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Introduction: Intraoral photography is crucial in dentistry for documentation, communication and education. Contrasters play a pivotal role, influencing patient experience and image quality. Traditional metal contrasters have limitations regarding patient friendliness and procedural compatibility. Aim: To assess ease and comfort among patients and operators and to compare the contrasting ability of commercially available contrasters with newly designed contrasters in intraoral photography. Materials and Methods: A single-blinded, cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Conservative and Endodontics and the Department of Orthodontics, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, from January 2024 to February 2024. After obtaining ethical approval, 50 patients with no pain, swelling, or discomfort in the maxillary anterior region, as well as, only those operators trained in intraoral Digital Single-lens Reflex (DSLR) photography, were enrolled. Following randomisation and standard camera settings, intraoral images were captured by 50 operators using both conventional metal and newly designed 3D-printed contrasters. Patients and operators evaluated Introduction: Intraoral photography is crucial in dentistry for documentation, communication and education. Contrasters play a pivotal role, influencing patient experience and image quality. Traditional metal contrasters have limitations regarding patient friendliness and procedural compatibility. Aim: To assess ease and comfort among patients and operators and to compare the contrasting ability of commercially available contrasters with newly designed contrasters in intraoral photography. Materials and Methods: A single-blinded, cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Conservative and Endodontics and the Department of Orthodontics, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, from January 2024 to February 2024. After obtaining ethical approval, 50 patients with no pain, swelling, or discomfort in the maxillary anterior region, as well as, only those operators trained in intraoral Digital Single-lens Reflex (DSLR) photography, were enrolled. Following randomisation and standard camera settings, intraoral images were captured by 50 operators using both conventional metal and newly designed 3D-printed contrasters. Patients and operators evaluated [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate proximal contact tightness and contours using two newer contact-forming systems in Class II composite restorations. Materials and Methods: After institutional ethical approval and Clinical Trials Registry-India registration, patients were chosen according to the inclusion-exclusion criteria with informed consent. A total of 60 patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A: LM Arte contact former (n = 30) and Group B: The design village (TDV) contact former (n = 30). Quadrant isolation was performed after the complete elimination of dental caries, preceded by the insertion of a matrix band and retainer with the proper wedging system. The LM Arte with the appropriate tip was selected for Group A, whereas the TDV contact former was selected for Group B based on the cavity size. Following the conversion of Class II cavities to Class I, nanohybrid resin composite restoration was done by cuspal layering. It was followed by finishing and polishing. E. B. Hencock criteria were used to evaluate gingival index, pocket depth, interproximal calculus, overhangs, food impaction, and contact integrity in both groups at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year. Statistical Methods: The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software version 18.0, IBM. Results: A statistically significant reduction in gingival index score was observed in both groups 6 months and 1 year after the procedure. However, the values revealed in terms of gingival index (P < 0.05) and (P > 0.05) for pocket depth, interproximal calculus, overhangs, food impaction, and contact integrity in both groups for 6 months (P > 0.05) and (P > 0.05) after the procedure. Conclusion: Both the LM Arte and TDV contact-forming systems are effective in establishing perfect proximal contacts and contours. However, the LM Arte contact-forming system edges out the TDV contact-forming system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Biomimetic dentistry primarily focuses on achieving aesthetics that closely resemble natural enamel and dentin. This approach ensures that dental restorations seamlessly match the appearance of enamel and dentin, rendering them virtually invisible. Additionally, biomimetic dentistry aims to mimic not only the visual characteristics but also the physical properties of enamel and dentin, thereby ensuring functional acceptability. The introduction of new composite materials in the market is a gradual progression aimed at attaining the mentioned objectives. Aim: To compare clinical performance and colour matching of single and multiple shade composites in simple Class-I carious lesions after one year. Materials and Methods: This randomised clinical study included 21 patients with a total of 72 Class-I carious lesions with patients who provided informed consent. Teeth were randomised into two groups: Group-A (n=36) received multishade composite (3M Filtek z350), and Group-B (n=36) received single-shade composite (Omnichroma). Clinical performance was assessed by two blinded evaluators at baseline, six months, and one year using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Colour matching was evaluated by capturing digital photographs with a DSLR camera, ring flash, and 100 mm macro lens. Colour measurements (L*, a*, b*) were analysed using Adobe Photoshop, and ΔE was calculated immediately after restoration. