Search

Leukoplakia is an uncommon diagnosis. Patient usually presents with hematuria (visible and non-visible), dysuria, urgency and frequency. Definitive investigation is rigid cystoscopy. Abnormal bladder wall tissue should be resected and biopsies sent for histopathology to confirm the diagnosis. The condition is said to be pre-malignant it is usually advised to do annual cystoscopy with multiple biopsies is to look for any evidence of malignant transformation. Case Report: We present case report of a 64-year-old male presented to the urology clinic with a hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a 2-cm white lesion on the right side of the urinary bladder. White plaques were also noted covering some areas of the bladder. Transurethral resection of the lesion and biopsy of the white plaques were performed. Pathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the bladder with no evidence of malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) is acknowledged as golden grains, is widely regarded as a multipurpose crop. The nutritional and health benefits of quinoa have made it a popular food around the world in the last decade. It is a nutrient-rich pseudo-cereal crop that has been introduced to Pakistan in the past because of its medicinal and commercial value. The plant contains huge number of phytochemicals i.e. amino acids, fiber, minerals, vitamins, secondary metabolites, bioactive proteins and peptides which could be used in various medicine for human and other animal's health. It has been reported that the quinoa leaves, root, and seed are used in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, inflammations, fungal infections, and other numerous health problems. In addition, its high energy, nutrient content, therapeutic properties, and lack of gluten, it is considered to be useful for children, the elder, lactose-intolerant people, and osteoporosis in women. Besides, it is considered a crop oil, because the seed oil fractions are extremely nutrient-dense and can be used in skin care, cosmetics, and as a raw material for other products. This comprehensive study provides medical uses, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of quinoa. Also, the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, antilipidemic, antibacterial, and antifungal effects have been reviewed. This review is providing the detail study about the phytochemicals and pharmacological evaluation of quinoa till date, and also provides pave for future investigations and exploitation of C. quinoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]