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Wooden breast is one of the myopathies that affected broilers and caused economic loss, but the causes are still unknown. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of a high percentage of soybean oil in inducing this abnormality. Thirty chicks were fed into basal ratio as a control group and basal ratio with soybean oil 5.20% as the treatment group for 35 days. The histopathological examination of the Pectoralis muscle of broiler rearing for 12 days was represented by abnormal myofiber architecture, edema, and increased endomysium formation at percentages 40% and

Nutritional disorders are problems in the poultry industry. This experiment aimed to study the effect of high doses of soy oil and lysine (Lys) on the liver and Pectoralis muscle (PM) in broiler during the starter period and apply I See Inside (ISI) and semiquantitative methodology, determined the correlation between pathological lesions in both organs and regression assessment for the effects of myopathies on the liver. Forty broilers were divided into T1, receiving basal diet T2 and T3, high additive oil and lysine 4.56 and 1.66% respectively, and T4, which received both high additives; the trial continued for 12 days. The total ISI index for histopathological lesions in the liver and PM was 74 and 41, respectively, represented by vascular, degeneration alteration, and necrosis; ISI assessment revealed highly significant lesions in the liver of all groups in comparison with T1, significance endomias tissue formation in T4 at 4.00, splitting PM fiber in both T3 and T4 1.60, the intermittent muscle fiber of the broiler at same treatments was 1.00, furthermore semi-quantitative analysis investigated significant correlation between infiltration of inflammatory cells with highly significant congestion correlation with necrosis in the liver. In contrast, in the muscle, the necrosis is significantly correlated with hemorrhage in the liver; the regression plot analysis also determined the R2 value for microscopic lesions in the muscle, which affected hepatic tissue. This study concludes that ISI with semi-quantitively analysis is a sound methodology for determining the significant deleterious effects of high doses of oil and lysine in broil ration.

Aflatoxin (AF) is considered a problematic issue in poultry farms. A novel bio-green synthesis nanoparticle technique is newly introduced in the poultry industry, thus this study aimed to investigate the harmful effects of aflatoxin on the histological structure of broilers' spleen as well as its toxicity on the immune system through the study of CD4+ and CD8+ expression and determination of the silver nitrate nanoparticles (AgNP) protective role against aflatoxin. Forty-five broiler chicks were divided into three groups. T1 control, T2 birds were treated with AF 70 ppb, and T3 birds were treated with AF and silver nanoparticles 150 ppm for 21 days. The result of histological examination in T2 revealed progressive pathological alteration in the red and white pulp with regressive pathological lesions in the splenic trabeculae and central artery sclerosis and white pulp regeneration with edema and congestion in T3. The descriptive chart analysis was used for pathological lesions, showing that the percentages for the red pulp in the three groups were 76, 71, and 73 and for the white pulp 24,29, and 27, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease of CD4+ and CD8+ expression in the splenic tissue of the broiler in T2 in contrast to T1 and T3. This study concluded that biosynthetic silver nanoparticles can reduce the histological effects and immunotoxicity of aflatoxin, and the descriptive and semi-quantity analysis of the histopathological lesions are essential modern methods in significantly evaluating the results of histological examination.

One of the more common dechlorinated agents is Sodium thiosulfate. However, the toxicity on the aquatic animals was unknown, this study aims to determine the adverse effects of random usage and high sodium thiosulfate concentration in carp fish rearing in an earthen pond in Hawy -Al-Kanesa in Mosul city. The sodium thiosulfate used at 10 gm /L led to fish mortality of 80% through 96 days of exposure. The semi-quantities score analysis of histopathological alteration of gill represented a biological indicator for toxicity estimation, which reveals the significant alteration index (P≤0.05) in the vacuolar degeneration and hemorrhage while highly significant alteration index (P≤0.01) represented in the other vascular disturbances (edema, congestion, and aneurysm), hyperplasia, hyper trophy of cells, shortening, loss and fusion of secondary gills lamellae with abnormal cartilage morphology. Chloride and mucus cells were ++ and +++ for Periodic acid Schefft and Masson Trichrome, respectively, and apoptotic cells have been detected via caspase-3 activation, which was prominently detected mainly in the cells structure of the secondary gill lamella rather than primary filaments. This study concluded that sodium thiosulfate is toxic in high concentration to fish and leads to a pathological alteration in the vital organs such as gills. The semi-quantitative analysis is one of the modern techniques through which significant pathological changes are determined in histological sections of the gills and immunohistochemically and technique to determine programmed cell death.