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0 software, employing Chi-square test, Friedman test, and independent t-test. Results: No significant difference was found in clinical outcomes after one year using modified USPHS criteria (p>0.05). However, both Group-A (p=0.002) and Group-B (p=0.007) showed increased marginal discolouration, and decreased colour match (p<0.001) from baseline to one year. There was no statistically significant difference in colour matching potential between the two groups (p=0.056). Conclusion: Single-shade composites effectively treat Class-I carious lesions, demonstrating satisfactory colour matching and clinical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small-scale fishers of Indian Sundarbans depend on open-water fisheries for their livelihoods. They often face health, occupational, and safety issues in their profession due to environmental, socio-economic, and policy changes. The morbidity pattern and related risk factors are important indicators of well-being for any community, hence applicable to small-scale fishers of Sundarbans. The present study was designed to assess patterns of morbidities, associated risk factors including occupational health hazards, and treatment-seeking behavior of small-scale fishers in the Indian Sundarbans. Material and Methods: Household surveys, focused group discussions, and personal interviews were conducted through a predesigned pretested structured questionnaire. Associated risk factors and the nature of seeking treatment were considered during the data collection covering 650 individuals from 132 fishers' families. Results: Morbidities were more frequent in males (39.33%) than in females (28.5%). The fever (31%) was the most dominant reason for morbidities followed by ocular ailments (23%), musculoskeletal disorder (20%), dermatological ailments (17%), and respiratory illness (9%). The highest morbidities (25%) were recorded in the age group of 21-30 years in males while that was 20% in the 11-20 years age group in the case of the females. Physical labor for fishing activities predisposes to health ailments of the studied population. Conclusions: The prevalence of morbidity among the fishermen community was found to be 28.5%. The understanding of the morbidity profile of a population in general and specific age groups of both sexes in specific sheds light on the vulnerability of working groups that will help for effective healthcare planning and resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Apical periodontitis is very common in those with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes alters immunity, which impacts how periapical tissue heals. The decision between one-visit and multiple-visit root canal therapy is currently up for debate. Aim: To compare periapical healing following single-visit endodontic therapy and multiple-visit endodontic therapy in type 2 diabetic patients by clinical assessment. Materials and Methods: The present randomised singleblinded clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, from December 2017 to October 2019. A total of 46 patients having type 2 diabetes, indicated for root canal treatment participated in the study and were randomly split into two groups: group I: Single-visit endodontic treatment and group II: Multiple-visit endodontic treatment. Thereafter, endodontic treatment was carried out on all the patients and the patients were recalled for evaluation at 1-week, 3-month and 6-month time intervals. The clinical assessment was done based on the absence of pain, swelling and sinus tract formation. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0. Results: Results showed that the success rate based on clinical assessment at one week for a single-visit and multi-visit group was 56.52% for both the groups and at three months 90.47% and 86.36%, respectively. At six months, the single-visit group reported 100% success, while the multi-visit group reported 95% success. However, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study, it was concluded that clinically, a higher success rate was found after six months in patients having type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated in a single-visit, which was not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to clinically evaluate the postoperative pain following use of cryotherapy in teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical per iodontitis after single-visit-endodontics. Methods: After institutional ethical approval (SVIEC/ON/Dent/SRP/18115) and informed consent, a total of 120 patients were included as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients with single-rooted, mature teeth having symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with symptomatic apical periodontitis were included in the study. All the enrolled individuals were randomly divided by computer randomization into two groups: Group A - normal saline (n = 60) and Group B - cryotherapy (n = 60). Endodontic access cavity along with cleaning and shaping was performed under isolation. In Group A, irrigation was done with normal saline for 5 min. In Group B, 2.5°C cold saline was used for 5 min. In both the groups, obturation and postendodontic restoration were performed at the same visit. An evaluation was done by the blinded evaluator using a modified Verbal Rating Scale at 24 h and 48 h. In this study, both patients and evaluators were blinded. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used with SPSS 18.0 version. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Both at 24 and 48 h, cryotherapy showed a highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.000) than normal saline irrigation in the reduction of postoper ative pain after single -visit endodontic treatment. Conclusion: Final irrigation with 2.5°C cold saline can result in a significant reduction in postoperative pain as compared to that of normal saline after single-visit endodontics in single-rooted teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with symptomatic apical periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present systematic review was to summarise and evaluate the studies comparing the role of contracted endodontic cavities (CECs) and traditional endodontic cavities (TECs) in terms of instrumentation efficacy. The present systematic review comprised of a search of the online databases of Cochrane, PubMed, Google Scholar and grey literature. The articles which were pertaining to instrumentation efficacy in contracted and traditional endodontic cavities were selected based on the PRISMA checklist. Out of the 660 articles which were obtained, irrelevant articles were excluded and a total of 17 articles were selected for this systematic review which assessed the instrumentation efficacy. Eleven studies compared the volume of dentin removed and canal transportation ability. Four studies compared the pulp debridement, and two studies compared the anti‐bacterial efficacy between the two groups. The extrusion of debris between the groups was compared by one study. Out of the 17 studies included, 11 studies proved that contracted endodontic cavities negatively impacted the instrumentation efficacy. Hence, the data suggest that the traditional endodontic access cavities have better results when comparing the instrumentation efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the postoperative pain and clinical efficacy of winged clamps and wingless metallic clamps in rubber dam isolation of permanent molars in class I restoration. Materials and Methods: After obtaining ethical approval and CTRI registration, a total of 60 patients with mild-to-moderate deep class I caries were included after obtaining informed consent and randomly allocated into two assigned groups: Group A – winged clamp and Group B – wingless clamp, with n = 30 per group. Local anesthesia was administered and the tooth was isolated using a rubber dam as per the standardized protocol. The postoperative evaluation was done for pain using the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) at 6 and 12 h; trauma to the gingival tissues, sealing ability of the clamp, and slippage of the clamp were evaluated using criteria for clinical evaluation of rubber dam isolation. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare VRS and clinical parameters, respectively, with P < 0.05. Results: Gingival trauma (P = 0.006) and postoperative pain were statistically significantly more in the wingless group at 6 h (P = 0.016) and 12 h (0.01). Statistically significant lower seepage of fluid (P = 0.017) was observed in the wingless group. Slippage was observed more with the winged group but was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Both clamps showed acceptable clinical performance. Their use should be planned as per the requisite of the case and the position of the tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study's objective was to assess and compare postoperative pain response between bioceramic sealer (Nishika BG) and epoxy resin based (AH Plus) in patients with primary endodontic lesion at time interval of 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Materials and Methods: The study included 40 individuals with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis. Calcium hydroxide was administered as the intracanal medication during the two-visit endodontic therapy. They were subsequently allocated randomly to either the AH Plus root canal sealer or the Nishika Canal Sealer BG, with a total of 20 participants in each group. Patients were told to use a VAS to rate their postoperative pain severity as none, minimal, moderate, or severe after 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days following obturation using the appropriate sealers. Results: Nishika Canal Sealer BG (CS-BG) has a lower pain score as compared to the AH Plus group at 24-h time point. VAS ratings for both the groups decreased over time. According to the intergroup analysis, there was a significant difference in postoperative pain at the 24 h (P = 0.022), but not at the 48 h or 7 days (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Although bioceramic sealer (Nishika Canal