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Introduction: Febrile seizure is the commonest cause of seizure in children and appears mostly between 6-60 months of life. The objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of febrile seizure among hospitalized children of a tertiary centre of Nepal., Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in a teaching hospital of central Nepal, from 2014 January to 2019 December. After obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 2019-038), clinical and demographic data was retrieved from patient record retrospectively and reviewed for completeness and accuracy; those fulfilling the definition of febrile seizure were enrolled in the study. Convenience sampling technique was used. The data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences Version 25. Point estimate is done at 95% Confidence Interval and frequency and proportion was calculated., Results: Out of 4890 cases admitted during the study period, 214 (4.37%) (3.80%-4.94% at 95% Confidence Interval) children were diagnosed with febrile seizure. One hundred thirty one (62%) children had a simple febrile seizure. In majority of the cases, seizure lasted for less than 5 minutes; however, 10 (4.6%) of them presented with febrile status epilepticus, 111 (52%) children had generalised tonic seizure and upper respiratory tract infection was the commonest cause of fever., Conclusions: Prevalence of febrile seizure is significant among hospitalized children and simple febrile seizure is the commonest type. A substantial number of children present in febrile status epilepticus, even though the duration of febrile seizure is brief in most of the cases.

Modeling the influence of a technology such as nanoparticle systems on drug delivery is beneficial in rational formulation design. While there are many studies showing drug delivery enhancement by nanoparticles, the literature provides little guidance regarding when nanoparticles are useful for delivery of a given drug. A model was developed predicting intracellular drug concentration in cultured cells dosed with nanoparticles. The model considered drug release from nanoparticles as well as drug and nanoparticle uptake by the cells as the key system processes. Mathematical expressions for these key processes were determined using experiments in which each process occurred in isolation. In these experiments, intracellular delivery of saquinavir, a low solubility drug dosed as a formulation of poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(epsilon- caprolactone) (PEO-PCL) nanoparticles, was studied in THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage (Mo/Mac) cells. The model accurately predicted the enhancement in intracellular concentration when drug was administered in nanoparticles compared to aqueous solution. This simple model highlights the importance of relative kinetics of nanoparticle uptake and drug release in determining overall enhancement of intracellular drug concentration when dosing with nanoparticles.

Purpose: This study aims at developing poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEO-PCL) nanoparticulate system as an intracellular delivery vehicle for saquinavir, an anti-HIV protease inhibitor., Materials and Methods: Saquinavir-loaded PEO-PCL nanoparticles were prepared by a solvent displacement process. The formed nanoparticles were characterized for size, surface charge, and surface presence of PEO chains. Cellular uptake and distribution of the nanoparticle was examined in THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage (Mo/Mac) cell line. Intracellular saquinavir concentrations were measured as a function of dose and duration of incubation., Results: The PEO-PCL nanoparticles had a smooth surface and spherical shape and showed a relatively uniform size distribution with a mean particle diameter of approximately 200 nm. The surface presence of PEO chains was confirmed by an increase in the -C-O-(ether) signature of the C1s spectra in electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Rapid cellular uptake of rhodamine-123 encapsulated PEO-PCL nanoparticles was observed in THP-1 cells. Intracellular saquinavir concentrations when administered in the nanoparticle formulation were significantly higher than from aqueous solution., Conclusions: This study shows that PEO-PCL nanoparticles provide a versatile platform for encapsulation of saquinavir and subsequent intracellular delivery in Mo/Mac cells.

Insufficient concentrations and very short residence time of the anti-retroviral agents at the cellular and anatomical sites are among major factors that contribute to the failure of eradicating HIV from reservoirs and the development of multidrug resistance against antiretroviral agents. In recent years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have shown remarkable ability to overcome many of the same anatomical and physiological barriers and deliver the therapeutic agents locally at the site of systemic diseases such as cancer.

Our experience of 30 selected cases in whom circle cystostomy was used for postoperative drainage of the urinary bladder is described. Technical details and considerations used in the preferential selection of this method of urinary drainage over the standard balloon catheter (Foley) drainage are discussed.