This study aimed to determine the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in alleviating copper sulfate toxicity in carp fish and by evaluating Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and histopathological alteration in gills and brain with determined the severity of lesions in the gills by semi-quantities analysis. Sixty fish were divided into four groups first was a control group fish in the second group were exposed to CuSO4 0.53 mg/L, in the third group fish were treated with yeast 5 g/ kg ratio and the fourth group fish treated with yeast and exposed to CuSO4. At the end of the experiment (56 days) it was observed that there was a significant decrease in the AChE activity in the second group, while this activity was improved significantly in the fourth group. The histopathological alteration in the brain was variable in the severity from infiltration of inflammatory, edema, and central chromatolysis of neuron cell bodies. At the same time, the lesions in the gills include edema, congestion, hydropic degeneration, hyperplasia in the mucus cells with shortening in the secondary gill filaments shaped like a drumstick, necrosis, and cartilage disruption. The semi-quantities lesions analysis in the gills classified them as mild, moderate, severe, and irreversible lesions. These lesions in both brain and gills were mild in severity in fish of group fourth. These studies conclude that the activity of AChE is a biological indicator for copper sulfate neurotoxicity and also causes damage to the brain and gills, and yeast is a bio adsorbent agent for copper

Aflatoxin (AF) is the most crucial problem in the poultry industry, feed contaminants lead to toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the effects of synthetic silver nanoparticles mediated by plant extract on the histopathological alteration in broilers treated with AF. Forty-five chicks were divided randomly into three groups: the control group, the second group of chicks were treated with aflatoxin at a concentration of 70 part per million rations for 21 days, the third group of chicks was treated with AF 70 ppm, and silver nanoparticles 150 ppm. Aflatoxin concentration significantly declines in the ratio of the third group 1.86 ppm in comparison to the second group 1.91 ppm. Histopathological examination in the liver of broilers infected with aflatoxicosis revealed vascular disturbances involving congestion of the central vein, recent thrombus formation, and dilatation of sinusoid with the cell adaptation mainly hyperplasia of epithelial cells lining the bile duct, and this considers pathognomic lesion of aflatoxicosis and hepatic necrosis. The silver nanoparticles exhibit a tissue protective role against aflatoxin, improving the histopathological architecture. The I See an Inside method is a good tool for statistical histopathological analysis, which revealed significant elevation in the score of liver alteration in the second group in contrast to the third and first groups. The study concludes that silver nanoparticles can adsorbent the aflatoxin and reduce its deleterious toxic effect, and ISI is one of the vital techniques for detecting toxic effects in variable parts of the liver.

The pan about the usage of antibiotics in chicken feed in different parts of the world, and rising customer demand for poultry products free of antibiotics has heightened the attention of poultry researchers and producers in identifying appropriate substitution to such alternatives. The present research was aimed to study the effects of dietary supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, probiotics and mixing of them (S. cerevisiae and probiotic) on growth performances, activity of the immunity organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) and hematological profile, a total of 60 one day old birds were randomly divided into 4 band (n=15) (T1-T4). T1 band (control), T2 provided with 3 g/kg of S. cerevisiae, T3 provided with 200g/1000L of water and T4 provided with mixing of S. cerevisiae and probiotic. body weight was measured at zero, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days and represented highly significant at P

Nano-zinc oxide ranks third in the world in production, as it is used in many industries, enters the aquatic environment directly or indirectly, and is considered one of the most toxic substances for aquatic organisms. Therefore, these studies aimed to determine the toxic effect of the sublethal concentration of N-ZnO on the gills of carp fish that were treated for 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days and using a semi-quantitative evaluation protocol for histopathological alteration. The histopathological alteration involved circulatory changes, cell growth disturbances, and morphological changes, the most severe lesion occurred on day 35 of treatment, and the occurrence of necrosis and death of the gill tissue at day 42 of the treatment, which was more significant for morphological changes when compared with the other lesion and period. The results showed that the histopathological changes on the seventh day of treatment were severe lesions, while in the rest of the treatments, they were irreversible lesions. It is concluded from this study that the gills are a good bio-indicator for evaluating the pollution status of the aquatic environment and that the sub-lethal concentration of N-ZnO leads to pathological changes in the gills and the possibility of using semi-quantitative assessment and statistical analysis to give significance for the most severe pathological lesions.