Sealer BG) resulted in significantly lower levels of pain as compared to epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus) at 24-h interval, there was no significant difference of postoperative pain at 48-h interval and 7-day period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The efficacy of 2% lignocaine is reduced in a hot tooth. Local aesthetic agents can be preheated and buffered to increase their effectiveness. The present investigation was carried out due to limited information concerning adult patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in mandibular teeth. Methods. A total of 252 individuals were included in the clinical trial in accordance with the selection criteria only after clinical study was registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2020/09/027796). Scores on the visual analog scale (VAS) and electric pulp test (EPT) on a 1-10 scale were recorded prior to the commencement of therapy. In this double-blinded study, patients were randomly divided by a co-investigator using computer randomisation (www.randomizer.org) into three groups, group A: inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB) with 2% lignocaine preheated at 42 ℃ (injected at 37 ℃) (N =84), group B: IANB of 2% lignocaine buffered with 0.18 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (N =80) and group C: 2% lignocaine (N =88). Excluding the dropouts of individuals (nD11), wherein the anaesthesia failed, a total of 241 people were finally assessed 15 minutes after profound anaesthesia, endodontic access, and intraoperative pain were quantified using VAS. Pain on injection for all three groups was recorded immediately after IANB with VAS. The analysis was performed using one way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and Paired T-Test using SPSS version 21. Results. Preheated, Buffered, and conventional 2% lignocaine showed statistically significant reduction in intraoperative pain (P < 0.001) compared to pre-operative but on inter-group comparison preheated and buffered showed highly significant pain reduction compared with conventional 2% lignocaine (P <0.001). Conclusions. Warm and buffered local anaesthetic (LA) were effective in reducing intraoperative discomfort than conventional LA. Preheated local anesthetics caused the least pain, followed by buffered local anesthetics, while conventional local anesthetics caused the most pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite with 5% apple cider vinegar using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) against Enterococcus faecalis in contracted endodontic access cavity on mandibular molars. Methods: Contracted access cavity was prepared in 30 extracted human permanent mandibular molar teeth. The root canals were incubated with strain of E. faecalis MTCC 9845 (Strain designation – HBL/BAC– 002/08–09) using 15 K-type manual file for 3 weeks. At this point, the S1 sample was collected using 15 paper points. The extracted teeth were randomly divided into two groups: sodium hypochlorite group and apple cider vinegar group. After mechanical instrumentation up to 25/04 rotary files HyFlex CM (Coltene Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) and use of respective irrigants (3% sodium hypochlorite and 5% apple cider vinegar) using PUI, S2 sample was collected using 25 size paper point. The cultivated samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and the number of bacterial colonies was counted as colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL. Data obtained from S1 and S2 were tabulated and subjected to Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and Mann–Whitney test. Results: There was a significant reduction in microbial count in both groups (P < 0.05) when preoperative CFUs were compared with postoperative. There was slightly higher reduction in the apple cider vinegar group in S2 sample, as compared to the sodium hypochlorite group, but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Antimicrobial activity of 5% apple cider vinegar is similar to 3% sodium hypochlorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chlorhexidine is commonly used to treat dental diseases as a broad-spectrum topical antibacterial medication. Povidone-iodine is a water soluble blend of molecular iodine and the solubiliser polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Amsarveda (pharmaceutical company) developed a natural mouth sanitiser with liposomal curcumin. Aim: Comparative evaluation of the effect of chlorhexidine mouthwash, povidone-iodine gargle and herbal mouth sanitiser on colour stability and surface roughness of conventional nanohybrid composite. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, from November 2020 to June 2021. Total 60 extracted human permanent maxillary premolar teeth were selected. Class V restorations were performed on the extracted teeth with nanohybrid composite resin. The samples were divided into three groups by computer randomisation. The three test solution groups (n=20 each) ie., group A-chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwash, group B has povidone-iodine (2%), group C-herbal mouth sanitiser. The colour change and surface roughness of all the samples were measured before and 15 days after immersion into the test solutions. The data was collected and statistically analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: The E values for all three groups show a statistically significant difference (p-value <0.001). The mean baseline and after 15 days values for surface roughness in groups A and B showed a statistically significant difference (p-value <0.001). Whereas, no statistically significant difference in group C (p-value=0.654). