and mustard oils. Increased oviposition rate was observed in the grains treated with mustard and pumpkin oils, while those treated with neem and poppy oil recorded decreased oviposition. The control treatment had increased oviposition rate compared to tested botanical oils. All botanical oils significantly inhibited egg laying percentage. The highest germination was recorded for the grains treated with mustard oil followed by pumpkin, poppy, and neem oils, respectively. The lowest germination was recorded for control treatment. Significant differences were noted for C. maculatus repellency among botanical oils. No emergence of adults (F1 progeny) was recorded in all tested botanical oils; thus, F1 progeny was inhibited by 100%. Weight loss, damage percentage, and holes in the grains were not recorded since F1 progeny did not emerge. It is concluded that tested botanical oils are promising and could be utilized to control C. maculatus in cowpea grains during storage.

Entropy is a thermodynamic function in physics that measures the randomness and disorder of molecules in a particular system or process based on the diversity of configurations that molecules might take. Distance-based entropy is used to address a wide range of problems in the domains of mathematics, biology, chemical graph theory, organic and inorganic chemistry, and other disciplines. We explain the basic applications of distance-based entropy to chemical phenomena. These applications include signal processing, structural studies on crystals, molecular ensembles, and quantifying the chemical and electrical structures of molecules. In this study, we examine the characterisation of polyphenylenes and boron (B12) using a line of symmetry. Our ability to quickly ascertain the valences of each atom, and the total number of atom bonds is made possible by the symmetrical chemical structures of polyphenylenes and boron B12. By constructing these structures with degree-based indices, namely the K Banhatti indices, ReZG1-index, ReZG2-index, and ReZG3-index, we are able to determine their respective entropies.

The use of a single-valued neutrosophic set (svns) makes it much easier to manage situations in which one must deal with incorrect, unexpected, susceptible, faulty, vulnerable, and complicated information. This is a result of the fact that the specific forms of material being discussed here are more likely to include errors. This new theory has directly contributed to the expansion of both the concept of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, both of which have experienced additional development as a direct consequence of the creation of this new theory. In svns, indeterminacy is correctly assessed in a way that is both subtle and unambiguous. Furthermore, membership in the truth, indeterminacy, and falsity are all completely independent of one another. In the context of algebraic analysis, certain binary operations may be regarded as interacting with algebraic modules. These modules have pervasive and complicated designs. Modules may be put to use in a wide variety of different applications. Modules have applications in a diverse range of industries and market subsets due to their adaptability and versatility. Under the umbrella of the triplet (μ,ν,ω) structure, we investigate the concept of svns and establish a relationship between it and the single-valued neutrosophic module and the single-valued neutrosophic submodule, respectively. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the algebraic structures of single-valued neutrosophic submodules under the triplet structure of a classical module and to improve the validity of this method by analyzing a variety of important facets. In this article, numerous symmetrical features of modules are also investigated, which demonstrates the usefulness and practicality of these qualities. The results of this research will allow for the successful completion of both of these objectives. The tactics that we have devised for use in this article are more applicable to a wide variety of situations than those that have been used in the past. Fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and neutrosophic sets are some of the tactics that fall under this category.

This study aimed to describe the dealings of 20 biomedical doctors with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Focusing on physicians from three different hospitals, we describe their challenges, emotions, and views concerning the pandemic. Many regarded the virus from a biomedical standpoint. Yet some also perceived it as a “tool of a proxy war” and a “plot,” without giving agency to anyone for that “plot.” Furthermore, these care providers faced a great fear of infection and an even greater fear of transmitting the virus to their families and friends. A few also feared stigmatization as viral carriers. Whether they experienced fear or not, all of our physician interlocutors emphasized their sense of responsibility to “serve humanity,” yet some also expressed a strong belief in the inevitability of the will of Allah. Some were satisfied with the role of the government in containing the virus, while others expressed concerns and felt that the government should be doing much more. All expressed confidence in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), viewing it as an effective buffer against viral contagion. We conclude with a call for further research especially ethnographic studies on dealings of physicians with COVID-19 across Pakistan as frontline care providers.

Fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797)] was first reported in the Americas, then spread to all the continents of the world. Chemical insecticides are frequently employed in managing fall armyworms. These insecticides have various modes of actions and target sites to kill the insects. Chlorantraniliprole is a selective insecticide with a novel mode of action and is used against Lepidopteran, Coleopteran, Isopteran, and Dipteran pests. This study determined chlorantraniliprole’s lethal, sub-lethal, and trans-generational effects on two consecutive generations (F0, F1, and F2) of the fall armyworm. Bioassays revealed that chlorantraniliprole exhibited higher toxicity against fall armyworms with a LC50 of 2.781 mg/L after 48 h of exposure. Significant differences were noted in the biological parameters of fall armyworms in all generations. Sub-lethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole showed prolonged larval and adult durations. The parameters related to the fitness cost in F0 and F1 generations showed non-significant differences. In contrast, the F2 generation showed lower fecundity at lethal (71 eggs/female) and sub-lethal (94 eggs/female) doses of chlorantraniliprole compared to the control (127.5–129.3 eggs/female). Age-stage specific survival rate (Sxj), life expectancy (Exj) and reproductive rate (Vxj) significantly differed among insecticide-treated groups in all generations compared to the control. A comparison of treated and untreated insects over generations indicated substantial differences in demographic parameters such as net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and mean generation time (T). Several biological and demographic parameters were shown to be negatively impacted by chlorantraniliprole. We conclude that chlorantraniliprole may be utilized to manage fall armyworms with lesser risks.

Bactrocera dorsalis and B. correcta (Diptera: Tephritidae) are economically important pests of fruits and have caused serious damage to fruits for the last several years worldwide. In China, B. correcta is second economic pest of fruits after B. dorsalis. Considering the importance of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, Information regarding host preference and fitness of both Bactrocera species are necessary for better management strategies. Therefore, the current study explains the response of both Bactrocera species on banana, guava, and mango fruits. The cultivar of banana, guava, and mango fruits used first time in this study. Therefore, the volatile/aromatic components of banana, guava, and mango fruits were determined using porapak Q via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results concluded that the number of male flies of both species on each types of fruits were lower in comparison to female flies. The number of flies and oviposition punctures by female B. dorsalis flies were maximum on mango fruits than those of guava and banana fruits. While in the case of B. correcta, the guava fruits were preferable for visits and oviposition punctures than those of other two fruits. Mango fruits were more favorable for the development and survival of both Bactrocera species than those of other two fruits. The GC/MS results indicated that butanoic acid-3-methylbutyl ester, α-caryophyllene, and 3-carene were the major volatile components of banana, guava, and mango fruits, respectively. Based on the results, mango and guava fruits were more suitable for both Bactrocera species. Future studies are needed to confirm the results of this laboratory study in the fruit orchards.