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The article presents the case of a 10-year-old child with a history of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) who is experiencing non-productive cough, dysphonia and weight loss for 12 months to discuss chronic granulomatous disease of the upper airway. Also cited are the use of airway endoscopy to confirm friable, edematous mucosa of the supraglottic larynx and the possible causes of CGD like defects in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPH) oxidase subunits.

Introduction Deep interarytenoid groove (DIG) may cause swallowing dysfunction in children; however, the management of DIG has not been established. Objective We evaluated the subjective and objective outcomes of interarytenoid augmentation with injection in children with DIG. Methods Consecutive children under 18 years of age who underwent injection laryngoplasty for DIG were reviewed. Data pertaining to demographics, past medical history, past surgical history, and results of pre and postoperative video fluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) were obtained. The primary outcome measure was the presence of thin liquid aspiration or penetration on postoperative VFSS. The secondary outcome measure was caregiver-reported improvement of symptoms. Results Twenty-seven patients had VFSS before and after interarytenoid augmentation with injection (IA). Twenty (70%) had thin liquid penetration and 12 (44%) had thin liquid aspiration before the IA. Thin liquid aspiration resolved in 9 children (45%) and persisted in 11 (55%). Of the 12 children who had thin liquid aspiration prior to IA, 6 (50%) had resolution of thin liquid aspiration after IA. Conclusions Injection laryngoplasty is a safe tool to improve swallowing function in children with DIG. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term outcomes of IA and identify predictors of successful IA in children with DIG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Caregivers frequently report poor quality of life (QOL) in children with sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB). Our objective is to assess the correlation between caregiver‐ and child‐reported QOL in children with mild SDB and identify factors associated with differences between caregiver and child report. Study Design: Analysis of baseline data from a multi‐institutional randomized trial Setting: Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy Trial for Snoring, where children with mild SDB (obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index <3) were randomized to observation or adenotonsillectomy. Methods: The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) assessed baseline global QOL in participating children 5 to 12 years old and their caregivers. Caregiver and child scores were compared. Multivariable regression assessed whether clinical factors were associated with differences between caregiver and child report. Results: PedsQL scores were available for 309 families (mean child age, 7.0 years). The mean caregiver‐reported PedsQL score was higher at 75.2 (indicating better QOL) than the mean child‐reported score of 67.9 (P <.001). The agreement between caregiver and child total PedsQL scores was poor, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.03 (95% CI, –0.09 to 0.15) for children 5 to 7 years old and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.03‐0.38) for children 8 to 12 years old. Higher child age and health literacy were associated with closer agreement between caregiver and child report. Conclusion: Caregiver‐ and child‐reported global QOL in children with SDB was weakly correlated, more so for young children. In pediatric SDB, child‐perceived QOL may be poorer than that reported by caregivers. Further research is needed to assess whether similar trends exist for disease‐specific QOL metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious pseudoaneurysm is a rare condition characterized by arterial wall dilation, usually due to an adjacent infectious focus. We present an 8-year-old male with a 3-day history of progressive, severe headache 2 weeks after treatment for a parapharyngeal abscess. Computed tomography revealed a left internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysm inferior to the skull base and a small parapharyngeal abscess inferior to the pseudoaneurysm. The patient was admitted for intravenous antibiotic treatment and underwent transfemoral endovascular coil occlusion of the cervical ICA pseudoaneurysm without complications. We discuss the presentation and management of rare vascular complications of parapharyngeal abscesses involving major arteries of the neck and the role of neurointerventional embolization in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine the impact of race on outcomes after pediatric tracheostomy. Study Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: A case series of tracheostomies at an urban, tertiary care children's hospital between 2014 and 2019 was conducted. Children were grouped by race to compare neurocognition, mortality, and decannulation rate. Results: A total of 445 children with a median age at tracheostomy of 0.46 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.97) years were studied. The cohort was 32% Hispanic, 31% White, 30% Black, 2.9% Asian, and 4.3% other race. Black compared to White children had a lower median birth weight (2,022 vs. 2,449 g, P =.005), were more often extremely premature (≤28 weeks gestation: 62% vs. 57%, P =.007), and more frequently had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (35% vs. 17%, P =.002). Hispanic compared to Black children had higher median birth weight (2,529 g, P <.001), less extreme prematurity (44%, P <.001), and less BPD (21%, P =.04). The proportion of Black children was higher (30% vs. 19%, P <.001), while the proportion of Hispanic children with a tracheostomy was lower (32% vs. 42%, P =.003) compared to the racial distribution of all pediatric admissions. Racial differences were not seen for rates of severe neurocognitive disability (P =.51), decannulation (P =.17), or death (P =.92) after controlling for age, sex, prematurity, and ventilator dependence. Conclusion: Black children disproportionately underwent tracheostomy and had a higher comorbidity burden than White or Hispanic children. Hispanic children had proportionally fewer tracheostomies. Neurocognitive ability, decannulation, and mortality were similar for all races implying that health disparities by race may not change long‐term outcomes after pediatric tracheostomy. Laryngoscope, 132:1118–1124, 2022 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gene mutation on chromosome seven appears to be one cause of a heart arrhythmia called Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, according to a study of two families with 31 members who have the syndrome. The mutation is located at 7q34-q36 and affects the gamma2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.