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be stated that the povidone-iodine gargle showed more surface roughness and colour change of conventional nanohybrid composite followed by chlorhexidine mouthwash and herbal mouth sanitiser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the 1-year clinical performance of conventional direct composite restoration technique with a novel "custom shield" technique in class I compound lesions. Subjects and Methods: After ethical approval, 72 patients who signed the informed consent form participated in the study. They were divided into two groups – Group A: Conventional direct composite restoration (n = 36) and Group B: Composite restoration using custom shield technique (n = 36) by computer randomization. In Group A, composite restoration was performed by the incremental layering technique. In Group B, restoration was performed using a novel custom shield and occlusal stamp along with the incremental layering technique. Patients were evaluated using the modified USPHS criteria by blinded evaluators for 1 year. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test and Friedman test using SPSS version 21.0. Results: A statistically significant difference was obtained for marginal adaptation (P = 0.024), retention (P = 0.23), surface texture, and anatomic form (P < 0.001), and time taken to perform the procedure for Group B was higher than Group A. Conclusion: Conventional composite restoration and custom shield technique can be successfully used in class I compound lesions with custom shield technique having a higher edge over the conventional technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim : The study was designed to clinically evaluate biodentine and endosequence root repair material (ERRM) as direct pulp capping agent at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months intervals. Materials and Methods : Sixty permanent posterior teeth with deep caries, without any signs of irreversible pulpitis were allotted into two experimental groups: Group I -Biodentine, Group II-ERRM. Follow-up evaluations were done. Every 24 h for 7 days, the pain was assessed using visual analog scale. Statistical Analysis: Paired t-test along with Pearson's Chi-square test was performed. Results : The success rate of clinical assessment at 12 months for biodentine group is 78.60% and ERRM Group is 64.70%. Conclusion : Biodentine group performed superior than ERRM group clinically at all-time interval and hence it can be successfully used to restore exposed vital tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of root canal treatment depends on the elimination of bacteria by chemo-mechanical instrumentation and use of various irrigants to remove or dissolve organic and inorganic debris. The intracanal medicament also has an important role in the outcome of root canal treatment. With the rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, there is considerable interest in the development of other classes of antimicrobials for the control of infection. Use of Herbal intracanal medicament has been shown promising results when used under in vitro conditions, but very limited clinical trials reported due to the ethical concern. Hence, this review highlights the current guidelines (laid by the drugs and cosmetics act as per the Gazette of India) regarding the use of herbal medicaments for the clinical trials in Endodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) technology has gained wide acceptance in dentistry. It has been used for treatment planning and surgical guidance. This case report presented a novel treatment approach to remove and preserve the cortical bone and root-end resection during periapical surgery with the help of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), computer-aided design, and 3D printing technology. A 22-year-old male patient presented with a large periapical lesion in the right maxillary central and lateral incisors was referred for endodontic surgery. The data acquired from a preoperative diagnostic CBCT scan and an intraoral scan were uploaded into surgical planning software and matched. A template that could be used to locate root ends and lesion areas was virtually designed based on the data and was fabricated using a 3D printer. With the guidance of the template, the overlying cortical bone was precisely removed and preserved, and apicectomy was performed. The patient was clinically asymptomatic at a 6-month follow-up review. Six months after the surgery, the lesion was healing well, and no periapical radiolucency was observed on radiographic examination. The digitally designed directional template worked in all aspects to facilitate the periapical surgery as anticipated. The root ends were accurately located and resected. The surgical procedure was simplified, and the treatment efficiency was improved. This technique minimized the damage and reduced iatrogenic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]